Experimental evidence that partner choice is a driving force in the payoff distribution among cooperators or mutualists: the cleaner fish case

Supply and demand largely determine the price of goods on human markets. It has been proposed that in animals, similar forces influence the payoff distribution between trading partners in Sexual selection, intraspecific cooperation and interspecific mutualism. Here we present the first experimental evidence supporting biological market theory in it study on cleaner fish, Labroides dimidiatus. Cleaners interact with two classes of clients: choosy client species with access to several cleaners usually do not queue for service and do not return if ignored, while resident client species with access to only one cleaning station do queue or return. We used plexiglas plates with equal amounts of food to stimulate these behaviours of the two client classes. Cleaners soon inspected 'choosy' plates before 'resident' plates. This supports previous field observations that suggest that client species with access to several cleaners exert choice to receive better(immediate) service.

Improving attitude-behavior correspondence through exposure to normative support from a salient ingroup

Two experiments were conducted to test predictions derived from social identity/self-categorization theory concerning the role of group norms in attitude-behavior consistency. In Experiment 1, 160 students who could be classified as having a more or less certain target attitude were exposed to attitude congruent versus incongruent normative support from a relevant reference group (own university) under conditions of low versus high group salience. Experiment 2 was very similar in design and methodology (N=180), but a different correlate of attitude accessibility was used (an experimental manipulation of repeated expression), the target attitude was changed, and the reference group was gender. Across the 2 experiments there was consistent support for the hypothesis that participants would behave more in accordance with their attitudes when they received normative support for, rather than opposition to, their original attitude from a relevant reference group (i.e., their ingroup, not an outgroup). There was slightly weaker support for the second hypothesis that this effect would be stronger under high-than low-salience conditions. The third hypothesis (see Fazio, 1986), that attitude certainty and repeated expression of the attitude would strengthen attitude-behavior consistency, was well supported, as was the expectation that accessibility effects would be independent of reference group norm effects on attitude-behavior consistency.

Conspicuous males suffer higher predation risk: visual modelling and experimental evidence from lizards

Colour pattern variation is a striking and widespread phenomenon. Differential predation risk between individuals is often invoked to explain colour variation, but empirical support for this hypothesis is equivocal. We investigated differential conspicuousness and predation risk in two species of Australian rock dragons, Ctenophorus decresii and C. vadnappa. To humans, the coloration of males of these species varies between 'bright' and 'dull'. Visual modelling based on objective colour measurements and the spectral sensitivities of avian visual pigments showed that dragon colour variants are differentially conspicuous to the visual system of avian predators when viewed against the natural background. We conducted field experiments to test for differential predation risk, using plaster models of 'bright' and 'dull' males. 'Bright' models were attacked significantly more often than 'dull' models suggesting that differential conspicuousness translates to differential predation risk in the wild. We also examined the influence of natural geographical range on predation risk. Results from 22 localities suggest that predation rates vary according to whether predators are familiar with the prey species. This study is among the first to demonstrate both differential conspicuousness and differential predation risk in the wild using an experimental protocol. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Uma contribuição experimental aos fundamentos da propagação de uma frente de combustão em meio poroso

A propagação de uma frente de combustão ocorre numa variedade de situações e para diferentes propósitos industriais. O desempenho desses processos precisa melhorar e ao mesmo tempo reduzir os níveis de emissões para atender às normas de emissões internacionais. Para isso é necessário um certo grau de conhecimento tanto do processo como dos fenômenos da combustão. Em todos as situações envolvendo a combustão, a propagação é iniciada por uma fonte de calor e, após a ignição do combustível, a frente de combustão alcança o combustível adjacente. Estudos anteriores mostraram a ignição e propagação de uma frente de combustão como um fenômeno complexo que depende de processos químicos, térmicos e físicos. O presente trabalho abordou os desafios encontrados durante uma abordagem empírica para análise da propagação de uma frente de combustão em leito fixo. A partir da utilização de combustíveis simulados foram analisados: a influência da composição do combustível no comportamento da ignição do mesmo, as características da propagação da frente de combustão (regime de combustão, retração do leito e estrutura da frente) e a influência da ignição do combustível na propagação da frente de combustão. Foi possível realizar um mapeamento, para diferentes composições, do comportamento da ignição de combustíveis sólidos. A partir dos resultados de propagação da frente verificou-se que ocorrem basicamente três estágios de combustão no leito: ignição, propagação e oxidação do carbono fixo remanescente. Através das análises de gás notou-se a existência de dois regimes de combustão no leito: limitada pela reação e limitada pelo oxigênio. Foi obtido que em leitos com alta porcentagem de material inerte, onde há maior estabilidade, há uma maior influência da ignição na frente de combustão. Assim, mostrou-se como esses conhecimentos são úteis em diversas aplicações e processos industriais.

Análise numérico-experimental do comportamento da aderência aço-concreto

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.

Simulating scratch behavior of polymers with mesoscopic molecular dynamics

Part replacement and repair is needed in structures with moving parts because of scratchability and wear. In spite of some accumulation of experimental evidence, scratch resistance is still not well understood. We have applied molecular dynamics to study scratch resistance of amorphous polymeric materials through computer simulations. As a first approach, a coarse grain model was created for high density polyethylene at the mesoscale. We have also extended the traditional approach and used real units rather than reduced units (to our knowledge, for the first time), which enable an improved quantification of simulation results. The obtained results include analysis of penetration depth, residual depth and recovery percentage related to indenter force and size. Our results show there is a clear effect from these parameters on the tribological properties. We also discuss a "crooked smile" effect on the scratched surface and the reasons for its appearance.

Mechanical Behavior of the Lamellar Structure in Semi-Crystalline Polymers

We have employed molecular dynamics simulations to study the behavior of virtual polymeric materials under an applied uniaxial tensile load. Through computer simulations, one can obtain experimentally inaccessible information about phenomena taking place at the molecular and microscopic levels. Not only can the global material response be monitored and characterized along time, but the response of macromolecular chains can be followed independently if desired. The computer-generated materials were created by emulating the step-wise polymerization, resulting in self-avoiding chains in 3D with controlled degree of orientation along a certain axis. These materials represent a simplified model of the lamellar structure of semi-crystalline polymers,being comprised of an amorphous region surrounded by two crystalline lamellar regions. For the simulations, a series of materials were created, varying i) the lamella thickness, ii) the amorphous region thickness, iii) the preferential chain orientation, and iv) the degree of packing of the amorphous region. Simulation results indicate that the lamella thickness has the strongest influence on the mechanical properties of the lamella-amorphous structure, which is in agreement with experimental data. The other morphological parameters also affect the mechanical response, but to a smaller degree. This research follows previous simulation work on the crack formation and propagation phenomena, deformation mechanisms at the nanoscale, and the influence of the loading conditions on the material response. Computer simulations can improve the fundamental understanding about the phenomena responsible for the behavior of polymeric materials, and will eventually lead to the design of knowledge-based materials with improved properties.

Modelling the Mechanical Behavior of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to analyze the mechanical properties of polymer-based nanocomposites with varying nanofiber network parameters. The study was focused on nanofiber aspect ratio, concentration and initial orientation. The reinforcing phase affects the behavior of the polymeric nanocomposite. Simulations have shown that the fiber concentration has a significant effect on the properties, with higher loadings resulting in higher stress levels and higher stiffness, matching the general behavior from experimental knowledge in this field. The results also indicate that, within the studied range, the observed effect of the aspect ratio and initial orientation is smaller than that of the concentration, and that these two parameters are interrelated.

Caracterização experimental e numérica do desempenho térmico de um edifício "gaioleiro": identificação de oportunidades de melhoria

O sector dos edifícios é responsável por uma percentagem significativa dos consumos de energia primária e de energia eléctrica em Portugal, associada principalmente ao conforto térmico dos seus ocupantes. A União Europeia pretende uma redução de 20%, até 2020, dos consumos de energia e consequentes emissões de CO2 através da melhoria da eficiência energética dos edifícios públicos e residenciais. Em Portugal, o Plano Nacional para a Eficiência Energética (PNAEE) tem por objectivo obter uma poupança anual de energia de pelo menos 1% até ao ano de 2016, tomando como base a média de consumos de energia final, registados entre 2001 e 2005. Neste contexto, os edifícios anteriores a 1990 (primeira versão do RCCTE) podem apresentar um potencial significativo de melhoria da sua eficiência energética com base na sua reabilitação. Os edifícios “Gaioleiros” (1880 – 1930) constituindo uma parte importante do património histórico da cidade de Lisboa, para os quais a informação sobre o seu desempenho térmico é limitada, considerou-se pertinente efectuar um estudo destinado à sua caracterização experimental e numérica, face à especificidade do comportamento térmico das suas paredes caracterizadas pela elevada espessura. No presente trabalho, apresenta-se a metodologia e os resultados experimentais da medição da resistência térmica das paredes e da medição das necessidades térmicas de aquecimento da habitação. Estes resultados experimentais foram utilizados na validação do modelo de simulação térmica da habitação, que posteriormente serviu para avaliar as suas necessidades térmicas de aquecimento (Nic) e de arrefecimento (Nvc), identificar oportunidades de melhoria e avaliar o respectivo potencial de reabilitação. Neste trabalho, como contributos para uma reabilitação sustentável, apresentam-se avaliações de oportunidades de melhoria com base em estratégias de reforço do isolamento térmico. Dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que melhorando o isolamento térmico das paredes e vãos envidraçados é possível baixar consideravelmente os consumos de energia associados à habitação, cumprindo assim as exigências estabelecidas no RCCTE ao nível dos requisitos de qualidade térmica da envolvente e consumos energéticos para edifícios novos e grandes reabilitações.

Experimental Measurements and Correlation of the Solubility of Three Primary Amides in Supercritical CO2: Acetanilide, Propanamide, and Butanamide

Solubilities of three primary amides, namely, acetanilide, propanamide, and butanamide, in supercritical carbon dioxide were measured at T = (308.2, 313.2, and 323.2) K over the pressure range (9.0 to 40.0) MPa by a flow type apparatus. The solubility behavior of the three solids shows an analogous trend with a crossover region of the respective isotherms between (12 to 14) MPa. The solubility of each amide, at the same temperature and pressure, decreases from propanamide to acetanilide. Pure compound properties required for the modeling were estimated, and the solubilities of the amides were correlated by using the Soave-Redlich-Kwong cubic equation of state with an absolute average relative deviation (AARD) from (1.3 to 6.1) %.

Avaliação experimental do comportamento dinâmico de um edifício do século XIX: aplicação à calibração de modelos numéricos

Trabalho de Dissertação de natureza científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Estruturas

Nonmonotone hybrid tabu search for inequalities and equalities: an experimental study

The main goal of this paper is to analyze the behavior of nonmono- tone hybrid tabu search approaches when solving systems of nonlinear inequalities and equalities through the global optimization of an appro- priate merit function. The algorithm combines global and local searches and uses a nonmonotone reduction of the merit function to choose the local search. Relaxing the condition aims to call the local search more often and reduces the overall computational e ort. Two variants of a perturbed pattern search method are implemented as local search. An experimental study involving a variety of problems available in the lit- erature is presented.

Experimental backlash study in mechanical manipulators

The behavior of mechanical manipulators with backlash is analyzed. In order to acquire and study the signals an experimental setup is implemented. The signal processing capabilities of the wavelets are used for de-noising the experimental signals and the energy of the obtained components is analyzed. To evaluate the backlash effect upon the robotic system, it is proposed an index based on the pseudo phase plane representation. Several tests are developed that demonstrate the coherence of the results.

The computational role of short-term plasticity and the balance of excitation and inhibition in neural microcircuits: experimental and theoretical analysis

The computations performed by the brain ultimately rely on the functional connectivity between neurons embedded in complex networks. It is well known that the neuronal connections, the synapses, are plastic, i.e. the contribution of each presynaptic neuron to the firing of a postsynaptic neuron can be independently adjusted. The modulation of effective synaptic strength can occur on time scales that range from tens or hundreds of milliseconds, to tens of minutes or hours, to days, and may involve pre- and/or post-synaptic modifications. The collection of these mechanisms is generally believed to underlie learning and memory and, hence, it is fundamental to understand their consequences in the behavior of neurons.(...)

Contributos maternos para a auto-regulação do bebé na situação experimental face-to-face still-face

Dissertação apresentada na Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Intervenção Precoce