993 resultados para Estruturas de concreto armado : Confiabilidade


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O comportamento estrutural de uma viga T permite avaliar diferentes contribuições de resistência ao cisalhamento entre partes distintas de uma mesma seção transversal, permitindo estabelecer diretrizes para a disposição de armadura nessas regiões. Para quantificar as participações de mesas colaborantes e almas desse tipo de seção na resistência característica ao cisalhamento, foram investigadas experimentalmente 10 vigas de concreto armado constituídas de seções T, visando avaliar as recomendações da norma NBR, ACI e EC2 no que se refere ao desempenho de vigas T ao cisalhamento. Uma das vigas foi confeccionada para testemunho e as demais foram idealizadas com variação nas dimensões da mesa, para aumentar assim a área de concreto colaborante da seção. A armadura de flexão foi mantida constante em todos os casos e a armadura de cisalhamento foi suprimida, para que todas as vigas tivessem rupturas por cisalhamento antecipadas em relação à ruína por flexão. O concreto utilizado teve resistência à compressão de 47 MPa. Percebe-se claramente a influência da mesa colaborante na resistência última ao cisalhamento dos elementos estruturais ensaiados. O aumento da carga última foi significativo nas vigas com abas, passando do dobro da carga da viga de referência, e mais ainda, nas vigas com altura (hf) de 80 mm, nas quais a contribuição da mesa foi capaz de modificar o modo de ruptura das peças cujas armaduras de flexão entraram em processo de escoamento e o incremento de rigidez dado aos elementos em virtude do aumento da área de concreto (abas) da seção transversal foi em torno de 25%. A partir destes e outros resultados foi possível amplificar a resistência ao cisalhamento das longarinas da ponte sobre o rio Sororó da ferrovia Carajás em 1,93 vezes a resistência teórica para viga retangular no caso.

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O estudo do comportamento de pontes ferroviárias vem tomando grande destaque na área experimental, devido muitas das vezes haver a necessidade de um aumento dessas cargas móveis. A companhia VALE a partir de um convênio estabelecido com a UFPA (Universidade Federal do Pará), buscou realizar estudos das capacidades resistentes das pontes ferroviárias, que compõem a Estrada de Ferro Carajás (EFC), para futuros casos de carregamentos que passarão de 32 tf para 40 tf, o que provoca mudanças consideráveis no comportamento da estrutura. A falta de manutenção ou uma manutenção irregular das pontes de concreto armado podem resultar em manifestações patológicas que podem comprometer a segurança e ao risco de intervenção do escoamento. Dentre as OAE’s (Obras de Arte Especial) já analisadas, encontra-se a ponte sobre o Rio Mãe Maria localizada no município de Marabá, estado do Pará, transpondo o rio Mãe Maria, identificada como OAE 50A, apresenta um traçado retilíneo executada em concreto armado moldada “in loco”, é constituída por dois vãos hiperestáticos, totalizando 64,20 m, transpondo o leito do rio em dois vãos de 20 m e com seção transversal oferecendo a largura de 5,85 m. Com isso tornou-se indispensável para avaliação de sua integridade física a monitoração com extensômetros elétricos de resistência (EER) dos elementos (laje, longarina, blocos, encontros e tubulões) que compões a estrutura durante a passagem dos trens carregados de minério. Além da monitoração, foram realizados ensaios não-destrutivos como: dureza superficial através da esclerometria e a estimativa do cobrimento da armadura e localização da mesma por meio da pacometria, ensaios destrutivos como: extração de corpos-de-prova para determinar a compressão diametral e o módulo de elasticidade do concreto e a resistência a penetração através do teste de carbonatação inerentes a questão de durabilidade do mesmo, que serão comparados com a memória de cálculo e com os modelos computacionais tridimensionais desenvolvidos via “software” comercialSAP2000® (COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES), que utiliza o método dos elementos finitos (MEF). O MEF foi utilizado para obtenção dos esforços permitindo as verificações de segurança de acordo com as recomendações normativas, tais análises comparativas são apresentadas e discutidas para a conclusão do comportamento das longarinas. Conhecendo com precisão a capacidade estrutural da ponte e a sua vida útil, pode-se assegurar o tráfego de composições com maior segurança.

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The bond between steel and concrete is essential for the existence of reinforced concrete structures, as both materials act together to absorb structural strain. The bond phenomenon is considered to be complex regarding many factors that affect it. Several types of bond tests have been proposed over years. One is the modified proposed of pull-out test, which was elaborated by Lorrain and Barbosa [1] called APULOT test (Appropriete pull-out-test). Based on experimental results obtained by Vale Silva[2] either by conventional pull-out tests, or by modified pull-out test, APULOT, seeks to know the numeric behavior of bond steel-concrete through a numerical simulation using a calculation code ATENA which is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The numerical simulation provided better evaluate the stress distribution and cracking that occurs during the test, thereby becoming a valuable tool to support the experimental project that aims to validation, validation partially or not recommend the modified bond test steel-concrete - APULOT test - as quality control test of structural concrete. The numerical results showed good representation compared to experimental results.

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Since the Seventies, there has been a growing degradation of concrete structures in Brazil. For that reason, much research has been made on the durability of those structures, aiming at contributing towards quality improvement and reduction of maintenance and repair costs. This study evaluates the behavior of the durability of high-performance concrete with additions, replacing part of the cement and aggregates with rice husk ash and tire rubber, respectively. Durability tests were carried out in which concrete was subjected to several degradation processes, such as the action of water, temperature, salts and acid solution. The results indicated that the addition of active silica or rice husk ash, both with tire rubber did not worsen the durability of concrete. In fact, rubber proved to be very effective in preventing the action of chemical agents, high temperatures and the penetration of water. Rice husk ash, despite the larger diameter of particles, had similar results to that of the active silica.

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

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This work talks about the importance of the steel adhesion to concrete, reinforced concrete structures, their testing and forms of measurement used and how the results are used in the structural design, which uses as a reference the NBR 6118 and NBR 7480. It also deals with the importance of a reliable assessment, discussing failures that the test used, NBR 7477, features in specific circumstances, as discussed under the EC-094. It also presents an initial proposal for simplified pullout test, which aims to analyze the grip on steel bars with diameter less than 10 mm, which results when used standardized testing by ABNT NBT 7477, has shown excessive variability, the main criticism of the trial today used without distinction to be established thick or thin bars. The proposal also presented methodology is in the consolidation phase, given the time and the volume of necessary tests. For this reason it is not possible to make a comparison between the values obtained and the results of the test used on the basis of the standard in force, this can only be done once the front with a continuation of this work

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There are regulations that establish conditions and enable the design of armor columns. The NBR 6118 features statements relating to the transverse reinforcement as spacing, reinforcement diameters provision in structural elements and others. However, the norm in force does not provide an explicit methodology for the design of stirrups in different situations. We do not propose even a calculation model for this equipment and provides normative considerations for maximum or minimum values of spacings and armor in diameter. It is noteworthy that the classical references also do not provide a calculation routine sizing of transverse reinforcement and only makes the checks as the normative conditions for the given data. Based on this assumption and the problems that may occur in sizing error, both for spacing and for the proposal of the stirrup diameter, this study demonstrates that armor calculation method already established in the literature and then through an intuitive tool and available develops a spreadsheet based on this calculation routine. It takes as reference the one developed by Emil Moersch (1902) and the calculation model proposed by BUFFONI E SILVA (2006). Finally the paper presents a rational design of shear reinforcement and confronts these values with some numerical examples to show its truth

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São apresentadas análises das recomendações para estimar a resistência ao puncionamento de lajes lisas de acordo com a versão atual da norma brasileira, a NBR 6118:2003, que não considera o efeito da retangularidade de pilares internos, e sua predecessora, a NBR 6118:1980. Em seções transversais retangulares, o índice de polarização das tensões de cisalhamento é crescente. Isto altera a forma de ruptura da laje, já que a punção se inicia em torno das extremidades da seção do pilar, não se estendendo para os lados maiores, como prescreve a norma, comportamento este que reduz a resistência última das lajes frente às estimativas normativas. São apresentados os resultados de uma análise numérica por elementos finitos (M.E.F.) e uma proposta para melhorar a ductilidade das lajes lisas através das dimensões mínimas dos pilares. Observou-se que a NBR 6118:1980 mostrou-se conservadora e que as estimativas da NBR 6118: 2003 podem ser melhoradas.

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This work talks about the importance of the steel adhesion to concrete, reinforced concrete structures, their testing and forms of measurement used and how the results are used in the structural design, which uses as a reference the NBR 6118 and NBR 7480. It also deals with the importance of a reliable assessment, discussing failures that the test used, NBR 7477, features in specific circumstances, as discussed under the EC-094. It also presents an initial proposal for simplified pullout test, which aims to analyze the grip on steel bars with diameter less than 10 mm, which results when used standardized testing by ABNT NBT 7477, has shown excessive variability, the main criticism of the trial today used without distinction to be established thick or thin bars. The proposal also presented methodology is in the consolidation phase, given the time and the volume of necessary tests. For this reason it is not possible to make a comparison between the values obtained and the results of the test used on the basis of the standard in force, this can only be done once the front with a continuation of this work

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There are regulations that establish conditions and enable the design of armor columns. The NBR 6118 features statements relating to the transverse reinforcement as spacing, reinforcement diameters provision in structural elements and others. However, the norm in force does not provide an explicit methodology for the design of stirrups in different situations. We do not propose even a calculation model for this equipment and provides normative considerations for maximum or minimum values of spacings and armor in diameter. It is noteworthy that the classical references also do not provide a calculation routine sizing of transverse reinforcement and only makes the checks as the normative conditions for the given data. Based on this assumption and the problems that may occur in sizing error, both for spacing and for the proposal of the stirrup diameter, this study demonstrates that armor calculation method already established in the literature and then through an intuitive tool and available develops a spreadsheet based on this calculation routine. It takes as reference the one developed by Emil Moersch (1902) and the calculation model proposed by BUFFONI E SILVA (2006). Finally the paper presents a rational design of shear reinforcement and confronts these values with some numerical examples to show its truth

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This paper addresses the analysis of probabilistic corrosion time initiation in reinforced concrete structures exposed to ions chloride penetration. Structural durability is an important criterion which must be evaluated in every type of structure, especially when these structures are constructed in aggressive atmospheres. Considering reinforced concrete members, chloride diffusion process is widely used to evaluate the durability. Therefore, at modelling this phenomenon, corrosion of reinforcements can be better estimated and prevented. These processes begin when a threshold level of chlorides concentration is reached at the steel bars of reinforcements. Despite the robustness of several models proposed in the literature, deterministic approaches fail to predict accurately the corrosion time initiation due to the inherently randomness observed in this process. In this regard, the durability can be more realistically represented using probabilistic approaches. A probabilistic analysis of ions chloride penetration is presented in this paper. The ions chloride penetration is simulated using the Fick's second law of diffusion. This law represents the chloride diffusion process, considering time dependent effects. The probability of failure is calculated using Monte Carlo simulation and the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) with a direct coupling approach. Some examples are considered in order to study these phenomena and a simplified method is proposed to determine optimal values for concrete cover.

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A busca por melhorias de produtividade na indústria da construção civil é fundamental para garantia do crescimento sustentável do setor. Nesse sentido, o uso de estruturas de aço na construção de edifícios aparece como uma alternativa interessante às tradicionais estruturas em concreto armado. Essa dissertação tem por objetivo o estudo da produtividade da mão de obra e de equipamentos de içamento na montagem de estruturas de aço para edifícios de múltiplos pavimentos, buscando comprovar a hipótese de que essa produtividade varia em conjunto com alguns fatores que podem ser identificados e que essa variação pode ser quantificada. A pesquisa foi realizada segundo metodologia de Estudo de Caso, sendo que cinco obras compuseram o estudo. Como resultados, observa-se que produtividade potencial da mão de obra variou entre 3,33 e 8,23 Hh/peça ou 11,8 e 33,8 Hh/t e que a produtividade potencial dos equipamentos variou entre 0,38 e 0,53 Eqh/peça ou 1,84 e 2,29 Eqh/t, além de terem se encontrado correlações significativas entre os fatores tonelada/peça, disponibilidade do equipamento de içamento e quantidade relativa de pilares e os indicadores de produtividade.

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The developed study proposes a new computer modeling efficient and easy to apply in usual project situations to evaluate the interaction between masonry panels and support structure. The proposed model simulates the behavior of the wall exclusively using frame finite elements, thus compounding an equivalent frame. The validation was performed in two ways: firstly, through the analysis of various panels of generic plans, comparing the results obtained from equivalent frame model with the ones from a reference model, which uses shell finite elements in discretization of the walls; and in a second step, comparing with the results of the experimental model of Rosenhaupt. The analyzes considered the linear elastic behavior for materials and consisted basically in the evaluation of vertical displacements and efforts in support beams, and tensions at the base of walls. Was also evaluated, from flat and threedimensional modeling of some walls from a real project, important aspects of the wall-beam interaction, e.g.: the presence of openings of doors and windows, arranged in any position; conditions of support and linking of beams; interference of moorings between walls; and consideration of wind action. The analysis of the achieved results demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed modeling, since they have very similar aspects in the distribution of stresses and efforts, always with intensities slightly larger than those of the reference and experimental models.

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The corrosive phenomenon on reinforced concrete structures is one of the most founded pathologies on the coastal area. With the objective to prevent the process development, or even, retard its beginning, it was studied the application of inorganic covering over concrete surfaces, after its cure, as well as, evaluate the efficiency of the covering applied on the concrete in reducing its porosity of concrete preventing the entrance of aggressive agents to preserve the integrity of the existing armor inside it, comparing the result obtained with the body-of-proof reference, that didn´t receive covering protection. On the concrete production it was used Portland Cement CP II 32, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water from the local distributive. Two types of covering were used, one resin based of silicon and solvent and other white cement based, selected sands and acrylic resin. The concrete mixture adopted was 1:1,5:2,5 (cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate) and 0.50 water/cement ratio. With the concrete on fresh state was made the experiment test to determinate the workability. On the hardened state was made the concrete resistance experiment, absorption of water and electrochemical experiments, through polarization curves. Also was held optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy experiments to analyze the layer of the covering applied to the concrete surface and the interface between the concrete and the layer. The obtained results shows that the covering applied to the concrete surface didn´t affect the resistance towards compression. On the absorption of water occurred a diminution of the percentage absorbed, improving the concrete development by making it more impermeable towards the entrance of aggressive agents. The electrochemical experiment results confirmed the water absorption results; the body-of-proof covered presented larger protection towards the development of corrosives process and retarded the evolution of the corrosive phenomenon