996 resultados para Emissão de N2O


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In this report, we studied the thickness effect on the optical and morphological properties of self-assembled (SA) poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) films, wich were processed with 5 and 75 layers from a PPV precursor polymer and dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and then, thermally converted at 230 °C. The increase of the film thickness yielded more intense peaks in the vibrational spectral range. The electron-phonon coupling was quantified by the Huang - Rhys factor, that shows the effects on the polymer chain mobility in the interface substrate/polymer. A strong emission anisotropy r=0.57 was observed for the film with 5 layers of thickness decreasing to 0.34 for the film with 75 layers. Finally, the surface topology of the films was measured using Atomic Force Microscopy.

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A preconcentration method based on the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as sorbent material is proposed for the determination of Cd(II) in river water. The solid phase extraction was performed in batch mode and the determination of the analyte in the solid phase was easily carried out by introducing a slurry of the yeast (0.0625 g / 2.5 mL) directly into the ICP OES. A limit of detection of 0.11 µg L-1 and a sample throughput in the range of 4 - 54 sample h-1 were obtained. Determinations of cadmium in a certified sample and in real river water samples were in excellent agreement with the expected values.

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Increasing natural gas use in Brazil triggered a discussion of its role as a Hg source. We show that Hg emissions to the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion for power generation in Brazil contribute with 6.2% (4.2 t yr-1) to the total anthropogenic Hg atmospheric emissions, with coal combustion and biomass burning as major sources. Natural gas contributes with 0.04 t yr-1, mostly from electricity generation (88%) and industrial uses (7.6%). Preliminary results on Hg concentrations in natural gas suggest that a large fraction of it is trapped during refining and transport, which may create Hg point sources between extraction and consumption.

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The thermal decomposition of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)/ammonium nitrate (AN) based propellants, so called smokeless formulations, and raw materials were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). The thermoanalytical profile of different components and of propellant were evaluated and the Arrhenius parameters for the thermal decomposition of the propellant sample were determined by the Ozawa method. The kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition of propellant samples were determined by DSC measurements. The values obtained for activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor were 163 kJ mol-1 and 1.94x10(6) min-1.

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Fresh green bananas (Musa sp., subgroup Prata) were treated with a dose of only 90 ηg g-1 of 1-MCP for 13 hours and the evolution of the volatile compounds along the ripeness was studied. A method to quantify the emission of esters was developed by cryogenic headspace and gas chromatography. Esters of acetate, butyrate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were found as major compounds. The application of the 1-MCP for 13 hours delayed the appearance of the coloration 8 of the peel for 3 days and decreased quantitatively in about 46% the total production of esters in the banana until the 15° day of harvested.

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Rare earth ion doped solid state materials are the most important active media of near-infrared and visible lasers and other photonic devices. In these ions, the occurrence of Excited State Absorptions (ESA), from long lived electronic levels, is commonplace. Since ESA can deeply affect the efficiencies of the rare earth emissions, evaluation of these transitions cross sections is of greatest importance in predicting the potential applications of a given material. In this paper a detailed description of the pump-probe technique for ESA measurements is presented, with a review of several examples of applications in Nd3+, Tm3+ and Er3+ doped materials.

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Rainwater samples (bulk deposition samples) were collected in Pinheiro and Viana. Rainwater pHs were higher than the range usually expected for unpolluted rain (5.0-5.6). The highest values were found in the beginning of the rainy season. High concentrations of ammonium found in the rainwater samples could probably explain the high pHs. Grazing animals and other human activities, combined with soil characteristics and climatic conditions can be the potential factors controlling the rainwater concentrations of ammonium in Baixada Maranhense.

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It is here discussed the development of a low cost analytical instrument with capacity for metals determination using atomic emission measurements in an electrothermal atomization system with a tungsten coil atomizer. The main goal was to show a new frontier for using this atomizer and to demonstrate that the simple instrumental arrangement here proposed has potential for portability and for solving analytical tasks related to metals determination. Atomic emission of calcium was selected for the adjustment of instrumental parameters and to evaluate the main characteristics of the lab-built instrument. Cobalt was determined in medicines and one alloy to demonstrate its feasibility.

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The degradation of air quality in great urban centers is noted by frequent critical episodes of air pollution and public health issues, and vehicles are a great source of pollutant emissions, mainly derived from combustion processes. A database is needed to direct mitigation of emissions. The main objective of this work is to present it as an emissions inventory. The results show that vehicular sources of CO, HC and NOx represent over 75% of total emissions in the MRC. Besides, the proposed methodology presented results consistent with the literature

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Quaternary ammonium salts are the corrosion inhibitors most frequently used by the oil industry. In this study, the ultraviolet fluorescence technique was evaluated for the analysis of a quaternary ammonium salt in water as a corrosion inhibitor. The comparison with standard salt showed that an alkyl aryl quaternary ammonium salt is the main fluorophore, with emission maxima at 306 and 593 nm. The best instrumental parameters were: width of excitation and emission slits of 10 and 15 nm, respectively, and scan rate of 10 nm min-1. The presence of aromatic compounds and biocides affects the analysis of corrosion inhibitors.

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The emission of light by living organisms, bioluminescence, has been studied since the nineteenth century. However, some bioluminescent systems, such as fungi, remain poorly understood. The emitter, the two enzymes involved, and the reaction mechanism have not yet been unraveled. Moreover, the ecological role and evolutionary significance for fungal luminescence is also unknown. It is hoped that comprehensive research on fungal bioluminescent systems will generate knowledge and tools for academic and applied sciences. This review discusses the distribution of bioluminescent fungi on Earth, attempts to elucidate the mechanism involved in light emission, and presents preliminary results on the evolution and ecological role of fungal bioluminescence.

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The phenanthridinone heterocyclic system has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to the diverse array of physical, chemical and pharmacological properties demonstrated by natural and synthetic derivatives. As a consequence there has been considerable development of synthetic methodology for the synthesis of this and related heterocyclic ring systems. The synthetic literature is discussed and is compared with a direct arylation methodology for the intramolecular cyclization of tertiary (2-iodo)benzoylamides to generate the biaryl bond of these compounds. The efficient methodology allowed the synthesis of a number of previously unknown phenanthridinone products. The photoluminescent properties of representative examples were characterized and it is proposed that the previously unknown compound 1s reveals dual fluorescence in a manner similar to the known compound 1r.

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O método empregado para a determinação de sódio por espectrometria de emissão atômica em chama, foi o das adições de analito sendo as intensidades de emissão representadas em função das concentrações de analito adicionadas às várias porções da amostra, numa faixa linear de 0 - 0,300 mg Na L-1, empregando-se 2,1 g K L-1 como supressor de ionização. Foram analisadas 20 amostras comerciais de álcool etílico hidratado combustível (AEHC), coletadas em diferentes postos de abastecimento, na cidade de Araraquara e os resultados obtidos encontram-se no intervalo, desde menor que o limite de detecção (0,0072 mg Na L-1) até 1,55 mg Na L-1. Os limites de detecção referentes à determinação de sódio em cada amostra situam-se entre 0,0026 e 0,0239 mg Na L-1. A porcentagem de recuperação variou no intervalo de 95 a 104 %. Os desvios padrão relativos (n=12) foram £ 4,1 % para as três adições de analito, nas 20 amostras de AEHC.

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A sigatoka-negra, causada pelo fungo Mycosphaerella fijiensis, pode causar 100% de perdas na produção das cultivares suscetíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o progresso da sigatoka-negra em bananeiras após a emissão do cacho no Município de Cáceres, Mato Grosso. O experimento foi conduzido no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2004 em plantios das cultivares Grande Naine, Maçã e Farta Velhaco, sendo esta última uma cultivar de plátano, do grupo Terra. As avaliações foram efetuadas a intervalos de 15 dias, quantificando-se, através de uma escala diagramática, a severidade da sigatoka-negra em todas as folhas de 5 plantas de cada cultivar, marcadas logo após a emissão das inflorescências. A partir dos dados coletados no campo, computaram-se: a severidade da doença na folha n.º 10 e o número de folhas viáveis. Considerou-se como folha viável as folhas sadias e aquelas com até 15% de área foliar lesionada. Os dados de temperatura e da umidade relativa foram registrados por um aparelho eletrônico instalado na área. A precipitação pluvial foi registrada na Estação meteorológica de Cáceres, distante 12 km do experimento. As condições climáticas foram favoráveis à sigatoka negra durante o ano todo e as plantas das cultivares Grande Naine, Maçã e Farta Velhaco após a emissão do cacho, perderam totalmente as folhas antes dos frutos atingirem o pleno desenvolvimento, cujos prejuízos no primeiro semestre atingiram 100% de perdas na produção comercializável.

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O desenvolvimento, incluindo a emissão de folhas, de culturas agrícolas e florestais depende fortemente da temperatura do ar. A emissão de folhas pode ser estimada e quantificada utilizando-se o conceito do filocrono, definido como o intervalo de tempo, em graus dia, entre o aparecimento de duas folhas sucessivas em uma haste, com unidade °C dia folha-1. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a temperatura-base para a emissão de folhas e o filocrono em Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) e Eucalyptus saligna (Smith), em fase de muda. Foram realizados dois experimentos, um no campo e outro em casa de vegetação na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. A semeadura foi realizada em cinco épocas diferentes em campo e em 03/10/2005 na casa de vegetação. A temperatura-base foi estimada pelo menor valor do quadrado médio do erro da regressão entre o número de folhas acumuladas na haste principal (NF) e a soma térmica acumulada (STa), e o filocrono foi estimado pelo inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão entre NF e STa. A temperatura-base estimada foi de 8,0 °C para Eucalyptus saligna e 10 °C para Eucalyptus grandis. O filocrono em Eucalyptus grandis foi de 32,0 ºC dia folha-1 e em Eucalyptus saligna, 30,7 ºC dia folha-1, sendo essa diferença de filocrono entre as duas espécies não estatisticamente diferente.