Análise da atividade de peroxidases e polifenoloxidases em diferentes órgãos vegetativos de espécies arbóreas nativas de diferentes grupos sucessionais

As formações vegetais são altamente dinâmicas e dependem principalmente da taxa de crescimento das espécies vegetais, entretanto, esta está intimamente relacionada e suscetível a estresses abióticos, como elevada ou baixa radiação solar, temperaturas extremas, e bióticos, como taque de patógenos e de herbívoros, o que faz com que as plantas necessitem de um sistema de defesa altamente eficiente o qual consiste na atuação de compostos secundários, e de enzimas como por exemplo peroxidases e polifenoloxidases. A atividade das peroxidases constitui a mais importante via do sistema de defesa vegetal a patógenos no que se refere a cicatrização de ferimentos e à herbivoria, propiciando um aumento da lignificação nos tecidos lesados, o que aumenta a resistência dos mesmos, dificultando assim a ocorrência de novas lesões. Quanto às polifenoloxidases, também pertencentes ao grupo das oxidorredutases, são enzimas que também atuam diretamente na via de defesa das plantas ao ataque de patógenos e na cicatrização de ferimentos e processos de senescência. Por meio da extração e análise da atividade de Peroxidases e Polifenoloxidases em porção de raiz, caule, ápice e em folhas de indivíduos de Erythrina speciosa Andrews, Eugenia uniflora L., Hevea brasiliensis M. Arg., Hymenaea courbaril L. var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee et Lang, Joannesia princeps Vell., Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch, Pachira aquatica Aubl. e Psidium guajava L., obteve-se comportamento pioneiro para as espécies Eugenia uniflora L., Hymenaea courbaril L. var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee et Lang, Joannesia princeps Vell. e Psidium guajava L., e comportamento não-pioneiro para as espécies Erythrina speciosa Andrews, Hevea brasiliensis M. Arg., Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch e Pachira aquatica Aubl.. Dessa maneira foi possível verificar que a análise da atividade peroxidásica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Classificação do grupo sucessional de espécies nativas por análise do processo de estiolamento de plântulas

As plantas apresentam moléculas que detectam a luz, entre elas estão os fitocromos que detectam mudanças na qualidade da luz nas regiões de vermelho (V) e vermelho-extremo (VE). O fitocromo age no crescimento das plantas possibilitando-as perceber o sombreamento por outras plantas, o que pode ocasionar no processo de estiolamento, ou seja, alongamento do caule. Assim, conforme aumenta o sombreamento, a razão V:VE diminui. Nas plantas de sol, quanto maior a proporção de VE, maior a taxa de estiolamento, enquanto que as plantas de sombra mostram pouca ou nenhuma redução na taxa de alongamento dos caules. Na sucessão florestal as plantas podem ser classificadas como pioneiras, sendo aquelas dependentes de luz e intolerantes à sombra, e as de transição ou clímax, que são tolerantes à sombra. Assim, este trabalho teve o intuito de analisar o processo de estiolamento de plântulas de espécies arbóreas nativas selecionadas, mantidas em condições de luz diferentes e correlacionar com a classe seral correspondente citada na literatura. As seguintes espécies foram analisadas: Bixa orellana, Caesalpinia peltophoroides, Dalbergia nigra, Erythrina speciosa, Eugenia uniflora, Hevea brasiliensis, Hymenaea courbaril, Licania tomentosa, Pachira aquatica, Piptadenia gonoacantha, Psidium guajava, Schizolobium parahyba. Todos os experimentos foram desenvolvidos no jardim experimental da UNESP de Rio Claro. As espécies foram expostas a seis condições luminosas diferentes, com razão V:VE de: 0,1; 0,19; 0,21; 0,35; 1,15 e 1,17. E radiação solar incidente de: 3,16UM; 44,78UM; 27,7UM; 73,54UM; 1987,00UM; 1453,00UM. Foram tiradas medidas do comprimento dos hipocótilos e epicótilos. Posteriormente foram realizadas análises estatísticas com nível de significância de 5%. As espécies consideradas pioneiras foram D. nigra e S. parahyba. E as espécies classificadas como não pioneiras foram:... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Aplicação de espectrometria de massas com ionização por elétron na análise de alcaloides do mulungu

Erythrina verna is a medicinal plant used to calm agitation popularly known as mulungu. We purchased the barks of E. verna from a commercial producer and analyzed the alkaloid fraction of the bark by CG-MS and HRESI-MS. Five erythrinian alkaloids were identified: erysotrine, erythratidine, erythratidinone, epimer, and 11-hydroxieritratidinone. Here we report the compound 11-hydroxieritratidinone for the first time as a natural product.

Aplicação de espectrometria de massas com ionização por elétron na análise de alcaloides do mulungu

Erythrina verna is a medicinal plant used to calm agitation popularly known as mulungu. We purchased the barks of E. verna from a commercial producer and analyzed the alkaloid fraction of the bark by CG-MS and HRESI-MS. Five erythrinian alkaloids were identified: erysotrine, erythratidine, erythratidinone, epimer, and 11-hydroxieritratidinone. Here we report the compound 11-hydroxieritratidinone for the first time as a natural product.

AMS radiocarbon dates and pollen analysis of ODP Hole 175-1078C

ODP Site 1078 situated under the coast of Angola provides the first record of the vegetation history for Angola. The upper 11 m of the core covers the past 30 thousand years, which has been analysed palynologically in decadal to centennial resolution. Alkenone sea surface temperature estimates were analysed in centennial resolution. We studied sea surface temperatures and vegetation development during full glacial, deglacial, and interglacial conditions. During the glacial the vegetation in Angola was very open consisting of grass and heath lands, deserts and semi-deserts, which suggests a cool and dry climate. A change to warmer and more humid conditions is indicated by forest expansion starting in step with the earliest temperature rise in Antarctica, 22 thousand years ago. We infer that around the period of Heinrich Event 1, a northward excursion of the Angola Benguela Front and the Congo Air Boundary resulted in cool sea surface temperatures but rain forest remained present in the northern lowlands of Angola. Rain forest and dry forest area increase 15 thousand years ago. During the Holocene, dry forests and Miombo woodlands expanded. Also in Angola globally recognised climate changes at 8 thousand and 4 thousand years ago had an impact on the vegetation. During the past 2 thousand years, savannah vegetation became dominant.

Distribution of pollen and spores in sediments of ODP Hole 175-1078C

The distribution of pollen in marine sediments is used to record vegetation change on the continent. Generally, a good latitudinal correspondence exists between the distribution patterns of pollen in the marine surface sediments and the occurrence of the source plants on the adjacent continent. To investigate land-sea interactions during deglaciation, we compare proxies for continental (pollen assemblages) and marine conditions (alkenone-derived sea surface temperatures) of two high-resolution, radiocarbon-dated sedimentary records from the tropical southeast Atlantic. The southern site is located West of the Cunene River mouth; the northern site is located West of the Angolan Huambe Mountains. It is inferred that the vegetation in Angola developed from Afroalpine and open savannah during the last Glacial maximum (LGM) via Afromontane Podocarpus forest during Heinrich Event 1 (H1), to an early increase of lowland forest after 14.5 ka. The vegetation record indicates dry and cold conditions during the LGM, cool and wet conditions during H1 and a gradual rise in temperature starting well before the Younger Dryas (YD) period. Terrestrial and oceanic climate developments seem largely running parallel, in contrast to the situation ca. 5° further South, where marine and terrestrial developments diverge during the YD. The cool and wet conditions in tropical West Africa, South of the equator, during H1 suggest that low-latitude insolation variation is more important than the slowdown of the thermohaline circulation for the climate in tropical Africa.

An integrated biostratigraphy (conodonts and foraminifers) and chronostratigraphy (paleomagnetic reversals, magnetic susceptibility, elemental chemistry, carbon isotopes and geochronology) for the Permian-Triassic strata of Guandao section

The chronostratigraphy of Guandao section has served as the foundation for numerous studies of the end-Permian extinction and biotic recovery in south China. Guandao section is continuous from the Permian-Triassic boundary to the Upper Triassic.Conodonts enable broad delineation of stage and substage boundaries and calibration of foraminifer biostratigraphy as follows. Changhsingian- Griesbachian: first Hindeodus parvus, and first appearance of foraminifers Postcladella kalhori and Earlandia sp. Griesbachian-Dienerian: first Neospathodus dieneri, and last appearance of foraminifer P. grandis. Dienerian-Smithian: first Novispathodus waageni and late Dienerian first appearance of foraminifer Hoyenella ex gr. sinensis. Smithian-Spathian: first Nv? crassatus and last appearance of foraminifers Arenovidalina n. sp. and Glomospirella cf. vulgaris. Spathian-Aegean: first Chiosella timorensis and first appearance of foraminifer Meandrospira dinarica. Aegean-Bithynian: first Nicoraella germanica and first appearance of foraminifer Pilammina densa. Bithynian-Pelsonian: after last Neogondolella regalis, prior to first Paragondolella bulgarica and first appearance of foraminifer Aulotortus eotriasicus. Pelsonian-Illyrian: first Pg. excelsa and last appearance of foraminifers Meandrospira ? deformata and Pilamminella grandis. Illyrian-Fassanian: first Budurovignathus truempyi, and first appearance of foraminifers Abriolina mediterranea and Paleolituonella meridionalis. Fassanian-Longobardian: first Bv. mungoensis and last appearance of foraminifer A. mediterranea. Longobardian-Cordevolian: first Quadralella polygnathiformis and last appearance of foraminifers Turriglomina mesotriasica and Endotriadella wirzi. The section contains primary magnetic signature with frequent reversals occurring around the Permian-Triassic, Olenekian-Anisian, and Anisian-Ladinian boundaries. Predominantly normal polarity occurs in the lower Smithian, Bithynian, and Longobardian-Cordevolian. Predominantly reversed polarity occurs in the upper Griesbachian, Induan-Olenekian, Pelsonian and lower Illyrian. Reversals match well with the GPTS. Large amplitude carbon isotope excursions, attaining values as low as -2.9 per mil d13C and high as +5.7 per mil d13C, characterize the Lower Triassic and basal Anisian. Values stabilize around +2 per mil d13C through the Anisian to Carnian. Similar signatures have been reported globally. Magnetic susceptibility and synthetic gamma ray logs show large fluctuations in the Lower Triassic and an overall decline in magnitude of fluctuation through the Middle and Upper Triassic. The largest spikes in magnetic susceptibility and gamma ray, indicating greater terrestrial lithogenic flux, correspond to positive d13C excursions. Several volcanic ash horizons occur in the Lower Triassic and Olenekian-Anisian boundary. High resolution U-Pb analysis of zircons provide a robust age of 247.2 Ma for the Olenekian-Anisian boundary.

Evaluación del estado de conservación de dos especies forestales priorizadas participativamente en la sub-cuenca del río Quijos, provincia de Napo, Ecuador

El presente proyecto, enmarcado dentro del Programa INIAP/SENESCYT “Conservación y Uso Sostenible de Recursos Genéticos Forestales en áreas críticas de bosques húmedos y secos de los Andes y Amazonía”, a cargo del Departamento de Forestería del INIAP, nace de la necesidad de generar información sobre la pérdida de la biodiversidad de diversos ecosistemas de Ecuador. En concreto, de aquellos bosques de gran complejidad y elevada susceptibilidad como son los que se encuentran en la sub-cuenca del río Quijos: bosques húmedos de la región amazónica, fuentes de biodiversidad y sumideros de carbono, que se están viendo fuertemente amenazados por el cambio climático y por el cambio en el uso del suelo derivada de la intensa actividad humana que sufre la región desde hace décadas. Debido a esta complejidad, el proyecto se centra en las dos especies forestales más valoradas por los habitantes, aplicando metodología de Diagnóstico Rural Participativo, haciéndoles partícipes de esta forma de las decisiones y actuaciones de su región. Una vez determinadas las dos especies a estudiar (Cedrela montana y Erythrina edulis), se evaluó qué efectos tendrán las principales amenazas: el cambio climático y el cambio de uso del suelo, en las poblaciones de ambas. Para el estudio climático se han utilizado Modelos de Distribución de Especie, en concreto el programa Maxent, con el que se han modelizado dos situaciones: la probabilidad de idoneidad de hábitat actual y la probabilidad de idoneidad de hábitat futuro. Por comparación de ambos mapas se obtuvo una primera visión de cómo podría variar para el año 2070 la distribución potencial de ambas especies debido al cambio de las condiciones climáticas. Así mismo, se pudo determinar cuál de estas variables climáticas influye más en el modelo y, por lo tanto, en la distribución potencial. En el caso de Cedrela montana, en el año 2070 se prevé la desaparición total de hábitat idóneo en la zona de estudio, mientras que en Erythrina edulis, la reducción prevista es también casi total, de un 99,99%. A continuación, aplicando los Criterios de la Lista Roja de la UICN sobre los modelos, se ha determinado el estado de conservación de ambas especies, obteniendo el grado de amenaza que soportan, que en ambos casos es En Peligro Crítico (CR). Para el análisis del efecto del uso del suelo se procedió a la realización de muestreos en zonas con distinto grado antropogénico: el bosque natural y el bosque intervenido. Mediante comparación de las abundancias relativas y las distintas distribuciones diamétricas se han sacado conclusiones de cómo afecta la actividad humana a las poblaciones de ambas especies. Cedrela montana, por su excelente condición de maderable, desaparece en los bosques intervenidos y, si permanece, lo hace sólo con representación de diámetros bastante inferiores al de cortabilidad. Sin embargo, Erythrina edulis, por su condición de comestible, parece verse incluso beneficiada por la acción antrópica: desaparece con la eliminación del bosque, pero parece mantener o incrementar su abundancia en bosque intervenidos, en los que la curva de distribución diamétrica de la especie parece no variar con respecto al bosque primario. Con estas actividades se consigue comprender un poco más cómo sería la evolución de estas especies y el grado de amenaza a el que están sometidas, lo que constituye una fuente valiosa de información en la que basar futuras actividades de conservación de la biodiversidad y manejo sostenible del suelo.

Age, pollen and spores of ODP Site 175-1082

The present-day condition of bipolar glaciation characterized by rapid and large climate fluctuations began at the end of the Pliocene with the intensification of the Northern Hemisphere continental glaciations. The global cooling steps of the late Pliocene have been documented in numerous studies of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites from the Northern Hemisphere. However, the interactions between oceans and between land and ocean during these cooling steps are poorly known. In particular, data from the Southern Hemisphere are lacking. Therefore I investigated the pollen of ODP Site 1082 in the southeast Atlantic Ocean in order to obtain a high-resolution record of vegetation change in Namibia between 3.4 and 1.8 Ma. Four phases of vegetation development are inferred that are connected to global climate change. (1) Before 3 Ma, extensive, rather open grass-rich savannahs with mopane trees existed in Namibia, but the extension of desert and semidesert vegetation was still restricted. (2) Increase of winter rainfall dependent Renosterveld-like vegetation occurred between 3.1 and 2.2 Ma connected to strong advection of polar waters along the Namibian coast and a northward shift of the Polar Front Zone in the Southern Ocean. (3) Climatically induced fluctuations became stronger between 2.7 and 2.2 Ma and semiarid areas extended during glacial periods probably as the result of an increased pole-equator thermal gradient and consequently globally enhanced atmospheric circulation. (4) Aridification and climatic variability further increased after 2.2 Ma, when the Polar Front Zone migrated southward and the influence of Atlantic moisture brought by the westerlies to southern Africa declined. It is concluded that the positions of the frontal systems in the Southern Ocean which determine the locations of the high-pressure cells over the South Atlantic and the southern Indian Ocean have a strong influence on the climate of southern Africa in contrast to the climate of northwest and central Africa, which is dominated by the Saharan low-pressure cell.

High-resolution pollen record of ODP Hole 175-1078C

To address the connection between tropical African vegetation development and high-latitude climate change we present a high-resolution pollen record from ODP Site 1078 (off Angola) covering the period 50-10 ka BP. Although several tropical African vegetation and climate reconstructions indicate an impact of Heinrich Stadials (HSs) in Southern Hemisphere Africa, our vegetation record shows no response. Model simulations conducted with an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity including a dynamical vegetation component provide one possible explanation. Because both precipitation and evaporation increased during HSs and their effects nearly cancelled each other, there was a negligible change in moisture supply. Consequently, the resulting climatic response to HSs might have been too weak to noticeably affect the vegetation composition in the study area. Our results also show that the response to HSs in southern tropical Africa neither equals nor mirrors the response to abrupt climate change in northern Africa.