Una difícil centralidad : El clima político en Tucumán en tiempos del Congreso

La singular coyuntura de los años 1814-1816 enmarca la actividad del Congreso de Tucumán. Ante un escenario internacional de restauración monárquica y un contexto rioplatense signado por el levantamiento de Fontezuelas, el Congreso y el nuevo director supremo emanado del mismo dirigen sus acciones a consolidar su legitimidad y garantizar la gobernabilidad de los pueblos asistentes. Las sesiones secretas actúan como caja de resonancia de los múltiples frentes de intervención. El presente trabajo permite realizar un balance historiográfico del estado actual de los estudios sobre el Congreso en su etapa tucumana, aportando una lectura desde una fuente poco explorada

Making the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan: A History and Analysis Through the Lens of Coordination and Deferral Theory

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

The phenomenology of minority-majority status:effects on innovation in argument generation

In three experiments, we manipulated participants' perceived numerical status and compared the originality and creativity of arguments generated by members of numerical minorities and majorities. Independent judges, blind to experimental conditions, rated participants' written arguments. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that participants assigned to a numerical minority generated more original arguments when advocating their own position than did numerical majorities. In Study 3, an equal-factions control group was included in the design, and all participants were instructed to argue for a counter-attitudinal position. Those in the numerical minority generated more creative arguments than those in both the majority and equal-factions conditions, but not stronger arguments. We propose cognitive and social processes that may underlie our obtained effects and discuss implications for minority influence research.

Ethnic groups and institutions: A study of institutional engineering in four Central and Eastern European countries

The issue of institutional engineering has gained a renewed interest with the democratic transitions of the Central and Eastern European countries, as for some states it has become a matter of state survival. The four countries examined in the study – Macedonia, Slovakia, Romania and Bulgaria – exemplify the difficulty in establishing a stable democratic society in the context of the resurgence of national identity. The success of ethnonational minorities in achieving the desired policies affirming or expanding their rights as a group was conditioned upon the cohesion of the minority as well as the permissiveness of state institutions in terms of participation and representation of minority members. The Hungarian minorities in Slovakia and Romania, the Turkish minority in Bulgaria, and the Albanian minority in Macedonia, formed their political organizations to represent their interests. However, in some cases the divergence of strategies or goals between factions of the minority group seriously impeded its ability to obtain the desired concessions from the majority. The difficulty in the pursuit of policies favoring the expansion of minority rights was further exacerbated in some of the cases by the impermissiveness of political institutions. The political parties representing the interest of ethnonational minorities were allowed to participate in elections, although not without suspicions about their intent and even strong opposition from majority groups, but participation in elections and subsequent representation in legislative bodies did not translate into adoption of the desired policies. The ethnonational minorities' inability to effectively influence the decision-making process was the result of the inadequacy of democratic institutions to process these demands and channel them through the normal political process in the absence of majority desire to accommodate them. Despite the promise of democratic institutions to bring about a major overhaul of the policies of forceful assimilation and disregard for minority rights, the four cases analyzed in the study demonstrate that in effect ethnonational minorities continued to be at the mercy of the majority, especially if the minority was unable to position itself as a balancing actor.

Perceptions and Preferences of Commercial Fishers for Dedicated Access Privilege Framework in a Multispecies Fishery

The decline of the world's fisheries and the inability of traditional management frameworks to maintain them, has led managers to adopt alternative management frameworks. The use of dedicated access privileges have often been shown to have varying popularity among factions within the commercial fishing industry and managers. Here, we examine commercial fishers' preference for alternative management frameworks in the context of a unique multispecies fisheries of the Florida Keys. By surveying commercial fishers, we find that that the size of operation plays no role in affecting fisher perception regarding dedicated access privileges. Furthermore, fishers who are organized are less likely to support dedicated access privilege frameworks. Overall, we do not find enough support in the fishing industry for the implementation of dedicated access privileges in the Florida Keys. These findings can provide inputs in developing effective management plans in the region.

The creation of Huey P. Newton

The purpose of this study was to examine the creation of Huey P. Newton, founder of the Black Panther Party in 1966. I argued that Huey P. Newton was a creation of several elements: the black ghetto of Oakland; the rise of Black Power and the death of non-violence in the civil rights movement; the New Left and its factions; and, the Black Panther Party through the "Free Huey" campaign. The "Free Huey" campaign that arose from Newton's imprisonment in 1968, constructed an iconic image of Newton that he inherited on his release in 1970. This study will contextualize Newton and refute the claims of Hugh Pearson, author of the 1994, The Shadow of the Panther, who deemed Newton as a common criminal, not worthy of historical debate.

Frederick Douglass and Ireland, 1845: The "Vertiginous Twist[s]" of an Irish Encounter

Frederick Douglas was a reader of and writer on the nineteenth-century political and social texts and contexts of oppression, which he experienced at home and witnesed while in Ireland and Britain, 1845-47. This thesis is unique in its identification of several surprising lacunae in the research and critical evaluation of Frederick Douglass’ activities of reading and writing and the texts and contexts that supported these activities. This thesis takes Douglass’ relationship with Ireland and the Irish as its starting point, and offers several moments in the transnational space engendered by Douglass’ readerly and writerly experience of the transatlantic axes of Ireland, Britain and America. This thesis draws upon archival research to recover information regarding Douglass’ trip and subjects his reading and writing on Ireland and the Irish to the critical rigours of narratolgical, cultural and discourse analysis. One lacuna is Douglass’ favourite and neglected school primer, the Columbian Orator, which Douglass signified upon across his autobiographical project. The speech by the Irish patriot and exile, Arthur O’Connor, included in the Orator, is crucial to Douglass’ understanding and expression of justice and equality. Genette’s narratological analysis gives theoretical traction to the ways in which, in his autobiographical representations of his British trip, Douglass recalibrates his autobiographies to reflect his changing perspectives on his life and work. Contrary to popular assumptions, Douglass did, in two letters to Garrison address and comment on Irish poverty. This thesis interrogates the strategic anglophilia of these letters. While the World’s Temperance Convention (WTC) refused to discuss African- American slavery, analysis of Douglass’ speech in Covent Garden and of the paratextual apparatus of the published proceedings of the WTC demonstrates the impossibility of separating these closely interrelated reform causes. When a newly discovered poem from Waterford that admonished the city for its disregard for Douglass’ message is juxtaposed with an uncomfortable moment in Cork, we understand that Douglass became a pawn to bolster sectarian rivalries between nationalist and establishment factions. Though Douglass believed imperial politics was the best vehicle for modernity, he recognised that it had failed Ireland: consequently, in Thoughts and Recollections of a Trip to Ireland (1886), he advocates for Home Rule for Ireland.

Le développement de l'instruction publique catholique à Magog : ses rapports avec le processus d'industrialisation, 1879-1943

La présente étude présente un exemple concret du développement d'une commission scolaire en fonction de l'amorce du processus d'industrialisation dans une ville des Cantons de l'Est, Magog. L'étude débute avec l'école catholique dissidente en 1879, un peu avant la mise en place du processus d'industrialisation à Magog. La recherche s'arrête en 1943, date de la loi sur la fréquentation scolaire obligatoire au Québec. Les conséquences démographiques issues de l'industrialisation viennent transformer considérablement le visage ethnique et religieux de Magog. Principalement constituée d'Américains protestants, la population magogoise subit une intense transformation ethnique et religieuse entre 1881 et 1891. De protestante et anglophone qu'elle était jusqu'alors, elle devient majoritairement catholique et francophone en moins de dix ans. L'appareil scolaire en place n'est pas sans subir l'impact de ces profonds changements. D'abord conçu pour une clientèle enfantine protestante, il s'adapte en fonction des nouveaux arrivants en créant une branche dissidente catholique en 1879. Les dissidents catholiques, à leur tour, s'organisent en commission scolaire en 1890. Afin de considérer le développement scolaire de Magog comme une phase de l'évolution d'une localité, l'étude est centrée autour de la problématique suivante: quels sont les principaux obstacles qui ont exercé une influence sur le développement scolaire de Magog? Basée essentiellement sur des sources quantitatives et qualitatives variées de la Commission scolaire de Memphrémagog, états financiers, registres d'appel, procès-verbaux et correspondance, notre démarche est de reconstituer le passer administratif de la corporation scolaire: ses ressources humaines, matérielles et financières, ses clientèles, ses services. L'objectif visé ici est de vérifier et caractériser la capacité d'adaptation de la commission scolaire face à des situations comme les hausses de clientèles, le développement des quartiers, les relations entre l'usine textile et les jeunes travailleurs et enfin, la nature des rapports entre les décideurs et les membres de la communauté locale. Le mémoire est divisé en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre consiste à situer notre démarche à l'intérieur des courants ou tendances en histoire de l'éducation au Québec. Un rapide survol de l'historiographie nous a permis d'identifier notre démarche à un courant historiographique nouveau et issu d'historiens ontariens insatisfaits de l'approche radicale du contrôle social qui a sous-estimé, aux yeux de certains, le rôle effectif des régions dans le développement de l'Instruction publique. Cette nouvelle approche théorique met donc l'accent sur le rôle important des communautés locales dans l'organisation des structures scolaires. Aussi, l'apport de la sociologie de l'éducation et de la théorie générale des systèmes (approche systémique) nous a permis d'axer notre étude non pas en regard d'un seul point d'intérêt, mais surtout à partir de l'interaction soutenue entre les différentes factions ou acteurs afin de faire évoluer le système scolaire en fonction de besoins manifestes de la communauté locale ou issus de politiques étatiques. Une deuxième partie du chapitre est consacrée au contexte historique qui met en place les structures éducatives sur le territoire. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à identifier les principaux acteurs qui oeuvrent au sein du système. Avec la création du régime municipal et de l'élargissement de ses pouvoirs dans la commission scolaire, l'État décentralise une bonne partie de l'administration scolaire et précise son rôle d'organisme subventionnaire aux corporations scolaires. Regroupés autour de leur commission scolaire, enfants, parents et citoyens contribuent à accroître les besoins scolaires. Pour équilibrer cette demande, le Conseil des commissaires oriente ses politiques vers un juste milieu entre les orientations gouvernementales, ses ressources matérielles et l'implication personnelle de chacun des commissaires. Le rôle de l'Église et de la petite bourgeoisie a contribué à concentrer l'effort du progrès de l'éducation vers des secteurs privilégiés de la ville, ne tenant pas toujours compte des besoins scolaires réels de l'ensemble de la population. Le chapitre IH présente le portrait concret du partage entre l'État et les communautés locales dans le financement du réseau public d'éducation et introduit un nouvel acteur dans le système: le milieu industriel local. Après une étude sur les revenus, les dépenses et les emprunts, il est démontré clairement que la communauté locale finance presque à elle seule les écoles publiques de Magog: 90% des recettes totales de la commission scolaire provient des contribuables catholiques. Les subventions du DIP sont nettement en-deçà de ce que l'État se proposait de soutenir au XIXe siècle (une subvention égale au montant total perçu en taxes scolaires). Un regard sur l'attitude des conseillers municipaux à accorder des arrangements politico-économiques à l'usine textile nous a permis d'identifier des conséquences non négligeables dans la perception des taxes scolaires de l'usine. Dans la période où l'usine textile demande des exemptions et commutations de taxes (de 1894 à 1943), les élus municipaux rajustent (ou conservent) l'évaluation du complexe industriel à une fraction seulement de l'évaluation réelle, ne tenant pas ainsi compte des nombreux ajouts et constructions qui affectent à la hausse l'évaluation foncière de la compagnie. Résultat: les commissaires catholiques ne perçoivent pas les sommes réelles qui leur sont dues. Cette disparité fiscale n'est pas sans affecter la commission scolaire aux prises avec de lourds emprunts issus des nombreuses constructions scolaires pour accueillir les enfants des nouveaux arrivants. L'étude des modalités du développement scolaire (quatrième chapitre) nous a permis de mettre en lumière la nature des rapports entre factions de la communauté locale et leurs représentants au Conseil des commissaires. Une étude sur les revendications et les affrontements entre les résidents du quartier ouvrier et membres du Conseil nous a permis de voir que les commissaires d'école ne prennent pas toujours les décisions politiques adéquates pour répondre aux besoins scolaires de la ville. L'appartenance sociale et géographique des commissaires justifient les priorités adoptées et qui se traduisent par un souci pour les écoles du centre-ville et particulièrement des garçons, plutôt que dans le quartier ouvrier, là où se manifestent depuis longtemps des besoins scolaires de plus en plus criants.

A Better Place to Be: Republicanism as an Alternative to the Authoritarianism-Democracy Dichotomy

ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: A BETTER PLACE TO BE: REPUBLICANISM AS AN ALTENATIVE TO THE AUTHORITARIANISM-DEMOCRACY DICHOTOMY Christopher Ronald Binetti, Doctor of Philosophy, and 2016 Dissertation directed by: Dr. Charled Frederick Alford, Department of Government and Politics In this dissertation, I argue that in modern or ancient regimes, the simple dichotomy between democracies and autocracies/dictatorships is both factually wrong and problematic for policy purposes. It is factually wrong because regimes between the two opposite regime types exist and it is problematic because the either/or dichotomy leads to extreme thinking in terms of nation-building in places like Afghanistan. In planning for Afghanistan, the argument is that either we can quickly nation-build it into a liberal democracy or else we must leave it in the hands of a despotic dictator. This is a false choice created by both a faulty categorization of regime types and most importantly, a failure to understand history. History shows us that the republic is a regime type that defies the authoritarian-democracy dichotomy. A republic by my definition is a non-dominating regime, characterized by a (relative) lack of domination by any one interest group or actor, mostly non-violent competition for power among various interest groups/factions, the ability of factions/interest groups/individual actors to continue to legitimately play the political game even after electoral or issue-area defeat and some measure of effectiveness. Thus, a republic is a system of government that has institutions, laws, norms, attitudes, and beliefs that minimize the violation of the rule of law and monopolization of power by one individual or group as much as possible. These norms, laws, attitudes, and beliefs ae essential to the republican system in that they make those institutions that check and balance power work. My four cases are Assyria, Persia, Venice and Florence. Assyria and Persia are ancient regimes, the first was a republic and then became the frightening opposite of a republic, while the latter was a good republic for a long time, but had effectiveness issues towards the end. Venice is a classical example of a medieval or early modern republic, which was very inspirational to Madison and others in building republican America. Florence is the example of a medieval republic that fell to despotism, as immortalized by Machiavelli’s writings. In all of these examples, I test certain alternative hypotheses as well as my own.

The Shrine of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī in Baghdad & the Shrine of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Jīlānī in ʿAqra: Mapping the multiple orientations of two Qādirī Sufi shrines in Iraq

This thesis charts the stakeholder communities, physical environment and daily life of two little studied Qādiriyya Sufi shrines associated with Shaikh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (1077 – 1165 AD), a 12th century Ḥanbalī Muslim theologian and the posthumous founder of one of the oldest Sufi orders in Islam. The first shrine is based in Baghdad and houses his burial chamber; and the second shrine, on the outskirts of the city of ‘Aqra in the Kurdish region of northern Iraq, is that of his son Shaikh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (died 1206 AD). The latter was also known for lecturing in Ḥanbalī theology in the region, and venerated for this as well as his association with Shaikh ʿAbd al-Qādir. Driven by the research question “What shapes the identity orientations of these two Qādiriyya Sufi shrines in modern times?” the findings presented here are the result of field research carried out between November 2009 and February 2014. This field research revealed a complex context in which the two shrines existed and interacted, influenced by both Sufi and non-Sufi stakeholders who identified with and accessed these shrines to satisfy a variety of spiritual and practical needs, which in turn influenced the way each considered and viewed the two shrines from a number of orientations. These overlapping orientations include the Qādirī Sufi entity and the resting place of its patron saint; the orthodox Sunnī mosque with its muftī-imams, who are employed by the Iraqi government; the local Shīʿa community’s neighbourhood saint’s shrine and its destination for spiritual and practical aid; and the local provider of welfare to the poor of the city (soup kitchen, funeral parlour and electricity-generation amongst other services). The research findings also revealed a continuously changing and adapting Qādirī Sufi scene not immune from the national and regional socio-religio-political environments in which the two shrines exist: a non-Sufi national political class vying to influence and manipulate these shrines for their own purposes; and powerful national sectarian factions jostling to do the same. The mixture of stakeholders using and associating with the two shrines were found to be influential shapers of these entities, both physically and spiritually. Through encountering and interacting with each other, most stakeholders contributed to maintaining and rejuvenating the two shrines, but some also sought to adapt and change them driven by their particular orientation’s perspective.

"Jazz is Back": Alternative Jazz Venues and Gentrification in Washington, D.C.

Gentrification has dramatically changed the urban landscape of Washington, D.C. Non-profit alternative jazz venues have become important sites for negotiating this complex process that is re-shaping the city. Each such venue aligns itself with one of the two primary factions of gentrification: new urban migrants or long-term residents. Westminster Presbyterian Church’s Jazz Night in Southwest fosters a community of repeat-attendees resisting social displacement. The Jazz and Cultural Society unabashedly foregrounds ties to long-term residents in highlighting a black identity and its local interconnectedness. CapitolBop’s Jazz Loft demonstrates the difficulties that come with trying to cater to a young audience, and at the same time, resist gentrification. These venues present three perspectives on gentrification and together bring light to the overlapping complexity of gentrification.