Representing violence, playing control: warring constructions of masculinity in Action Man toys

This chapter analyses how children, and especially boys, are constructed as ‘savage’ in relation to warlike toys and representations that narrate particular versions of conflict, such as war and terrorism. The chapter uses Action Man toys as a case study that is contextualized against a wider background of other toys, television programmes and films. Action Man is most familiar as a twelve-inch costumed toy figure, but the brand also extends into related media representations such as television programmes, comics and advertising. The chapter focuses increasingly on the specifics of Action Man representations produced from the 1960s to the 1990s, prefacing this detailed discussion with some examples of transmedia texts aimed at children in film and television. This chapter suggests that making the toy a central object of analysis allows for insights into representations of the gendered body that are particularly useful for work on the child-savage analogy. Some of the cultural meanings of war toys, warlike play and representations of war that can be analysed from this perspective include their role in the construction of masculine identity, their representation of particular wars and warlikeness in general, and their relationship to consumer society. This complex of meanings exhibits many of the contradictions that inhabit the construction of ‘the child’ in general, such as that the often extreme masculinity of war toys and games is countered by an aesthetic of spatial disposition, collecting and sometimes nurturing that is more conventionally feminine. Such inter-dependent but apparently opposed meanings can also be seen in the construction of the child as untainted by adult corruption yet also savage, or as in need of adult guidance yet also offering a model of innocence and purity that adults are expected to admire.

Tough, sensitive and sincere : how adolescent boys manage masculinities and emotions

This study aimed to explore adolescent boys’ views of masculinity and emotion management and their potential effects on well-being. Interviews with 33 adolescent boys aged 16–17 years in Sweden were analysed using grounded theory. We found two main categories of masculine conceptions in adolescent boys: gender-normative masculinity with emphasis on group-based values, and non-gender-normative masculinity based on personal values. Gender-normative masculinity comprised two seemingly opposite emotional masculinity orientations, one towards toughness and the other towards sensitivity, both of which were highly influenced by contextual and situational group norms and demands, despite their expressions contrasting each other. Non-gender-normative masculinity included an orientation towards sincerity emphasising the personal values of the boys; emotions were expressed more independently of peer group norms. Our findings suggest that different masculinities and the expression of emotions are strongly intertwined and that managing emotions is vital for well-being.

Moto-boys de Porto Alegre : convivendo com os riscos do acidente de trânsito

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo geral investigar de que modo os moto-boys vêem o risco do acidente de trânsito no seu cotidiano de trabalho, na cidade de Porto Alegre. O estudo foi realizado com base nas teorias sociológicas sobre ‘risco’, em especial as que enfatizam o caráter sociocultural dos seus significados. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida numa perspectiva qualitativa e seguiu os procedimentos metodológicos da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. A técnica de grupo focal foi a estratégia utilizada para a coleta dos dados. Os resultados da análise apontam que os ‘riscos do acidente de trânsito’ são produzidos por interesses pessoais e sociais no sentido das demandas por velocidade e urgência em relação ao interesse em ganhar mais e se manter empregado. Os moto-boys consideram os riscos de acidente de trânsito inerentes ao cotidiano do seu trabalho e tentam controlar estes riscos utilizando estratégias de autocuidado.