Expansão do ensino médio: temores sobre a educação de jovens e adultos

A expansão do ensino médio tem-se realizado crescentemente, em termos relativos, pela educação de jovens e adultos - EJA -, reacendendo temores de facilitário educacional. Estes, porém, não são confirmados pelas estatísticas educacionais, que indicam a persistência da grande maioria dos alunos no ensino médio regular, especialmente noturno, apesar da elevada distorção idade-série. Para melhor conhecer as trajetórias e motivações dos estudantes, foi realizada uma pesquisa por meio de grupos focais junto a alunos das duas modalidades de educação no Distrito Federal. Os resultados indicam que os participantes consideravam estigmatizados os certificados de EJA e que preferiam alternativa mais exigente, com melhores perspectivas para o trabalho e a continuidade dos estudos. Assim, é confirmada a estratificação das oportunidades educacionais, formando um cardápio pelo qual modalidades diferentes têm custos e benefícios diversos. A dualidade dos sistemas torna a EJA, com menos recursos e prestígio, uma alternativa negligenciada de democratização.

Chronic postsurgical pain in Europe: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is an important clinical problem. Prospective studies of the incidence, characteristics and risk factors of CPSP are needed. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of CPSP. DESIGN: A multicentre, prospective, observational trial. SETTING: Twenty-one hospitals in 11 European countries. PATIENTS: Three thousand one hundred and twenty patients undergoing surgery and enrolled in the European registry PAIN OUT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain-related outcome was evaluated on the first postoperative day (D1) using a standardised pain outcome questionnaire. Review at 6 and 12 months via e-mail or telephonic interview used the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the DN4 (Douleur Neuropathique four questions). Primary endpoint was the incidence of moderate to severe CPSP (numeric rating scale, NRS ≥3/10) at 12 months. RESULTS: For 1044 and 889 patients, complete data were available at 6 and 12 months. At 12 months, the incidence of moderate to severe CPSP was 11.8% (95% CI 9.7 to 13.9) and of severe pain (NRS ≥6) 2.2% (95% CI 1.2 to 3.3). Signs of neuropathic pain were recorded in 35.4% (95% CI 23.9 to 48.3) and 57.1% (95% CI 30.7 to 83.4) of patients with moderate and severe CPSP, respectively. Functional impairment (BPI) at 6 and 12 months increased with the severity of CPSP (P < 0.01) and presence of neuropathic characteristics (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified orthopaedic surgery, preoperative chronic pain and percentage of time in severe pain on D1 as risk factors. A 10% increase in percentage of time in severe pain was associated with a 30% increase of CPSP incidence at 12 months. CONCLUSION: The collection of data on CPSP was feasible within the European registry PAIN OUT. The incidence of moderate to severe CPSP at 12 months was 11.8%. Functional impairment was associated with CPSP severity and neuropathic characteristics. Risk factors for CPSP in the present study were chronic preoperative pain, orthopaedic surgery and percentage of time in severe pain on D1. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01467102.

NURBS toolbox for Matlab

NURBS are widely used parametric approximation curves or surfaces. NURBS can be applied to the many applications. Examples of these applications are some computeraided design applications and some medical applications. Use of NURBS is very intuitive. The objective of this work was to implement the NURBS toolbox in the Matlab environment. Matlab is a program for many kinds of computational purposes. Matlab is also a programming language. NURBS toolbox implemented in this work offers a user an opportunity to use functions of this toolbox as parts of the user’s own programs. Current version of NURBS toolbox includes functions for NURBS curve and surface evaluation. The toolbox is designed such, that it allows extensions and enhancements in the future.

Miehittämätön taisteluilma-alus UCAV : teknologiakatsaus

Miehittämättömien ilma-alusten käyttö taistelukentällä yleistyy jatkuvasti ja niiden rooli taistelussa on laajentumassa tiedustelusta taisteluun. Jatkuva aseteknologian kallistuminen ja ilmaoperaatioiden luonteen muuttuminen saattavat lisätä miehittämättömien ilma-alusten käyttöä merkittävästi. Miehittämättömät taisteluilma-alukset (UCAV = Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle) ovat monen maan suunnitelmissa mukana kun tulevaisuuden ilmataisteluiden suorittajia mietitään. Tämän tutkielman tutkimusmenetelmänä on kirjallisuustutkimus, ja tarkoituksena perehtyä laajasti aiheeseen liittyvään kirjallisuuteen. Tutkielmassa UCAV:ien teknisistä ominaisuuksista perehdytään pääsääntöisesti niihin, jotka poikkeavat miehitetyistä taisteluilma-aluksista. Suurimpana erona miehitettyihin ilmaaluksiin on miehittämättömien taisteluilma-alusten osittainen tai kokonaan autonominen toiminta ja kauko-ohjaus. Tutkimuksen tekohetkellä ei millään maalla ole operatiivisessa käytössä varsinaisia UCAV:eja. Kaikki tässä tutkielmassa mainitut UCAV:it ovat projekteja, joiden tarkoitus on tutkia erilaisia teknisiä ratkaisuja aikanaan valmistettaviin ilma-aluksiin. Johtopäätöksissä arvioidaan UCAV:ien käyttöönoton aikataulua ja niitä tehtäviä, mihin miehittämättömiä taisteluilma-aluksia voitaisiin käyttää.

Tasa de depreciación endógena y crecimiento económico

En este trabajo se estudian las caracter´ısticas de los incentivos para invertir en bienes de capital con mayor durabilidad. Se considera el hecho de que las economías que invierten en bienes de capital menos duraderos pueden tener menor crecimiento econ´omico. Se elabora un modelo te´orico en el que la tasa de depreciaci´on es endógena y su reducci´on refleja innovaciones tecnológicas. Las tecnologías se diferencian por la tasa de depreciaci´on y aquellas que son más durables son m´as costosas. Esta estructura puede conducir a dos estados estacionarios debido a la complementariedad entre el capital y la tasa de depreciación. El principal resultado del documento es que se encuentran trampas de pobreza asociadas con altas tasas de depreciación.

La marginalidad laboral; enemiga de la productividad y la administración del caos.

Desde la época de la colonia, los colombianos han madurado con fl agelos como el maltrato; en nuestros tiempos, donde se espera que la situación haya cambiado, no se ha presentado alguna modifi cación sustancial, en particular, el tema laboral. Si bien sabemos, Colombia está en el puesto 65 del índice de competitividad. En este nivel, se refl eja el no aprovechamiento de nuestra clase obrera, que vive situaciones que describe el texto con fundamento teórico, catalogando al estrés como una enfermedad profesional de atención, destacando la administración de la complejidad como una herramienta que busca un manejo más equilibrado entre las situaciones patrón-obrero.

Programa de letramento reescrevendo o futuro : uma experiência de formação de alfabetizadores no Estado do Amazonas

O presente estudo apresenta uma pesquisa qualitativa e tem como objetivo analisar a experiência de formação de alfabetizadores de EJA do Programa de Letramento Reescrevendo o Futuro desenvolvido pela Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, contemplando sua abordagem teórica e prática a fim de verificar se as formações inicial e continuada à luz das concepções construtivistas e sociointeracionistas têm possibilitado a aderência entre a teoria e prática. A proposta de formação do Programa é pautada em uma prática reflexiva e dialógica que toma como ponto de partida os saberes dos professores, que no caso do programa em questão, são na sua maioria acadêmicos dos cursos de pedagogia e normal superior da própria Universidade e de outras instituições de ensino superior. Tomaremos como referenciais para esta pesquisa, as contribuições de Maurice Tardif sobre saberes docentes, a vertente sociológica expressada pelo conceito de habitus, as contribuições de Piaget, Vygotsky e Emília Ferreiro, cujas investigações têm favorecido a consolidação de uma concepção sobre o processo de aprendizagem como resultado da ação do aprendiz e ainda a proposta metodológica de Heloisa Vilas Boas, uma Doutora brasileira em linguística, que nos apresenta uma nova alternativa didática de alfabetização.

A Educação de Jovens e Adultos sob o olhar do educando: significados da escolização para alunos/servidores da UFRN

O nosso estudo propôs analisar os significados atribuidos pelos servidores que integraram o Programa de Educação Básica (PEB), da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Através dos relatos de servidores e gestores, se propõe o impacto que a frequência do Programa de Educação Básica teve junto dos mesmos, no âmbito pessoal, social e profissional. Pretende igualmente verificar se as expectativas iniciais ficaram satisfeitas. Para tanto, a investigação fez um percurso de pesquisa teórica de levantamento de opiniões junto dos intervenientes. As teorias fundamentaram-se em referenciais que reconhecem os esforços realizados na EJA, como os investimentos e avanços que diminuiram o analfabetismo no Brasil. Para tanto, a investigação fez um percurso metodológico em bases teóricas e práticas. As teorias são elucidadas em literaturas que reconhecem os esforços realizados na EJA, como os investimentos e avanços que diminuíram o analfabetismo no Brasil. Na prática, o trajeto estrutura-se em um estudo qualitativo, exploratório indutivo, com análise interpretativa de 60 servidores e 12 gestores, através de questionários com perguntas abertas, e aplicados em entrevistas realizadas pela pesquisadora. Como resultados, a pesquisa aponta que a escolarização do PEB produziu significados substantivos, para os servidores, ambiente coletivo e profissão, contribuindo sobremaneira para o exercício da cidadania. Como reflexões conclusivas, mas não definitivas, a produção dissertativa fortalece a EJA, reconhece sujeitos e favorece a prática educativa, ao elucidar ações concretas de escolarização, com propostas de novos olhares para o campo da educação.

Exploring options for managing strategies for pea-barley intercropping using a modeling approach

A modeling Study was carried out into pea-barley intercropping in northern Europe. The two objectives were (a) to compare pea-barley intercropping to sole cropping in terms of grain and nitrogen yield amounts and stability, and (b) to explore options for managing pea-barley intercropping systems in order to maximize the biomass produced and the grain and nitrogen yields according to the available resources, such as light, water and nitrogen. The study consisted of simulations taking into account soil and weather variability among three sites located in northern European Countries (Denmark, United Kingdom and France), and using 10 years of weather records. A preliminary stage evaluated the STICS intercrop model's ability to predict grain and nitrogen yields of the two species, using a 2-year dataset from trials conducted at the three sites. The work was carried out in two phases, (a) the model was run to investigate the potentialities of intercrops as compared to sole crops, and (b) the model was run to explore options for managing pea-barley intercropping, asking the following three questions: (i) in order to increase light capture, Would it be worth delaying the sowing dates of one species? (ii) How to manage sowing density and seed proportion of each species in the intercrop to improve total grain yield and N use efficiency? (iii) How to optimize the use of nitrogen resources by choosing the most suitable preceding crop and/or the most appropriate soil? It was found that (1) intercropping made better use of environmental resources as regards yield amount and stability than sole cropping, with a noticeable site effect, (2) pea growth in intercrops was strongly linked to soil moisture, and barley yield was determined by nitrogen uptake and light interception due to its height relative to pea, (3) sowing barley before pea led to a relative grain yield reduction averaged over all three sites, but sowing strategy must be adapted to the location, being dependent on temperature and thus latitude, (4) density and species proportions had a small effect on total grain yield, underlining the interspecific offset in the use of environmental growth resources which led to similar total grain yields whatever the pea-barley design, and (5) long-term strategies including mineralization management through organic residue supply and rotation management were very valuable, always favoring intercrop total grain yield and N accumulation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A temporal limit to the association between flag leaf life extension by fungicides and wheat yields

Three field experiments, each repeated over two or three seasons, on winter wheat investigated a possible limit to the association between grain yield and flag leaf life, as extended by fungicide application. The experiments involved up to six cultivars and different application rates, timings and frequencies of the strobilurin azoxystrobin and the triazole epoxiconazole. In the 2000/01 and 2001/02 seasons, the relationships between the thermal time to 37 % green flag leaf area (m) and yield deviated from linearity. 'Broken stick' models were fitted to cultivar x experiment combinations within each season and the limit to the benefit to yield associated with extending flag leaf life was 700 degrees C days (S.E. = 20.7) and 725 degrees C days (S.E. = 9.33) after anthesis in 2000/01 and 2001/02, respectively. In 2002/03, the relationship between yield and in did not deviate significantly (P > 0.05) from linearity, but in this latter year the fungicide application failed to increase In past 700 degrees C days. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Delaying senescence of wheat with fungicides has interacting effects with cultivar on grain sulphur concentration but not with sulphur yield or nitrogen: sulphur ratios

Winter wheat was grown in three field experiments, each repeated over two or three seasons, to investigate effects of extending flag leaf life by fungicide application on the concentration, kg ha(-1) and mg grain(-1) of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) as well as N:S ratio and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation volume. The experiments involved up to six cultivars and different application rates, timings and frequencies of azoxystrobin and epoxiconazole. For every day the duration to 37 % green flag leaf area (m) was extended, N yield was increased by 2.58 kg ha(-1), N per grain by 0.00957 mg, S yield by 0.186 kg ha(-1) and S per grain by 0.000718 mg. The N:S ratio decreased by 0.0135 per day. There was no evidence that these responses varied with cultivar. In contrast, the relationship between flag leaf life and N or S concentration interacted with cultivar. The N and S concentrations of Shamrock, the cultivar that suffered most from brown rust (Puccinia rccondita), increased with the extension of flag leaf life whereas the concentrations of N and S in Malacca, a cultivar more susceptible to Septoria tritici, decreased as flag leaf senescence was delayed. This was because the relationships between m and N and S yields were much better conserved over cultivars than those between m and thousand grain weight (TGW) and grain yield ha(-1). (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effect of wheat straw residue on the emergence and early growth of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

The management of straw residue can be a concern in non-inversion tillage systems where straw tends to be incorporated at shallow depths or left on the soil surface. This can lead to poor crop establishment because straw residue can impede or hinder crop emergence and growth. Small container-based experiments were undertaken using varying amounts of wheat straw residue either incorporated or placed oil the soil surface. The effects on (lays to seedling emergence, percentage emergence, seedling dry-weight and soil temperature using sugar beet and oilseed rape were investigated because these crops often follow wheat in a cropping sequence. The position of the straw residue was found to be the primary factor in reducing crop emergence and growth. Increasing the amount of straw residue (from 3.3 t ha(-1) to 6.7 t ha(-1)) did not show any consistent trends in reducing crop emergence or growth. However, in some instances, results indicated that an interaction between the position and the amount of straw residue Occurred particularly when the straw and seed was placed on the soil surface. Straw placed on the soil surface significantly reduced mean day-time soil temperature by approximately 2.5 degrees C compared to no residue. When the seed and straw was placed on the soil Surface a lack of seed-to-soil contact caused a reduction in emergence by approximately 30% because of the restriction in available moisture that limited the ability for seed imbibition. This trend was reversed when the seed was placed in the soil, but with straw residue still on the soil surface, because the surface straw was likely to reduce moisture evaporation and improved seed-to-soil contact that led to rapid emergence. In general, when straw was mixed in or placed on the soil surface along with the seed, sugar beet and oilseed rape emergence and early growth biomass was significantly restricted by approximately 50% compared to no residue. The consequences of placing seed with or near to straw residue have been shown to cause a restriction in crop establishment. In both oilseed tape and sugar beet, this could lead to a reduction in final crop densities, poor, uneven growth and potentially lower yields that could lower financial margins. Therefore, if farmers are planning to use non-inversion tillage methods for crop establishment, the management and removal of straw residue from near or above the seed is considered important for successful crop establishment. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Carolingian culture in the North Sea world: rethinking the cultural dynamics of personal adornment in Viking age England

Boosted by a proliferation in metal-detected finds, categories of personal adornment now constitute a vital archaeological source for interpreting Viking-age cultural interaction in the North Sea region. Previous research in England has explored the potential of this metalwork in relation to the formation of ‘Anglo-Scandinavian’ identity, but without due consideration of a wider spectrum of cultural influences. This article redresses the balance by shifting attention to twenty-eight belt fittings derived from richly embellished baldrics, equestrian equipment, and waist belts manufactured on the Frankish continent during the period of Carolingian hegemony in the later eighth and ninth centuries ad. The metalwork is classified and then contextualized in order to track import mechanisms and to assess the impact of Carolingian culture on the northern peripheries of the Frankish empire. The main conclusion is that the adoption, adaptation, and strategic manipulation of Carolingian/northern Frankish identity formed an embedded component of cultural dynamics in Viking-age England, scrutiny of which sheds new light on patterns of interconnectivity linking peoples of the North Sea world.

Aprendendo a ler/ver televisão na educação de jovens e adultos : desafios e possibilidades

Esta dissertação partiu de algumas constatações e preocupações pessoais sintetizadas nestas duas questões: como a TV pode ser utilizada na e para a educação? Como precisa ser a formação dos professores para que isso aconteça? O objeto central da investigação, definido com os estudantes participantes, foi o estudo de mensagens televisivas desenvolvido na perspectiva da pesquisa participante, valendo-se dos registros em diário de campo, de entrevistas abertas e de relatos escritos pelos alunos. As respostas foram procuradas numa pesquisa desenvolvida na Educação de Jovens e Adultos – EJA – de uma escola pública de Caxias do Sul, com vistas a examinar o uso da TV no processo de aprendizagem do aluno trabalhador. Os autores que orientaram meu referencial teórico foram Paulo Freire e Jesús Martin-Barbero, dos quais me vali para definir as categorias: Conscientização, Decodificação e Mediação, usadas para análise dos dados que reuni ao longo das atividades. Buscando interpretar a realidade a partir desses teóricos, apresento nesta Dissertação, excertos contextualizados e comentados de intervenções de alunos e algumas reflexões sobre a presença cotidiana da TV na vida daqueles estudantes e sobre as possibilidades descobertas quanto ao uso dessa mídia na escola. Finalizo sugerindo alguns horizontes possíveis vislumbrados durante este percurso, os quais considero necessário considerar nos processos de formação inicial e continuada de professores, com o objetivo de qualificar o uso da TV na escola como um recurso estratégico para o desenvolvimento da consciência crítica de professores e alunos da Educação Básica.