The life of Spencer Compton, eighth duke of Devonshire,

Mode of access: Internet.

Developments in the Theory of X-ray Absorption and Compton Scattering.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Infrared Excess sources: Compton thick QSOs, low-luminosity Seyferts or starbursts?

We explore the nature of Infrared Excess sources (IRX), which are proposed as candidates for luminous [L_X(2–10 keV) > 10^43 erg s^−1] Compton thick (NH > 2 × 1024 cm−2) QSOs at z≈ 2. Lower redshift, z≈ 1, analogues of the distant IRX population are identified by first redshifting to z= 2 the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of all sources with secure spectroscopic redshifts in the AEGIS (6488) and the GOODS-North (1784) surveys and then selecting those that qualify as IRX sources at that redshift. A total of 19 galaxies are selected. The mean redshift of the sample is z≈ 1. We do not find strong evidence for Compton thick QSOs in the sample. For nine sources with X-ray counterparts, the X-ray spectra are consistent with Compton thin active galactic nucleus (AGN). Only three of them show tentative evidence for Compton thick obscuration. The SEDs of the X-ray undetected population are consistent with starburst activity. There is no evidence for a hot dust component at the mid-infrared associated with AGN heated dust. If the X-ray undetected sources host AGN, an upper limit of L_X(2–10 keV) = 10^43 erg s^−1 is estimated for their intrinsic luminosity. We propose that a large fraction of the z≈ 2 IRX population is not Compton thick quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) but low-luminosity [L_X(2–10 keV) < 10^43 erg s^−1], possibly Compton thin, AGN or dusty starbursts. It is shown that the decomposition of the AGN and starburst contribution to the mid-IR is essential for interpreting the nature of this population, as star formation may dominate this wavelength regime.

Emissione di Compton inverso e applicazioni astrofisiche

Nell'elaborato viene affrontato il processo di diffusione di fotoni denominato Compton Inverso. Per prima cosa c'è una breve introduzione dove vengono elencati i vari processi di diffusione di radiazione e alcune applicazioni astrofisiche del Compton inverso che saranno poi affrontate nella seconda parte. Nel capitolo 1 viene fatta una trattazione fisica del processo e vengono analizzati potenza emessa e spettro risultante. Infine nel capitolo finale vengono approfondite le applicazioni astrofisiche più importanti del Compton inverso: Comptonizzazione, effetto Sunyaev-Zeldovich e Synchrotron Self Compton.

X-ray analysis of local mid-infrared selected Compton-thick AGN candidates

Cosmic X-ray background synthesis models (Gilli 2007) require a significant fraction of obscured AGN, some of which are expected to be heavily obscured (Compton-thick), but the number density of observationally found obscured sources is still an open issue (Vignali 2010, 2014). This thesis work takes advantage of recent NuSTAR data and is based on a multiwavelength research approach. Gruppioni et al. 2016 compared the AGN bolometric luminosity, for a sample of local 12 micron Seyfert galaxies, derived from the SED decomposition to the same quantity obtained by the 2-10 keV luminosity (IPAC-NED). A difference up to two orders of magnitude resulted between these quantities for some sources. Thus, the intrinsic X-ray luminosity obtained correcting for the obscuration may be underestimated. In this thesis we have tested this hypothesis by re-analysing the X-ray spectra of three of the sources (UGC05101, NGC1194 and NGC3079), for which observations from NuSTAR and Chandra and/or XMM-Newton were available. This is meant to extend our analysis to energies above 10 keV and thus estimate the AGN column density as reliable as possible. For spectral fitting we made use of both the commonly used XSPEC package and the two very recent MYtorus and BNtorus physical models. The available wide bandpass allowed us to achieve new and more solid insights into the X-ray spectral properties of these sources. The measured absorption column densities are highly suggestive of heavy obscuration. Once corrected the X-ray AGN luminosity for the obscuration estimated through our spectral analysis, we compared the L(X) values in the 2-10 keV band with those derived from the MIR band, by means of the relation by Gandhi, 2009. As expected, the values derived from this relation are in good agreement with those we measured, indicating that the column densities were underestimated in the previous literature works.

Emissione di Compton inverso e applicazioni astrofisiche

L’emissione di Compton Inverso (IC) rientra nei processi di radiazione detti di diffusione (o di scattering) e riguarda l’interazione tra elettroni relativistici ad alta energia e fotoni molto meno energetici. Il meccanismo di interazione viene approssimato ad un semplice urto tra le due particelle, in seguito al quale il fotone acquista parte dell’energia cinetica dell’elettrone, venendo diffuso ed osservato a frequenza più alta e con direzione di propagazione diversa rispetto a quanto possedeva prima dell’urto. Il Compton Inverso è il meccanismo contrario della diffusione Compton, dove il fotone perde energia in seguito all’urto con l’elettrone e viene osservato a frequenze inferiori a quelle originarie. L’IC viene osservato in ambito astrofisico soprattutto in combinazione con l’emissione di sicrotrone – nella quale elettroni relativistici presenti in regioni magnetizzate vengono accelerati dal campo magnetico ed emettono radiazione – in un fenomeno detto Synchrotron Self-Compton. Esso avviene solitamente in sorgenti molto compatte nelle quali i fotoni prodotti per sincrotrone hanno maggiore possibilità di interagire nuovamente con gli elettroni che li hanno generati, venendo diffusi ad energie più elevate. L’IC viene inoltre osservato in combinazione alla diffusione Compton in un processo detto Comptonizzazione. Ciò si verifica in plasmi molto caldi e abbastanza rarefatti, nei quali si hanno innumerevoli scambi di energia tra le particelle che li compongono. La tesi comprende una prima parte introduttiva nella quale viene presentato il contesto storico di inizio Novecento nel quale si inserisce, tra gli altri, il fisico Arthur H. Compton. Successivamente, vengono spiegati nel dettaglio i principali meccanismi di diffusione con particolare attenzione all’IC. Infine, sono illustrate le applicazioni astrofisiche del Compton Inverso e alcune delle sorgenti nelle quali l’IC viene osservato in combinazione con altri processi di radiazione.

Análise quantitativa da distribuição de jogadores de futebol em campo durante jogos oficiais

Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação Física

O azul do céu e o vermelho do pôr-do-sol

Este trabalho expõe uma dedução da intensidade da luz espalhada por pequenas partículas na atmosfera, o que explica o porquê do azul do céu e o vermelho do pôr-do-sol. Mostramos, também, uma experiência bem simples, sobre os temas abordados, que foi elaborada com o intuito de aplicar a alunos do Ensino Médio

Some aspects of acetylation of untreated and mercerized sisal cellulose

We report here on some aspects of the acetylation in LiCl/N,N-dimethylacetamide, DMAc, of untreated and mercerized sisal cellulose, hereafter designated as sisal and M-sisal, respectively. Fiber mercerization by NaOH solution has resulted in the following changes: 29.9% decrease in the index of crystallinity; 16.2% decrease in the degree of polymerization and 9.3% increase in α-cellulose content. A light scattering study of solutions of sisal, M-sisal, microcrystalline and cotton celluloses in LiCl/DMAc has shown that they are present as aggregates, with (an apparent) average aggregation numbers of 5.2, 3.2, 9.8, and 35.3, respectively. The presence of these aggregates affects the accessibility of cellulose during its functionalization. A study of the evolution of the degree of substitution, DS, of cellulose acetate as a function of reaction time showed an increase up to 5 h, followed by a decrease at 7 h. Possible reasons for this decrease are discussed. As expected, M-sisal gave a higher DS that its untreated counterpart.

Metallochlorophylls of magnesium, copper and zinc: evaluation of the influence of the first coordination sphere on their solvatochromism and aggregation properties

In this study the role of different metal centers (magnesium, zinc and copper) on the enhancement of the hydrophilic character of metallochlorophylls, was evaluated. The solvatochromism as well as the aggregation process for these compounds in water/ethanol mixtures at different volume ratios were evaluated using Fluorescence, and Resonant Light Scattering (RLS) measurements, aiming to characterize the behavior of these compounds. Independently on the studied metallochlorophyll, the presence of at least 60% of water results in a considerable increase in the fluorescence emission, probably a direct consequence of a lower aggregation of these compounds, which is confirmed by the results from RLS measurements. Additionally, the results suggest that magnesium and zinc chlorophyll should be promising phototherapeutic agents for Photodynamic Therapy.

Spatial clustering analysis of the foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil - 2005

In the southern region of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic started in September 2005. A total of 33 outbreaks were detected and 33,741 FMD-susceptible animals were slaughtered and destroyed. There were no reports of FMD cases in other species than bovines. Based on the data of this epidemic, it was carried out an analysis using the K-function and it was observed spatial clustering of outbreaks within a range of 25km. This observation may be related to the dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease spread and to the measures undertaken to control the disease dissemination. The control measures were effective once the disease did not spread to farms more than 47 km apart from the initial outbreaks.

High p(T) direct photon and pi(0) triggered azimuthal jet correlations and measurement of k(T) for isolated direct photons in p plus p collisions at root s=200 GeV

Correlations of charged hadrons of 1< p(T) < 10 Gev/c with high pT direct photons and pi(0) mesons in the range 5< p(T) < 15 Gev/c are used to study jet fragmentation in the gamma + jet and dijet channels, respectively. The magnitude of the partonic transverse momentum, k(T), is obtained by comparing to a model incorporating a Gaussian kT smearing. The sensitivity of the associated charged hadron spectra to the underlying fragmentation function is tested and the data are compared to calculations using recent global fit results. The shape of the direct photon-associated hadron spectrum as well as its charge asymmetry are found to be consistent with a sample dominated by quark-gluon Compton scattering. No significant evidence of fragmentation photon correlated production is observed within experimental uncertainties.

A simplified, sequential, phosphorus fractionation method

Hedley er al. (1982) developed what has become the most widely used land modified), phosphorus (P) fractionation technique. It consists of sequential extraction of increasingly less phytoavailable P pools. Extracts are centrifuged at up to 25000 g (RCF) and filtered to 0.45 mu m to ensure that soil is not lost between extractions. In attempting to transfer this method to laboratories with limited facilities, it was considered that access to high-speed centrifuges, and the cost of frequent filtration may prevent adoption of this P fractionation technique. The modified method presented here was developed to simplify methodology, reduce cost, and therefore increase accessibility of P fractionation technology. It provides quantitative recovery of soil between extractions, using low speed centrifugation without filtration. This is achieved by increasing the ionic strength of dilute extracts, through the addition of NaCl, to flocculate clay particles. Addition of NaCl does not change the amount of P extracted. Flocculation with low speed centrifugation produced extracts comparable with those having undergone filtration (0.025 mu m). A malachite green colorimetric method was adopted for inorganic P determination, as this simple manual method provides high sensitivity with negligible interference from other anions. This approach can also be used for total P following digestion, alternatively non-discriminatory methods, such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, may be employed.

Produção de argamassas de cimento com incorporação de um resíduo da refinação de petróleo

A indústria cimenteira é um dos sectores que mais contribui para um elevado impacto ambiental. O processo de produção de cimento requer a utilização de grandes quantidades de recursos naturais, é energeticamente intensivo e emite elevadas taxas de dióxido de carbono para a atmosfera. Com o presente estudo pretendeu-se contribuir para a mitigação do impacto ambiental provocado pelo processo de fabrico do cimento estudando a viabilidade da substituição parcial de cimento por um material com propriedades cimentícias. O material cimentício estudado foi um resíduo da indústria da refinação de petróleo, em concreto, o catalisador exausto produzido na unidade de “craking” catalítico (FCC) da refinaria da Petrogal, em Sines. Na prossecução do objectivo deste trabalho prepararam-se misturas de cimento com teores de incorporação catalisador exausto de FCC de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30%, em massa, para avaliar o efeito do teor do resíduo incorporado em propriedades reológicas e mecânicas de argamassas, em função do tempo de hidratação. Pretendeu-se, ainda, avaliar se as misturas de cimento com incorporação do resíduo correspondem às especificações requeridas pela norma europeia em vigor (NP EN 19 -1:2001). Numa segunda fase do trabalho estudou-se ternária composta por cimento, resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC e resíduo de pedra natural. Em função da sua composição, foram produzidas quatro séries diferentes de argamassas: - Argamassas de referência que incluem na sua composição cimento, areia e água (de acordo com a NP EN 196-1:2006); - Argamassas com substituição parcial de cimento por resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC tal como foi recebido da refinaria (misturas binárias); - Argamassas com substituição parcial de cimento por resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC moído (misturas binárias); e, - Argamassas com substituição parcial de cimento por catalisador exausto de FCC e resíduo de pedra natural (misturas ternárias). Todas estas argamassas foram elaboradas adoptando um procedimento experimental que se baseia no descrito na norma NP EN 196-1:2006. Ao longo da campanha experimental, as argamassas foram sujeitas a ensaios no estado fresco e ensaios no estado endurecido, em diferentes tempos de hidratação, para determinar algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas, respectivamente. As argamassas de referência e as misturas binárias foram ensaiadas aos 2, 7, 28, 56 e 90 dias e as misturas binárias foram ensaiadas aos 2, 7 e 28 dias. No estado fresco realizaram-se ensaios de determinação da consistência por espalhamento, determinação da massa volúmica e ensaios de teor em ar. No estado endurecido foram determinadas as resistências à flexão e à flexão. Da análise dos resultados pod inferir que o resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC apresenta actividade pozolânica, de tal forma que, argamassas conteores de substituição de cimento por este resíduo até 15% (com adição de superplastificante) estão conforme a norma NP EN 197-1:2001 no que respeita à resistência à compressão, em todos os tempos de hidratação especificados. Relativamente às misturas ternárias, verificou-se que conforme a norma NP EN 197-1:2001, o cimento pode ser substituído pelos dois resíduos em simultâneo até 20%. Verificou-se ainda que utilizando qualquer um dos resíduos com superplastificante, este teor poderia aumentar até 30%.