Electro-Oxidation Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Circulating Waters and Wastewaters

Interest in water treatment by electrochemical methods has grown in recent years. Electrochemical oxidation has been applied particularly successfully to degrade different organic pollutants and disinfect drinking water. This study summarizes the effectiveness of the electrochemical oxidation technique in inactivating different primary biofilm forming paper mill bacteria as well as sulphide and organic material in pulp and paper mill wastewater in laboratory scale batch experiments. Three different electrodes, borondoped diamond (BDD), mixed metal oxide (MMO) and PbO2, were employed as anodes. The impact on inactivation efficiency of parameters such as current density and initial pH or chloride concentration of synthetic paper machine water was studied. The electrochemical behaviour of the electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry with MMO, BDD and PbO2 electrodes in synthetic paper mill water as also with MMO and stainless steel electrodes with biocides. Some suggestions on the formation of different oxidants and oxidation mechanisms were also presented during the treatment. Aerobic paper mill bacteria species (Deinococcus geothermalis, Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis and Meiothermus silvanus) were inactivated effectively (>2 log) at MMO electrodes by current density of 50 mA/cm2 and the time taken three minutes. Increasing current density and initial chloride concentration of paper mill water increased the inactivation rate of Deinococcus geothermalis. The inactivation order of different bacteria species was Meiothermus silvanus > Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis > Deinococcus geothermalis. It was observed that inactivation was mainly due to the electrochemically generated chlorine/hypochlorite from chloride present in the water and also residual disinfection by chlorine/hypochlorite occurred. In real paper mill effluent treatment sulphide oxidation was effective with all the different initial concentrations (almost 100% reduction, current density 42.9 mA/cm2) and also anaerobic bacteria inactivation was observed (almost 90% reduction by chloride concentration of 164 mg/L and current density of 42.9 mA/cm2 in five minutes). Organic material removal was not as effective when comparing with other tested techniques, probably due to the relatively low treatment times. Cyclic voltammograms in synthetic paper mill water with stainless steel electrode showed that H2O2 could be degraded to radicals during the cathodic runs. This emphasises strong potential of combined electrochemical treatment with this biocide in bacteria inactivation in paper mill environments.

Escape in a nonideal electro-mechanical system

In this work a particular system is investigated consisting of a pendulum whose point of support is vibrated along a horizontal guide by a two bar linkage driven from a DC motor, considered as a limited power source. This system is nonideal since the oscillatory motion of the pendulum influences the speed of the motor and vice-versa, reflecting in a more complicated dynamical process. This work comprises the investigation of the phenomena that appear when the frequency of the pendulum draws near a secondary resonance region, due to the existing nonlinear interactions in the system. Also in this domain due to the power limitation of the motor, the frequency of the pendulum can be captured at resonance modifying completely the final response of the system. This behavior is known as Sommerfeld effect and it will be studied here for a nonlinear system.

Potencial de espécies vegetais para a remediação do herbicida trifloxysulfuron-sodium

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de espécies vegetais na remediação do herbicida trifloxysulfuron-sodium em solos, utilizando o feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) como planta indicadora. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação entre as espécies Calopogonium mucunoides, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Vicia sativa, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Medicago sativa, Dolichus lab lab, Penisetum glaucum, Stylosantes guianensis, Mucuna deeringiana, Mucuna cinereum, Mucuna aterrima, Raphanus sativus e Lupinus albus. Todas as espécies foram semeadas em vasos no dia seguinte à aplicação do trifloxysulfuron-sodium em três doses (0,00; 3,75; e 15,00 g ha-1). Após 80 dias da semeadura, as espécies vegetais foram cortadas na altura do coleto e a parte aérea destas descartada. A seguir, foi realizada a semeadura do feijão (cultivar Pérola). Aos 45 dias após a emergência das plantas de feijão avaliaram-se a altura e a massa seca da parte aérea das plantas. Melhor eficiência na descontaminação do trifloxysulfuron-sodium em solo foi obtida pelas espécies M. aterrima e C. ensiformis.

Fitoestimulação por Stizolobium aterrimum como processo de remediação de solo contaminado com trifloxysulfuron-sodium

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da microbiota associada à rizosfera de mucuna-preta (Stizolobium aterrimum) na fitorremediação de um solo contaminado pelo herbicida trifloxysulfuron-sodium. Os tratamentos no esquema fatorial 2 x 4 foram compostos por amostras de solo rizosférico de S. aterrimum cultivado por 60 dias e solo não-rizosférico ou não cultivado, todos submetidos a quatro níveis de contaminação pelo trifloxysulfuron-sodium (0,0, 7,5, 37,5 e 375 g ha-1). As amostras foram incubadas por 30 dias em recipientes apropriados para avaliação do desprendimento de dióxido de carbono (CO2) pela respiração microbiana e quantificação de carbono da biomassa. Para comprovação de resultados, realizou-se o plantio de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) nas amostras dos tratamentos, como planta indicadora da presença de resíduos do herbicida. Observou-se que o solo da rizosfera de S. aterrimum na presença do herbicida trifloxysulfuron-sodium se apresentou com maior atividade biológica, evidenciada pelo maior desprendimento de CO2. A biomassa microbiana foi maior nas amostras de solo rizosférico, independentemente da presença do herbicida. Comprovou-se a contribuição da microbiota no processo de descontaminação do solo, pelo fato de o crescimento das plantas de sorgo em solo rizosférico ter se apresentado semelhante na ausência ou presença do trifloxysulfuron-sodium, enquanto no solo não-rizosférico o crescimento do sorgo foi inversamente proporcional à dose do herbicida.

Potencial de espécies vegetais na remediação de solo contaminado com sulfentrazone

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a eficiência de espécies vegetais na remediação de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo contaminado com sulfentrazone. O trabalho foi conduzido em duas etapas. Na primeira, avaliou-se o crescimento de Helianthus annus, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lab lab e Arachis hypogaea em solo contaminado com sulfentrazone; na segunda, cultivou-se, no mesmo solo, uma espécie (sorgo) indicadora de resíduo de sulfentrazone no solo, para avaliar a capacidade remediadora dessas espécies. Na primeira etapa, foram utilizados vasos contendo 6,0 kg do substrato. Após a irrigação dos vasos, aplicou-se na superfície do solo o herbicida. Um dia após essa aplicação, procedeu-se à semeadura das espécies vegetais, as quais foram colhidas 100 dias depois e secas em estufa, determinando-se a matéria seca da parte aérea. Na segunda etapa, foram coletadas amostras de 3,0 kg de solo de cada vaso, onde foi cultivada a planta indicadora. Aos 20 e 50 dias após a emergência, foi avaliada, visualmente, a intoxicação das plantas de sorgo, sendo determinada a matéria seca da parte aérea dessas plantas aos 50 dias após a emergência e aos 50 dias após o primeiro corte. A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea de H. annus, C. ensiformis, D. lab lab e A. hypogaea não foi alterada, indicando que essas espécies foram tolerantes ao sulfentrazone; entretanto, H. annus apresentou melhor capacidade para remediação de solo contaminado com esse herbicida.

Ação de Eleusine coracana na remediação de solos contaminados com picloram

A evolução do método químico de controle das plantas daninhas tem sido fundamental para o cultivo de grandes áreas com custos de produção compatíveis com os mercados nacional e internacional. Atualmente, os herbicidas representam cerca de 45,0% de todos os agrotóxicos consumidos no Brasil. Esses compostos, em sua grande maioria, podem apresentar longa persistência no ambiente e contaminar o solo, impedindo novos cultivos, e também as águas superficiais e subterrâneas, gerando como consequência problemas ambientais. Objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar, por meio da técnica cromatográfica, a capacidade da espécie E. coracana em reduzir a persistência do picloram em dois tipos de solo - um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo e um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo - largamente cultivados com pastagens e culturas no Brasil, contaminados com esse herbicida. Conclui-se que a espécie E. coracana é eficiente na remediação de solos contaminados por esse herbicida, evidenciando o potencial de uso dela em programas de fitorremediação de áreas contaminadas e redução do risco de impacto ambiental, e que os valores da meia-vida do picloram nos solos avaliados são distintos para uma mesma condição climática, o que pode ser ainda mais diferente em campo.

Electro-oscillographic correlation between dorsal raphe nucleus, neocortex and hippocampus during wakefulness before and after serotoninergic inactivation

Theta rhythm in many brain structures characterizes wakefulness and desynchronized sleep in most subprimate mammalian brains. In close relation to behaviors, theta frequency and voltage undergo a fine modulation which may involve mobilization of dorsal raphe nucleus efferent pathways. In the present study we analyzed frequency modulation (through instantaneous frequency variation) of theta waves occurring in three cortical areas, in hippocampal CA1 and in the dorsal raphe nucleus of Wistar rats during normal wakefulness and after injection of the 5-HT1a receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT into the dorsal raphe. We demonstrated that in attentive states the variation of theta frequency among the above structures is highly congruent, whereas after 8-OH-DPAT injection, although regular signals are present, the variation is much more complex and shows no relation to behaviors. Such functional uncoupling after blockade demonstrates the influence of dorsal raphe nucleus efferent serotoninergic fibers on the organization of alertness, as evaluated by electro-oscillographic analysis.

Mathematical modeling of electro-rotation spectra of small particles in liquid solutions: Application to human erythrocyte aggregates

Electro-rotation can be used to determine the dielectric properties of cells, as well as to observe dynamic changes in both dielectric and morphological properties. Suspended biological cells and particles respond to alternating-field polarization by moving, deforming or rotating. While in linearly polarized alternating fields the particles are oriented along their axis of highest polarizability, in circularly polarized fields the axis of lowest polarizability aligns perpendicular to the plane of field rotation. Ellipsoidal models for cells are frequently applied, which include, beside sphere-shaped cells, also the limiting cases of rods and disks. Human erythrocyte cells, due to their particular shape, hardly resemble an ellipsoid. The additional effect of rouleaux formation with different numbers of aggregations suggests a model of circular cylinders of variable length. In the present study, the induced dipole moment of short cylinders was calculated and applied to rouleaux of human erythrocytes, which move freely in a suspending conductive medium under the effect of a rotating external field. Electro-rotation torque spectra are calculated for such aggregations of different length. Both the maximum rotation speeds and the peak frequencies of the torque are found to depend clearly on the size of the rouleaux. While the rotation speed grows with rouleaux length, the field frequency nup is lowest for the largest cell aggregations where the torque shows a maximum.

Análisis del comportamiento electro-térmico de Alúmina expuesta a microondas

Tesis ( Maestro en Ciencias de la Ingeniería Mecánica con Especialidad en Materiales) U.A.N.L.

Presencia de streptococcus mutans y lactobacillos spp en pacientes con xerostomía, antes y después del tratamiento con neuro-electro-estimulación.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias Odontológicas con Especialidad en Periodoncia) UANL, 2012.

Diferencia en el flujo salival en pacientes con hipofunción de las glándulas salivales por medio de la aplicación de neuro-electro-estimulación.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias Odontológicas con Especialidad en Periodoncia) UANL, 2012.

Degradación de atrazina mediante el acoplamiento de procesos avanzados de oxidación: foto electro-fenton, oxidación anódica y fotocatálisis.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con orientación en Química Analítica Ambiental) UANL, 2014.

Electro-Optical Properties of Metal Phthalocyanines and Naphthalocyanines

The thesis deals with the preparation of chemical, optical, thermal and electrical characterization of five compounds, namely metal free naphthalocyanine, vanadyl napthalocyanine, zinc naphlocyanine, europium dinaphthalocyanine, and europium diphthalocyanine in the pristine and iodine-doped forms. Two important technological properties of these compounds have been investigated. The electrical properties are important in applications sensors and semiconductor lasers. Opto-thermal properties assume significance for optical imaging and data recording. The electrical properties were investigated by dc and ac techniques. This work has revealed some novel information on the conduction mechanism in five macrocyclic compounds and their iodine-doped forms. Also useful data on the thermal diffusivity of the target compounds have been obtained by optical techniques.

Studies on Rubber Composition as Passive Acoustic Materials in Underwater Electro Acoustic Tranducer Technology and Their aging Characteristic

The research work has been in the area of compounding and characterization of rubbers for use in under water electro acoustic transducers. The study also covers specific material system such as encapsulation materials, baffle material, seal material, etc. Life prediction techniques of under water rubbers in general have been established with reference to more than one functional property. Ranges of passive materials, besides the active sensing material go into the construction of underwater electro acoustic transducers. Reliability of the transducer is critically dependent on these passive materials. Rubbers are a major class of passive materials. The present work concentrates on these materials. Conventional rubbers are inadequate to meet many of the stringent function specific requirements. There exists a large gap of information in the rubber technology of underwater rubbers, particularly relating to underwater electro acoustic transducers. This study is towards filling up the gaps of information in this crucial area. Water intake into rubber is considered as the single most important issue for the long-term performance of rubbers, especially Neoprene. In this study, the cause and effects of a range of parameters affecting the water absorption by diffusion and permeation have been investigated.

Development of Photorefractive Polymers: Evaluation of Photoconducting and Electro-optic Properties

This Thesis discussed molecules suitable for photorefractive effect. Out of the molecules studied, only one system was used to make photorefractive polymers system. Other molecules, especially, the electro-optic polymer, Poly(3-methacrloyl-1-(4'-nitro-4-azo-1'-phenyl)phenylalanine-co- methyl methacrylate) can be subjected to more detailed studies to explore the possibilities of using them for electro-optic applications. Though not included in the thesis, the efficient photoconductor, Poly(6-tert-butyl-3- phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine) sensitized with C60, which was described in Chapter 3 showed a low magnitude photovoltaic effect. This hints at the possibility of using this system for organic solar cells also. The thesis presented the initial observation of photorefractive effect in a polybenzoxazine based polymer system. A detailed analysis of the effect of C60, ECZ and DR1 can be carried out to check for the possibility of a high efficiency photorefractive system.