Explication historique des instituts de l'empereur justinien

UANL

Napoleon and the queen of Prussia; an historical novel

UANL

Napoleon and Blucher; an historical novel

UANL

Nueva didáctica de la ortografía.

Estudio científico-empírico del aprendizaje de la ortografía, partiendo de un curso teórico-práctico según el sistema ECCA. Esta investigación incluye dos vertientes: el aspecto ortográfico y el aspecto didáctico. Se pretende que el discente desarrolle una actitud positiva hacia la escritura correcta, por un lado, y por otro despertar el gusto por la lectura. 145 alumnos de la Isla de Gran Canaria, matriculados en el curso de ortografía, cuya selección se determina por muestreo aleatorio y estratificado. Estos alumnos poseían distintas motivaciones, así como diferente nivel cultural. Curso de ortografía según el sistema ECCA de enseñanza radiofónica, con evaluación o control pre y post curso del uso práctico o concreto de la ortografía en las sesenta grafías seleccionadas, en condiciones controladas donde se intenta impedir la influencia del mayor número posible de variables extrañas. El procedimiento de la investigación consta de: corrección de pruebas, recogida y selección de datos ortográficos y codificación de los mismos. Evaluaciones de control y seguimiento, realizadas a los alumnos a lo largo del periodo de duración del curso. Confección de fichas de cada uno de los alumnos para la codificación de datos personales de cada uno de ellos. Análisis de frecuencia, análisis de tablas cruzadas, programa de ordenador, en el que los datos fueron tratados en un HP-3000, serie III mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS. Del análisis de frecuencia se saca como resultado que la nueva didáctica de la ortografía es globalmente eficaz. La mejora general que experimenta, en corrección ortográfica, la población que ha seguido el curso radiofónico con asiduidad, es una mejora patente y notoria, comprobada empíricamente. En lo que respecta a las tablas cruzadas, éstas permiten saber para qué tipo de alumnos está mejor diseñado el curso de ortografía realizado en la investigación, de lo que se deduce que el curso es válido para cualquier tipo de alumno. El método utilizado en la investigación resulta de gran utilidad y muy adecuado para trabajar científicamente con la lengua escrita. También se llega a la conclusión de que la enseñanza de la ortografía, es posible sin necesidad de unos costes enormes, y por otro lado, que se opta por la enseñanza de la ortografía buscando nuevas técnicas y adecuando su enseñanza a los medios que nos proporciona nuestra época.

Health in Brazil 6 Health conditions and health-policy innovations in Brazil: the way forward

Brazil is a large complex country that is undergoing rapid economic, social, and environmental change In this Series of six articles, we have reported important improvements in health status and life expectancy, which can be ascribed largely to progress in social determinants of health and to implementation of a comprehensive national health system with strong social participation. Many challenges remain, however. Socioeconomic and regional disparities are still unacceptably large, reflecting the fact that much progress is still needed to improve basic living conditions for a large proportion of the population. New health problems arise as a result of urbanisation and social and environmental change, and some old health issues remain unabated. Administration of a complex, decentralised public-health system, in which a large share of services is contracted out to the private sector, together with many private insurance providers, inevitably causes conflict and contradiction. The challenge is ultimately political, and we conclude with a call for action that requires continuous engagement by Brazilian society as a whole in securing the right to health for all Brazilian people.

The game of contacts: Estimating the social visibility of groups

Estimating the sizes of hard-to-count populations is a challenging and important problem that occurs frequently in social science, public health, and public policy. This problem is particularly pressing in HIV/AIDS research because estimates of the sizes of the most at-risk populations-illicit drug users, men who have sex with men, and sex workers-are needed for designing, evaluating, and funding programs to curb the spread of the disease. A promising new approach in this area is the network scale-up method, which uses information about the personal networks of respondents to make population size estimates. However, if the target population has low social visibility, as is likely to be the case in HIV/AIDS research, scale-up estimates will be too low. In this paper we develop a game-like activity that we call the game of contacts in order to estimate the social visibility of groups, and report results from a study of heavy drug users in Curitiba, Brazil (n = 294). The game produced estimates of social visibility that were consistent with qualitative expectations but of surprising magnitude. Further, a number of checks suggest that the data are high-quality. While motivated by the specific problem of population size estimation, our method could be used by researchers more broadly and adds to long-standing efforts to combine the richness of social network analysis with the power and scale of sample surveys. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Republica Dominicana: evaluacion de los registros de defunciones y construccion de una tabla de mortalidad por sexo y edad, 1970

Incluye Bibliografía

Three Postpartum Antiretroviral Regimens to Prevent Intrapartum HIV Infection

BACKGROUND The safety and efficacy of adding antiretroviral drugs to standard zidovudine prophylaxis in infants of mothers with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who did not receive antenatal antiretroviral therapy (ART) because of late identification are unclear. We evaluated three ART regimens in such infants. METHODS Within 48 hours after their birth, we randomly assigned formula-fed infants born to women with a peripartum diagnosis of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection to one of three regimens: zidovudine for 6 weeks (zidovudine-alone group), zidovudine for 6 weeks plus three doses of nevirapine during the first 8 days of life (two-drug group), or zidovudine for 6 weeks plus nelfinavir and lamivudine for 2 weeks (three-drug group). The primary outcome was HIV-1 infection at 3 months in infants uninfected at birth. RESULTS A total of 1684 infants were enrolled in the Americas and South Africa (566 in the zidovudine-alone group, 562 in the two-drug group, and 556 in the three-drug group). The overall rate of in utero transmission of HIV-1 on the basis of Kaplan-Meier estimates was 5.7% (93 infants), with no significant differences among the groups. Intrapartum transmission occurred in 24 infants in the zidovudine-alone group (4.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2 to 7.1), as compared with 11 infants in the two-drug group (2.2%; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.9; P=0.046) and 12 in the three-drug group (2.4%; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.3; P=0.046). The overall transmission rate was 8.5% (140 infants), with an increased rate in the zidovudine-alone group (P=0.03 for the comparisons with the two-and three-drug groups). On multivariate analysis, zidovudine monotherapy, a higher maternal viral load, and maternal use of illegal substances were significantly associated with transmission. The rate of neutropenia was significantly increased in the three-drug group (P < 0.001 for both comparisons with the other groups). CONCLUSIONS In neonates whose mothers did not receive ART during pregnancy, prophylaxis with a two-or three-drug ART regimen is superior to zidovudine alone for the prevention of intrapartum HIV transmission; the two-drug regimen has less toxicity than the three-drug regimen. (Funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [NICHD] and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00099359.)

How women and men are addressed in job advertisements

Research has shown that gender references in job advertisements play an important role for gender (in)equality in personnel selection. In advertisements gender is referred to in different ways, for instance, by using grammatically masculine and feminine human nouns (e.g., German Mechaniker/Mechanikerin 'mechanic, masc./fem.'), by mentioning typically feminine or typically masculine traits (e.g., kind and friendly versus determined and independent) as well as by showing pictures of women and men. The present study addresses the questions which forms of gender references occur in job advertisements, how these forms are distributed across different lines of business and across different countries. We collected job advertisements published online in four countries with different rankings of gender equality (i.e., Switzerland, Austria, Poland, and Czech Republic; World Economic Forum, 2011). We randomly selected 100 advertisements per country from four lines of business that are characterized by different proportions of female and male employees: (1) steels/metals, (2) science, (3) restaurants/food services, and (4) health care. The advertisements were analyzed with regard to the linguistic form of the job title and of the remaining text as well as reference to gender-typical traits. We also examined indicators of job status and other information (e.g., equal opportunity policies) which might be related to the use of gender references in job advertisements. The results show that, in general, gender-fair language occurs much more often in job ads from Switzerland and Austria than in those from Poland and the Czech Republic, where job titles are mostly masculine. While exclusive use of feminine forms are almost never used in Switzerland and Austria, they are more frequently used in Poland and Czech Republic. In general, gender-fair forms are more common when there are many women in a line of business, whereas more masculine forms are used where the proportion of women is low. In Switzerland and Austria, masculine forms are mostly combined with the supplement m/f to indicate that both women and men are addressed. The present data provide a sound basis for future studies on gender references in job advertisements. Furthermore it sheds a light on how companies comply with national guidelines of gender equality.

Gender references in job advertisements – relations to job status and gender equality

Research has shown that gender references in job advertisements play an important role for gender (in)equality in personnel selection. The use of pair forms (masculine and feminine form) in German-language job advertisements, for example, was found to reduce the lack of fit between women and leadership roles (Horvath & Sczesny, 2013). Therefore the present study addresses the question which forms of gender reference are used in job advertisements, how these forms are distributed in different countries and how language use is related to gender typicality and status of the job. We collected job advertisements published online in four countries with different rankings of gender equality (i.e., Switzerland, Austria, Poland, and Czech Republic; World Economic Forum, 2011). We randomly selected 100 advertisements per country from four branches that are characterized by different proportions of female and male employees: steels/metals, science, restaurants/food services, and health care. The advertisements were analyzed with regard to gender references as well as different indicators of job status. The results show that, in general, men and women are addressed more equally in Swiss and Austrian job advertisements compared to Polish and Czech job advertisements. The results also show that women and men are addressed more equally in branches where the proportion of women is high than where the proportion of women is low. We thus can conclude that the use of gender references is associated with the degree of gender equality achieved in a country and with the gender typicality of a profession.

Semanario erudito : que comprehende varias obras ineditas, criticas, morales, instructivas ... de nuestros mejores autores ...

Contiene: Grandes controversias acaecidas en la menor edad del ... Carlos IIº entre la Reyna Madre Doña Maria Ana Teresa de Austria i ... Juan de Austria ... sobre la dirección y gobierno de estos Reynos

Corpus Juris Civilis. Codex

Copia digital: Biblioteca Valenciana, 2011

Kaiser Franz der Erste von Oesterreich und seine Zeit.

Mode of access: Internet.