Aspectos Econômicos para a Comercialização do Açúcar e Etanol: Uma análise da competitividade.

Este material faz parte de um grupo de palestras realizadas durante o Encontro do Curso Superior de Tecnologia Sucroalcooleira UFSCar.

Eficiência e razão de hedge: uma análise dos mercados futuro brasileiros de boi, café, etanol, milho e soja

This research aims to investigate the Hedge Efficiency and Optimal Hedge Ratio for the future market of cattle, coffee, ethanol, corn and soybean. This paper uses the Optimal Hedge Ratio and Hedge Effectiveness through multivariate GARCH models with error correction, attempting to the possible phenomenon of Optimal Hedge Ratio differential during the crop and intercrop period. The Optimal Hedge Ratio must be bigger in the intercrop period due to the uncertainty related to a possible supply shock (LAZZARINI, 2010). Among the future contracts studied in this research, the coffee, ethanol and soybean contracts were not object of this phenomenon investigation, yet. Furthermore, the corn and ethanol contracts were not object of researches which deal with Dynamic Hedging Strategy. This paper distinguishes itself for including the GARCH model with error correction, which it was never considered when the possible Optimal Hedge Ratio differential during the crop and intercrop period were investigated. The commodities quotation were used as future price in the market future of BM&FBOVESPA and as spot market, the CEPEA index, in the period from May 2010 to June 2013 to cattle, coffee, ethanol and corn, and to August 2012 to soybean, with daily frequency. Similar results were achieved for all the commodities. There is a long term relationship among the spot market and future market, bicausality and the spot market and future market of cattle, coffee, ethanol and corn, and unicausality of the future price of soybean on spot price. The Optimal Hedge Ratio was estimated from three different strategies: linear regression by MQO, BEKK-GARCH diagonal model, and BEKK-GARCH diagonal with intercrop dummy. The MQO regression model, pointed out the Hedge inefficiency, taking into consideration that the Optimal Hedge presented was too low. The second model represents the strategy of dynamic hedge, which collected time variations in the Optimal Hedge. The last Hedge strategy did not detect Optimal Hedge Ratio differential between the crop and intercrop period, therefore, unlikely what they expected, the investor do not need increase his/her investment in the future market during the intercrop

Avaliação de um método de cromatografia em fase gasosa head space e estudo da estabilidade do etanol em amostras de sangue

The ethanol is the most overused psychoactive drug over the world; this fact makes it one of the main substances required in toxicological exams nowadays. The development of an analytical method, adaptation or implementation of a method known, involves a process of validation that estimates its efficiency in the laboratory routine and credibility of the method. The stability is defined as the ability of the sample of material to keep the initial value of a quantitative measure for a defined period within specific limits when stored under defined conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the method of Gas chromatography and study the stability of ethanol in blood samples, considering the variables time and temperature of storage, and the presence of preservative and, with that check if the conditions of conservation and storage used in this study maintain the quality of the sample and preserve the originally amount of analyte present. Blood samples were collected from 10 volunteers to evaluate the method and to study the stability of ethanol. For the evaluation of the method, part of the samples was added to known concentrations of ethanol. In the study of stability, the other side of the pool of blood was placed in two containers: one containing the preservative sodium fluoride 1% and the anticoagulant heparin and the other only heparin, was added ethanol at a concentration of 0.6 g/L, fractionated in two bottles, one being stored at 4ºC (refrigerator) and another at -20ºC (freezer), the tests were performed on the same day (time zero) and after 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days of storage. The assessment found the difference in results during storage in relation to time zero. It used the technique of headspace associated with gas chromatography with the FID and capillary column with stationary phase of polyethylene. The best analysis of chromatographic conditions were: temperature of 50ºC (column), 150ºC (jet) and 250ºC (detector), with retention time for ethanol from 9.107 ± 0.026 and the tercbutanol (internal standard) of 8.170 ± 0.081 minutes, the ethanol being separated properly from acetaldehyde, acetone, methanol and 2-propanol, which are potential interfering in the determination of ethanol. The technique showed linearity in the concentration range of 0.01 and 3.2 g/L (0.8051 x + y = 0.6196; r2 = 0.999). The calibration curve showed the following equation of the line: y = x 0.7542 + 0.6545, with a linear correlation coefficient equal to 0.996. The average recovery was 100.2%, the coefficients of variation of accuracy and inter intra test showed values of up to 7.3%, the limit of detection and quantification was 0.01 g/L and showed coefficient of variation within the allowed. The analytical method evaluated in this study proved to be fast, efficient and practical, given the objective of this work satisfactorily. The study of stability has less than 20% difference in the response obtained under the conditions of storage and stipulated period, compared with the response obtained at time zero and at the significance level of 5%, no statistical difference in the concentration of ethanol was observed between analysis. The results reinforce the reliability of the method of gas chromatography and blood samples in search of ethanol, either in the toxicological, forensic, social or clinic

O sistema de certificação do etanol brasileiro sob a ótica do princípio constitucional do desenvolvimento sustentável

The gradual inclusion of biofuels is a necessary change that countries must include in their energy mixes. Energy sources still widely used in the world, such as oil and coal, are endowed with a high pollution load to the environment, bringing damages to the water, to the air and to humans as well. In addition, although there are conflicting studies, they are also identified as major causes of the greenhouse effect and the global warming phenomenon. They are, moreover, finite sources of energy, given that its reserves will surely run out. However, even if the introduction of biofuels, such as ethanol, in the energy mix is crucial for the survival of the present and future populations, this insertion cannot settle so disorderly and, thus, one must ensure the quality of these resources and promote transparency in international trade. In this manner, a certification process for ethanol is essential to attest that this biofuel meets the sustainable requirements defined for its production. Hence, this study sought to address the importance of the adoption of certification in the ethanol industry, according to the principle of sustainable development, by analyzing the evolution of its concept, its combination with the fundamental objectives sculptured in the Constitution of 1988, its regulation under Brazilian laws and the need for a balance between economic activities and the mentioned principle. The work also encompassed the criteria used to establish certification standards and their participating actors, combined with a study of ongoing initiatives. Finally, the consequences of the adoption of a certification process for ethanol in Brazil were presented, both in terms of sustainable development and in international trade

Estudo do equilíbrio líquido-vapor do sistema água+etanol+líquido iônico visando a separação do álcool anidro

Anhydrous ethanol is used in chemical, pharmaceutical and fuel industries. However, current processes for obtaining it involve high cost, high energy demand and use of toxic and pollutant solvents. This problem occurs due to the formation of an azeotropic mixture of ethanol + water, which does not allow the complete separation by conventional methods such as simple distillation. As an alternative to currently used processes, this study proposes the use of ionic liquids as solvents in extractive distillation. These are organic salts which are liquids at low temperatures (under 373,15 K). They exhibit characteristics such as low volatility (almost zero/ low vapor ), thermal stability and low corrosiveness, which make them interesting for applications such as catalysts and as entrainers. In this work, experimental data for the vapor pressure of pure ethanol and water in the pressure range of 20 to 101 kPa were obtained as well as for vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the system ethanol + water at atmospheric pressure; and equilibrium data of ethanol + water + 2-HDEAA (2- hydroxydiethanolamine acetate) at strategic points in the diagram. The device used for these experiments was the Fischer ebulliometer, together with density measurements to determine phase compositions. The experimental data were consistent with literature data and presented thermodynamic consistency, thus the methodology was properly validated. The results were favorable, with the increase of ethanol concentration in the vapor phase, but the increase was not shown to be pronounced. The predictive model COSMO-SAC (COnductor-like Screening MOdels Segment Activity Coefficient) proposed by Lin & Sandler (2002) was studied for calculations to predict vapor-liquid equilibrium of systems ethanol + water + ionic liquids at atmospheric pressure. This is an alternative for predicting phase equilibrium, especially for substances of recent interest, such as ionic liquids. This is so because no experimental data nor any parameters of functional groups (as in the UNIFAC method) are needed

Análise energética de sistemas de produção de etanol de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

This work aimed to analyze the energetic consumption of the etanol production system, using the cassava as carbohidrates source. The researches were carried out from the field in the mid region of Paranapanema river, São Paulo state, during the period January to December, 2007. The energy consumption referring to the phases of crop production and industrial processing were appraised. It was verified that the total energetic cost of the crop production corresponded to 9,528.33 MJ ha(-1), and the most onerous item was the inputs (35.72%). In the industrial step, the energetic consumption was equivalent to 2,208.28 MJ t(-1). The operations of hydrolysis/saccharification/treatment of the juice represented 56.72% of the total energetic expenditure. The cassava crop presented an energetic cost of 1.54 MJ L-1 in relation to the etanol produced in the main agronomic operations crop production, and 11.76 MJ L-1 in the industrial processing. The energy efficiency observed in the cultivation and industrialization of the cassava was of 1.76.

Avaliação energética da produção de etanol utilizando como matéria-prima a cana-de-açúcar

This research analyzed the energetic consumption of the etanol, using as raw-material sugar cane. The searches were carried out from the field in the Midle Paranapanema River Region, São Paulo state, in the period from January to December 2007. The referring energy consumption from the crop production phase and industrial processing were evaluated. It was verified that the total energetic cost of the crop production corresponded to 14370.9MJ ha(-1), and the most onerous item was the inputs (50.4%). In the industrial step, the energetic consumption was equivalent to 1,641.56MJ t(-1), The 'hydrolysis, saccharification and broth treatment operations' represented 71.72% of the total energetic expenditure. It was also observed an energetic cost of 2.0MJ L(-1) in relation to the etanol produced in the main crop production operations, and 19.4MJ L(-1) in the industrial processing. The energy efficiency observed in the crop production and industrialization were of 1.1.

Comparação de custos de implantação de eucalipto com resíduo celulósico em substituição ao fertilizante mineral

A grande expansão das indústrias e do mercado consumidor tem provocado, nas últimas décadas, a geração de elevadas quantidades de resíduos, os quais têm constituído constante preocupação econômica e ambiental. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, analisar a viabilidade econômica do uso de três doses de composto orgânico, oriundo da compostagem de resíduos da extração da celulose, em substituição à adubação mineral, na cultura do eucalipto, no município de Selvíria, MS. A metodologia de custos adotada foi a do custo operacional total e do custo total. Concluiu-se que, por causa do elevado custo de transporte e aplicação, a adubação orgânica mostrou-se mais onerosa em relação à mineral, sendo sua utilização viável, economicamente, apenas nas proximidades da indústria produtora.

Avaliação da concentração de pectinase no processo de hidrólise-sacarificação do farelo de mandioca para obtenção de etanol

Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a concentração de pectinase (Pectinex Ultra SP-L) no processo de hidrólise-sacarificação do farelo de mandioca para produção de etanol. Foram avaliadas quatro concentrações da enzima pectinase com enzima complemetar as amilases e o tratamento com apenas as amilases. Realizou-se a caracterização do hidrolisado e resíduo fibroso resultantes do processo, e os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a concentração mínima de pectinase para um bom rendimento do processo foi 8Kg enzima/t fibras, com. 89,4% do amido hidrolisado. Quanto ao resíduo fibroso, este apresenta potencialidade de aproveitamento com base para produtos dietéticos ricos em fibras.

Efeitos de parâmetros de fermentação na produção de etanol a partir de resíduo líquido da industrialização da mandioca (manipueira)

Effect of fermentation parameters on ethanol production from cassava liquid residue (manipueira). "Manipueira", a liquid residue from the processing of cassava starch and flour, has recognized high pollution potential. Aiming at a possible use of "manipueira" as raw material for ethanol production, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the percentage of inoculated yeast and fermentation temperature on the chromatographic profile of the components of wine of "manipueira". The residue was characterized for starch and sugar content, as well as pH and total acidity. The residue was hydrolyzed by the action of enzymes Termamyl 120 L and AMG 300 L. The hydrolysate obtained was fermented under different experimental conditions. A factorial central composite design (2(2)) with two independent variables and the response surface methodology were used to evaluate the results. The results showed a significant effect of variable parameters on the components of wine. The conditions of low fermentation temperature and lower percentages of inoculated yeast were the most appropriate to obtain ethanol from "manipueira".

Reações de Etanol com CO/H2 na Presença do Sistema Catalítico Ru(acac)3/I-

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Comportamento voltamétrico da redução de 2-furfuraldeído em etanol utilizando eletrodo de carbono vítreo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação da celulase e pectinase como enzimas complementares, no processo de hidrólise-sacarificação do farelo de mandioca para produção de etanol

Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o uso de enzimas complementares no processo enzimático de hidrólise e sacarificação para a produção de etanol a partir do resíduo fibroso das fecularias. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que 63,42% do amido foram hidrolisados no tratamento em que não se utilizaram enzimas complementares. No tratamento com as duas enzimas complementares foram hidrolisados 89,55%, no tratamento com celulase 65,42% e no tratamento com pectinase 88,73%. A prensagem do resíduo após o processo de hidrólise e sacarificação mostrou-se eficiente, ficando 10,43% do total de açúcares obtidos retidos no resíduo fibroso final. Portanto, o tratamento em que se utilizou a pectinase como enzima complementar na hidrólise foi o melhor. A celulase não apresentou efeito significativo no rendimento do processo.