OPORTUNIDADES PARA LA ECONOMÍA ECOLÓGICA Y LA ECOLOGÍA POLÍTICA EN COSTA RICA: La Zona Protectora Cerros de la Carpintera y Otros Parques de Papel en el Valle Central.

Resumen Por muchos años la llamada exitosa conservación en Costa Rica ha sido impulsada prevalentemente por grupos académico-científicos y se ha basado en modelos públicos verticales, de ONG ambientalista tradicional o de libre mercado. Estos enfoques no han sido insuficientes tratándose del modelo de conservación llamado Zona Protectora (ZP), el cual, sobre todo en áreas urbanas y semi-urbanas, ha sido un fracaso. Sin embargo, abarca el 15% del territorio en protección en el país. Al igual que en otros lugares en América Latina, se observa hoy en Costa Rica una tendencia a la aparición de los que la ecología política llamaría  “ambientalismo de los pobres.” Este trabajo explora la utilidad de los conceptos de esta tendencia ambientalista para la solución de los problemas de las ZP. Específicamente se enfoca en el caso de La Carpintera y reflexiona sobre la posibilidad de usar conceptos como la valoración económico-ecológica alternativa y la deuda ecológica producto de la experiencia del autor con su propia investigación y cursos de campo.   Abstract For many years the so-called successful conservation in Costa Rica has been led mostly by academic and scientific groups and has followed public vertical, traditional environmentalist NGO or market driven models. These perspectives have been insufficient for the conservation model known as the Protective Zone (ZP), which, especially in urban and semi-urban areas has been a failure. Nevertheless, it comprises 15% of the overall land under protection in the country. As in other places in Latin America, Costa Rica is showing today traces of what political ecologists know as “environmentalism of the poor.” This paper explores the usefulness of the concepts of this environmentalism trend to solve the problems of ZP. Specifically, it focuses on the case study of La Carpintera and reflects on the possibility of using concepts such as ecological economic alternative valuation and ecological debt based on the author’s experience with his own research and field courses.

A estratégia da EDP aquando da construção da barragem do Sabor e a perceção da população da aldeia Foz do Sabor

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Hacia un enfoque epistemológico pluralista en los estudios de comunicación y cambio: humanismo, ciencia y ecologismo

El artículo propone una aproximación epistemológica pluralista a la investigación de las relaciones entre comunicación y cambio social. A tal fin, se parte de la propuesta de fusión epistemológica realizada por Johan Galtung para los Estudios para la Paz, tomando en cuenta, además, las particularidades del fenómeno de la comunicación. Según Galtung, la combinación del cartesianismo, del verum-factum (Vico) y del taoísmo permitiría contrarrestar los riesgos del monismo epistemológico y superar sus limitaciones. En este mismo sentido, el artículo plantea ampliar cada una de estas epistemologías en un nivel más general y abarcador (ciencia, humanidades, ecologismo holista-dialéctico), y describir su recorrido histórico para identificar las posibilidades de complementariedad y su valor para el estudio de la comunicación y el cambio.

Current and future friends of the earth: assessing cross-national theories of environmental attitudes

Empirical studies of public opinion on environmental protection have typically been grounded in Inglehart’s post-materialism thesis, proposing that societal affluence encourages materially-sated publics to look beyond their interests and value the environment. These studies are generally conducted within, or at best across, Western, democratic, industrialized countries. Absence of truly cross-cultural research means the theory’s limitations have gone undetected. This article draws on an exceptionally broad dataset—pooling cross-sectional survey data from 80 countries, each sampled at up to three different points over 15 years—to investigate environmental attitudes. We find that post-materialism provides little account of pro-environment attitudes across diverse cultures, and a far from adequate explanation even in the affluent West. We suggest that unique domestic interests, more than broad value systems, are driving emerging global trends in environmental attitudes. The environment’s future champions may be the far from ‘post-material’ citizens of those developing nations most at risk of real material harm from climate change and environmental degradation.

Selection and Passage of County Land Preservation Voter Referendum: The Role of Government

County jurisdictions in America are increasingly exercising self-government in the provision of public community services through the context of second order federalism. In states exercising this form of contemporary governance, county governments with “reformed” policy-making structures and professional management practices, have begun to rival or surpass municipalities in the delivery of local services with regional implications such as environmental protection (Benton 2002, 2003; Marando and Reeves, 1993). The voter referendum, a form of direct democracy, is an important component of county land preservation and environmental protection governmental policies. The recent growth and success of land preservation voter referendums nationwide reflects an increase in citizen participation in government and their desire to protect vacant land and its natural environment from threats of over-development, urbanization and sprawl, loss of open space and farmland, deterioration of ecosystems, and inadequate park and recreational amenities. The study’s design employs a sequential, mixed method. First, a quantitative approach employs the Heckman two-step model. It is fitted with variables for the non-random sample of 227 voter referendum counties and all non-voter referendum counties in the U.S. from 1988 to 2009. Second, the qualitative data collected from the in-depth investigation of three South Florida county case studies with twelve public administrator interviews is transformed for integration with the quantitative findings. The purpose of the qualitative method is to complement, explain and enrich the statistical analysis of county demographic, socio-economic, terrain, regional, governance and government, political preference, environmentalism, and referendum-specific factors. The research finds that government factors are significant in terms of the success of land preservation voter referendums; more specifically, the presence of self-government authority (home rule charter), a reformed structure (county administrator/manager or elected executive), and environmental interest groups. In addition, this study concludes that successful counties are often located coastal, exhibit population and housing growth, and have older and more educated citizens who vote democratic in presidential elections. The analysis of case study documents and public administrator interviews finds that pragmatic considerations of timing, local politics and networking of regional stakeholders are also important features of success. Further research is suggested utilizing additional public participation, local government and public administration factors.

Egregiousness and boycott intensity: evidence from the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Consumer boycotts are triggered by egregious events, but the literature has not distinguished the level of egregiousness from consumers’ preferences or disutility associated with a given level of egregiousness, nor has the literature studied how these two components of egregiousness affect boycott intensity. We provide a model of market-level boycotts that distinguishes the two egregiousness components. Consistent with the predictions of our model, the market-level intensity of consumer boycotting of BP-branded gasoline, which was triggered by the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill, increased with the spill’s egregiousness level, approximated by the officially reported daily amount of oil leaked into the ocean and by other measures (i.e., the duration of the spill and the intensity of media coverage), and with consumers’ disutility from egregiousness, approximated by an area’s environmentalism and its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico.

Ace's activity book : fun and facts relating to the ACE Basin Reserve

This activity book is a fun way to reinforce and enrich every student’s ACE Basin experience ... to instill a stronger awareness and respect for environmentalism and conservation, to broaden their knowledge of this area where they co-exist with a diversity of other life forms, and to encourage them to enjoy the adventure and discovery within Coastal South Carolina. These pages can also be used as coloring pages.

Degradación ambiental y conflictos armados: las conexiones

"La seguridad ambiental es un concepto complejo que puede ser analizado desde varios enfoques. La conexión entre degradación ambiental, escasez de recursos, poco desarrollo económico e inestabilidad política puede generar rápidamente conflictos llamados ambientales, terrorismo ecológico y guerras verdes. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las investigaciones sobre degradación ambiental y conflictos armados no se tienen en cuenta los factores desarrollo económico y régimen político, pues se considera que los problemas ambientales pueden, por sí solos, conducir a situaciones conflictivas nacionales, regionales e internacionales. En este contexto, los propósitos de este artículo son plantear las diferentes tendencias ideológicas de la seguridad ambiental, definir el contenido y las causas de los conflictos ambientales y proponer un marco analítico complementario que incluya las variables políticas y económicas como generadoras de conflictos ambientales y de conflictos armados de alta intensidad. Al final, se propone una agenda de investigación en materia de seguridad ambiental para Colombia."