Stent placement versus balloon angioplasty for the treatment of obstructive lesions of the popliteal artery: a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial

Stenting has been shown to improve patency after femoral artery revascularization compared with balloon angioplasty. Limited data are available evaluating endovascular treatment for obstructive lesions of the popliteal artery.

Internal iliac artery embolization before endovascular repair of aortoiliac aneurysms with a nitinol vascular occlusion plug

PURPOSE: To evaluate the acute and midterm effectiveness of a novel vascular occlusion device for embolization of the internal iliac artery (IIA) before endovascular repair of aortoiliac aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2005 and April 2006, nine men (mean age, 75 years +/- 5; range, 66-83 y) with aortoiliac aneurysms underwent bifurcated endovascular stent-graft procedures. All these patients were referred specifically for embolization. Pre- and perioperatively, eight patients underwent unilateral embolization and one underwent bilateral embolization of the IIA to prevent type II endoleak. Via a contralateral femoral approach with a 6-F or 8-F sheath, the embolization procedure was performed with an Amplatzer Vascular Plug, a self-expandable cylindrical device consisting of a nitinol-based wire mesh. Technical success, clinical outcome, and complications were evaluated. Follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months was performed with clinical and radiologic examinations. RESULTS: IIA embolization was technically successful in all cases and no procedure-related complications occurred. Imaging at discharge and at 3-, 6-, or 12-month follow-up was accomplished in all nine patients. Control computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography did not reveal retrograde perfusion of the aneurysmal sac, ie, type II endoleak. Three of nine patients (33.3%) reported symptoms of buttock claudication that did not resolve completely. Clinical symptoms such as bowel ischemia or sexual dysfunction were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The midterm results of this study suggest that preoperative IIA embolization with a nitinol vascular occlusion plug during endovascular treatment of aortoiliac aneurysms is safe and effective.

Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: only a mechanical solution for a biological problem?

Endovascular aneurysm repair has matured significantly over the last 20 years and is becoming increasingly popular as a minimally invasive treatment option for patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Long-term durability of this fascinating treatment, however, is in doubt as continuing aneurysmal degeneration of the aortoiliac graft attachment zones is clearly associated with late adverse sequelae. In recent years, our growing understanding of the physiopathology of AAA formation has facilitated scrutiny of various potential drug treatment concepts. In this article we review the mechanical and biological challenges associated with endovascular treatment of infrarenal AAAs and discuss potential approaches to ongoing aneurysmal degeneration, which hampers long-term outcomes of this minimally invasive therapy.

Bailout revascularization of chronic femoral artery occlusions with the new outback catheter following failed conventional endovascular intervention

PURPOSE: To report the application of a true lumen re-entry device in the bailout treatment of chronic total occlusions (CTO) of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) after failed angioplasty. METHODS: Nineteen patients (12 men; mean age 81 years, range 61-97) with 20 SFA CTOs and Rutherford category 2 to 5 ischemia were prospectively evaluated. All CTOs had unsuccessful recanalization using conventional techniques and were subsequently treated with the Outback LTD catheter. Follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months included ankle/toe pressure measurement and pulse volume recordings. Endpoints were revascularization rate, target lesion revascularization, and limb salvage. RESULTS: Revascularization was achieved in 95% of the cases. There were 2 (10%) periprocedural complications unrelated to the re-entry device, which were resolved by endovascular or surgical treatment. The target lesion revascularization rate was 10%, with the 2 events occurring at 3 and 6 months, respectively, in patients with Rutherford category 4-5 ischemia. There was one below-the-knee amputation in the patient with failed revascularization. CONCLUSION: The acute failure of endovascular treatment of SFA CTOs is most often due to an inability to re-enter the true lumen after the occlusion is crossed in a subintimal plane. Bailout revascularization with the Outback LTD catheter is highly successful and shows a low device-related complication rate. This needle- and fluoroscopic-based re-entry device increases the endovascular success rate and is therefore expanding the minimally invasive treatment options for surgically unfit patients.

Stent-retriever thrombectomy: impact on the future of interventional stroke treatment

Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke has evolved in the past years. The current development of stent-retriever thrombectomy is a landmark in the clinical treatment and study results of acute ischemic stroke. This review summarizes the recent study results, elucidates the shortcomings of endovascular stroke treatment, and takes the opportunity for an outlook on the role of stroke interventions in the future.

A review of antithrombotic therapy and the rationale and design of the randomized edoxaban in patients with peripheral artery disease (ePAD) trial adding edoxaban or clopidogrel to aspirin after femoropopliteal endovascular intervention.

Compared with the coronary setting, knowledge about antithrombotic therapies after endovascular treatment (EVT) is inadequate in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Based on a review of trials and guidelines, which is summarized in this article, there is scant evidence that antithrombotic drugs improve outcome after peripheral EVT. To address this knowledge gap, the randomized, open-label, multinational edoxaban in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease (ePAD) study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01802775) was designed to explore the safety and efficacy of a combined regimen of antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and anticoagulation with edoxaban, a selective and direct factor Xa inhibitor, both combined with aspirin. As of July 2014, 203 patients (144 men; mean age 67 years) from 7 countries have been enrolled. These patients have been allocated to once-daily edoxaban [60 mg for 3 months (or 30 mg in the presence of factors associated with increased exposure)] or clopidogrel (75 mg/d for 3 months). All patients received aspirin (100 mg/d) for the 6-month duration of the study. The primary safety endpoint is major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding; the primary efficacy endpoint is restenosis or reocclusion at the treated segment(s) measured at 1, 3, and 6 months using duplex ultrasound scanning. All outcomes will be assessed and adjudicated centrally in a masked fashion. The ePAD study is the first of its kind to investigate a combined regimen of antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulation through factor Xa inhibition with edoxaban.

Stent placement vs. balloon angioplasty for popliteal artery treatment: two-year results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial.

PURPOSE To investigate the 2-year technical and clinical results of primary nitinol stent placement in comparison with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in the treatment of de novo lesions of the popliteal artery. METHODS The ETAP study (Endovascular Treatment of Atherosclerotic Popliteal Artery Lesions: balloon angioplasty vs. primary stenting; www.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00712309) is a prospective, randomized trial that enrolled 246 patients (158 men; mean age 72 years) who were randomly assigned to receive a nitinol stent (n=119) or PTA (n=127) for lesions averaging 42.3 mm in length. The results of the primary study endpoint were published. Secondary outcome measures and endpoints included primary patency (freedom from duplex-detected target lesion restenosis), target lesion revascularization (TLR), secondary patency, changes in ankle-brachial index and Rutherford class, and event-free survival (freedom from target limb amputation, TLR, myocardial infarction, and death). RESULTS In total, 183 patients (89 stent and 94 PTA) were available for the 2-year analysis. The primary patency rate was significantly higher in the stent group (64.2%) than in the PTA group (31.3%, p=0.0001). TLR rates were 22.4% and 59.5%, respectively (p=0.0001). When provisional stent placement in the PTA arm was not considered as TLR and loss in patency, the differences prevailed between the study groups but were not significant (64.2% vs. 56.1% for primary patency, respectively; p=0.44). A significant improvement in ABI and Rutherford category was observed at 2 years in both groups. CONCLUSION In treatment of obstructive popliteal artery lesions, provisional stenting reveals equivalent patency in comparison to primary stenting. However, the 2-year results of this trial suggest the possibility of a shift toward higher patency rates in favor of primary stenting.

Mechanical endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: a retrospective multicenter study in Belgium.

Clinical trials have shown a beneficial effect of mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients treated within six up to even 12 h after symptom onset. This treatment was already performed in selected hospitals in Belgium before completion of the randomized controlled trials. Outcome data on these procedures in Belgium have not been published. We performed a retrospective multicenter study of all patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with mechanical endovascular therapy in four hospitals in Belgium. Clinical outcomes, as measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), site of arterial occlusion, reperfusion and the association between these variables were studied. The study included 80 patients: 65 patients with an occlusion in the anterior circulation and 15 with an occlusion in the posterior circulation. Good functional outcome (GFO) rates, defined as mRS 0-2 at 90 days, were 42 % in all patients, 44 % in anterior circulation stroke and 34 % in posterior circulation stroke. Reperfusion was achieved in 78 % of patients; more (100 %) in patients with posterior compared to patients with anterior circulation stroke (72 %; p = 0.02). The rate of GFO was greater in patients with reperfusion versus patients in whom reperfusion was not achieved (adjusted OR 8.2, 95 % CI 2.0-34.2). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was documented in 5 % of all patients. Endovascular treatment with mechanical devices for acute ischemic stroke in Belgium results in GFO and reperfusion rates similar to recently published results in the endovascular-treated arms of randomized clinical trials. Rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage are low and comparable to other cohort studies and clinical trials.

Type A aortic dissection model to improve endovascular research and technologies.

OBJECTIVE Type A aortic dissection is a life-threatening disease requiring immediate surgical treatment. With emerging catheter-based technologies, endovascular stent-graft implantation to treat aneurysms and dissections has become a standardized procedure. However, endovascular treatment of the ascending aorta remains challenging. Thus we designed an ascending aortic dissection model to allow simulation of endovascular treatment. METHODS Five formalin-fixed human aortas were prepared. The ascending aorta was opened semicircularly in the middle portion and the medial layer was separated from the intima. The intimal tube was readapted using running monofilament sutures. The preparations were assessed by 128-slice computed tomography. A bare-metal stent was implanted for thoracic endovascular aortic repair in 4 of the aortic dissection models. RESULTS Separation of the intimal and medial layer of the aorta was considered to be sufficient because computed tomography showed a clear image of the dissection membrane in each aorta. The dissection was located 3.9 ± 1.4 cm proximally from the aortic annulus, with a length of 4.6 ± 0.9 cm. Before stent implantation, the mean distance from the intimal flap to the aortic wall was measured as 0.63 ± 0.163 cm in the ascending aorta. After stent implantation, this distance decreased to 0.26 ± 0.12 cm. CONCLUSION This model of aortic dissection of the ascending human aorta was reproducible with a comparable pathological and morphological appearance. The technique and model can be used to evaluate new stent-graft technologies to treat type A dissection and facilitate training for surgeons.

Tratamento Endovascular de Patologia da Aorta Torácica: Experiência Institucional

Introdução: O tratamento endovascular da aorta torácica (TEVAR) é uma modalidade terapêutica emergente que tem vindo a revolucionar a abordagem de diferentes tipos de patologia da aorta na sua localização torácica. Objetivos: Avaliação da experiência institucional do serviço de angiologia e cirurgia vascular. Métodos: Análise retrospetiva da série consecutiva de todos os doentes com patologia da aorta torácica e/ou toracoabdominal submetidos a TEVAR na nossa instituição. Foram excluídos aqueles com uso concomitante de endopróteses fenestradas/ramificadas abdominais. Resultados: Desde abril de 2005 até abril de 2014, 79 doentes foram submetidos a TEVAR, com idade média de 66 ± 12,83 anos (máx: 86; mín: 14). As indicações incluíram: 46 aneurismas (58%), 17 dissecções aórticas clássicas tipo B (22%), 13 no contexto de outras síndromes aórticas agudas (16%), 2 por ateroembolismo (3%) e um por fístula aortoesofágica (1%). Na patologia aneurismática, a distribuição anatómica da doença foi a seguinte: 5 na aorta ascendente e arco aórtico (11%), 35 na aorta torácica descendente (76%) e 6 toracoabdominal (13%). O diâmetro médio das dilatações aneurimáticas foi de 69,64 mm (máx: 150 mm). A rotura foi uma apresentação da patologia em 21,5% dos doentes (n = 17); 20,9% dos doentes tinham antecedentes de cirurgia aórtica prévia. A dissecção aórtica tipo B complicada foi a segunda indicação mais comum, sendo de apresentação aguda em 13 (76%) e crónica em 4 (24%). As complicações na base da intervenção foram dilatação aneurismática em 35% (n = 6), malperfusão com isquemia de órgão alvo 47% (n = 8), desconhecida em 18% (n = 3). Foi realizada extensão distal com stent descoberto (Petticoat) em 9 casos (41,2%) e foram realizados procedimentos adjuvantes em 18% (stenting renal n = 2; stenting ilíaco n = 1). Dentro das outras síndromes aórticas agudas, o TEVAR foi realizado no contexto de úlcera aórtica penetrante (n = 4), hematoma intramural (n = 4) e os restantes por rotura/pseudoaneurisma (n = 5). As endopróteses utilizadas foram: 32 Valiant Medtronic®, 15 TAG Gore®, 25 Zenith TX2 Cook®, 2 Zenith TX1 Cook®, uma Relay Plus®, 3 Talent Medtronic® e outras em 1%. A mediana de dias de cuidados intensivos foi 2 (intervalo 0-42) e a mediana de suporte tranfusional foi de 2 UCE. A taxa de mortalidade aos 30 dias ou intra-hospital foi de 18% (n = 14). Atendendo ao timing da cirurgia, a taxa de mortalidade aferida nos casos electivos foi de 8% (4/50) e nos urgentes atinge os 35% (10/29). Intraoperatoriamente foram tratadas 7 complicações relacionadas com vaso de acesso membro, 2 casos de dissecção aórtica iatrogénica, um caso de trombose arterial inferior e um endoleak tipo IA. A taxa de reintervenções foi de 17%, com as seguintes indicações: 9 endoleaks, 2 isquemias mesentéricas e 2 fístulas aortoesofágicas. Conclusões: A série apresentada traduz uma experiência institucional favorável com resultados reprodutíveis e que o TEVAR é um procedimento seguro e eficaz para o tratamento de diferentes patologias da aorta torácica, quando comparado com o tratamento cirúrgico aberto.

Left Ventricle Modification After Endovascular Aortic Repair

INTRODUCTION Endograft deployment is a well-known cause of arterial stiffness increase as well as arterial stiffness increase represent a recognized cardiovascular risk factor. A harmful effect on cardiac function induced by the endograft deployment should be investigated. Aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of endograft deployment on the arterial stiffness and cardiac geometry of patients treated for aortic aneurysm in order to detect modifications that could justify an increased cardiac mortality at follow-up. MATHERIALS AND METHODS Over a period of 3 years, patients undergoing elective EVAR for infrarenal aortic pathologies in two university centers in Emilia Romagna were examined. All patients underwent pre-operative and six-months post-operative Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) examination using an ultrasound-based method performed by vascular surgeons together with trans-thoracic echocardiography examination in order to evaluate cardiac chambers geometry before and after the treatment. RESULTS 69 patients were enrolled. After 36 months, 36 patients (52%) completed the 6 months follow-up examination.The ultrasound-based carotid-femoral PWV measurements performed preoperatively and 6 months after the procedure revealed a significant postoperative increase of cf-PWV (11,6±3,6 m/sec vs 12,3±8 m/sec; p.value:0,037).Postoperative LVtdV (90±28,3 ml/m2 vs 99,1±29,7 ml/m2; p.value:0.031) LVtdVi (47,4±15,9 ml/m2 vs 51,9±14,9 ml/m2; p.value:0.050), IVStd (12±1,5 mm vs 12,1±1,3 mm; p.value:0,027) were significantly increased if compared with preoperative measures.Postoperative E/A (0,76±0,26 vs 0,6±0,67; p.value:0,011), E’ lateral (9,5±2,6 vs 7,9±2,6; p.value:0,024) and A’ septal (10,8±1,5 vs 8,9±2; p.value0,005) were significantly reduced if compared with preoperative measurements CONCLUSION The endovascular treatment of the abdominal aorta causes an immediate and significant increase of the aortic stiffness.This increase reflects negatively on patients’ cardiac geometry inducing left ventricle hypertrophy and mild diastolic disfunction after just 6 months from endograft’s implantation.Further investigations and long-term results are necessary to access if this negative remodeling could affect the cardiac outcome of patient treated using the endovascular approach.

Trombose na endoprótese do aneurisma da aorta: avaliação por TC multidetector

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características demográficas e de imagens da trombose endoluminal em uma série de pacientes submetidos a tratamento endovascular do aneurisma de aorta abdominal (TEAAA). MÉTODOS: Avaliamos as características de imagem que permitiram o diagnóstico da trombose endoluminal em uma série de 30 pacientes submetidos ao TEAAA, com seguimento de 5 a 29 meses, através de exames de tomografia computadorizada multidetectores (TCMD) de 64 canais. RESULTADOS: Foram diagnosticados dez casos de trombose luminal (33,3%), sendo que em três pacientes a trombose foi total de um ramo ilíaco. CONCLUSÃO: A TCMD permitiu o diagnóstico de diferentes tipos de trombose endoluminal em pacientes submetidos ao TEAAA. O uso desta modalidade diagnóstica minimamente invasiva deverá ser encorajado na prática clínica.

Long-term results of the percutaneous transhepatic venoplasty of portal vein stenoses after pediatric liver transplantation

This paper has the objective to evaluate retrospectively the long-term results of transhepatic treatment of PV stenoses after pediatric LT. During an eight-yr period, 15 children with PV stenoses underwent PTA with balloon dilation or stent placement in case of PTA failure after LT. Patients` body weights ranged from 9.3 to 46 kg (mean, 15.5 kg). PV patency was evaluated in the balloon dilation and in the stent placement groups. Technical and clinical successes were achieved in all cases with no complication. Eleven patients (11/15; 73.3%) were successfully treated by single balloon dilation. Four patients (4/15; 26.7%) needed stent placement. One patient was submitted to stent placement during the same procedure because of PTA failure. The other three developed clinical signs of portal hypertension because of PV restenoses two, eight, and twenty-eight months after the first PTA. They had to be submitted to a new procedure with stent placement. The follow-up time ranged from 3 to 8.1 yr (mean, 6.3 yr). In conclusion, transhepatic treatment of PV stenoses after pediatric LT with balloon dilation or stent placement demonstrated to be a safe and effective treatment that results in long-term patency.

Conus perimedullary arteriovenous fistula in a child: unusual angio-architectural features and pathophysiology

Introduction The perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas are located on the pial surface and are usually supplied by spinal medullary arteries, that is, either by the anterior or posterior spinal arteries, with no intervening nidus between the feeder arteries and the venous drainage. The clinical findings are, more commonly, caused by progressive radiculomedullary ischemic processes secondary to steal vascular mechanism. As the vascular supply to the spinal cord and to the arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) is not shared with one another, the vascular steal phenomenon cannot be implicated in this case`s physiopathology. Most probably, the mass effect caused by the giant venous dilatation was the pathophysiological mechanism involved in this lesion Case report The authors describe the case of a 6-year-old girl with an intradural ventral arteriovenous fistula, with a giant venous dilatation, fed directly by L2 and L3 radiculomedullary arteries at the conus medullaris. There was no arterial supply to the fistula from the anterior or posterior spinal arteries. Selective spinal angiography showed an arteriovenous fistula supplied directly by two radiculomedullary arteries, with a large draining vein caudally. Interposing the arterial and venous vessels was a giant venous aneurysmal dilatation located ventral to the conus medullaris and extending from L3 to T6. The patient was successfully treated by a surgical approach through a laminotomy from L3 to T11. Conclusion The type IV-C spinal arteriovenous malformations or perimedullary AVFs are rare lesions predominately described at the conus medullaris with various types of angio-architecture and controversial treatment.

Intracranial vascular lesions associated with small epidural hematomas

OBJECTIVE: We studied the angiographic findings in patients with small epidural hematomas and cranial fractures crossing over the trajectory of the middle meningeal artery and its branches. Additionally, the Occurrence of traumatic vascular lesions and their clinical relevance and treatment are discussed. METHODS: A consecutive analysis was performed for 24 patients who harbored small epidural hematomas in middle meningeal artery topography associated with cranial fractures. Computed tomographic scans and plain x-ray studies were used to diagnose linear cranial fractures. Patients with large epidural hematomas or associated traumatic lesions were excluded from the study. Selective ipsilateral external carotid angiograms were obtained, and an endovascular procedure was performed if any vascular injury was evidenced. RESULTS: In all patients with cranial fractures crossing over the middle meningeal artery and its branches, some kind of vascular lesion was seen. Two types of findings were noted: active extravasation of the contrast medium (71%) and pseudoaneurysms (29%). Early filling of diploic vessels was found in 8.3% of fractures concomitantly with active extravasation. Embolization was performed in all patients. No additional enlargement of the epidural hematoma was observed, and the postoperative period was uneventful. CONCLUSION: This study shows that pseudoaneurysms and active extravasation of contrast are common findings in this subset of patients. Although the natural history of these lesions is still poorly understood, additional investigation with ipsilateral external carotid angiography may be recommended, considering the potentially catastrophic consequences of late rupture.