Guiding and confining fast electrons by transient electric and magnetic fields with a plasma inverse cone

The fast electron propagation in an inverse cone target is investigated computationally and experimentally. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation shows that fast electrons with substantial numbers are generated at the outer tip of an inverse cone target irradiated by a short intense laser pulse. These electrons are guided and confined to propagate along the inverse cone wall, forming a large surface current. The propagation induces strong transient electric and magnetic fields which guide and confine the surface electron current. The experiment qualitatively verifies the guiding and confinement of the strong electron current in the wall surface. The large surface current and induced strong fields are of importance for fast ignition related researches.

Boundary-layer transition on a slender cone in hypervelocity flow with real gas effects

The laminar to turbulent transition process in boundary layer flows in thermochemical nonequilibrium at high enthalpy is measured and characterized. Experiments are performed in the T5 Hypervelocity Reflected Shock Tunnel at Caltech, using a 1 m length 5-degree half angle axisymmetric cone instrumented with 80 fast-response annular thermocouples, complemented by boundary layer stability computations using the STABL software suite. A new mixing tank is added to the shock tube fill apparatus for premixed freestream gas experiments, and a new cleaning procedure results in more consistent transition measurements. Transition location is nondimensionalized using a scaling with the boundary layer thickness, which is correlated with the acoustic properties of the boundary layer, and compared with parabolized stability equation (PSE) analysis. In these nondimensionalized terms, transition delay with increasing CO₂ concentration is observed: tests in 100% and 50% CO₂, by mass, transition up to 25% and 15% later, respectively, than air experiments. These results are consistent with previous work indicating that CO₂ molecules at elevated temperatures absorb acoustic instabilities in the MHz range, which is the expected frequency of the Mack second-mode instability at these conditions, and also consistent with predictions from PSE analysis. A strong unit Reynolds number effect is observed, which is believed to arise from tunnel noise. N_Tr for air from 5.4 to 13.2 is computed, substantially higher than previously reported for noisy facilities. Time- and spatially-resolved heat transfer traces are used to track the propagation of turbulent spots, and convection rates at 90%, 76%, and 63% of the boundary layer edge velocity, respectively, are observed for the leading edge, centroid, and trailing edge of the spots. A model constructed with these spot propagation parameters is used to infer spot generation rates from measured transition onset to completion distance. Finally, a novel method to control transition location with boundary layer gas injection is investigated. An appropriate porous-metal injector section for the cone is designed and fabricated, and the efficacy of injected CO₂ for delaying transition is gauged at various mass flow rates, and compared with both no injection and chemically inert argon injection cases. While CO₂ injection seems to delay transition, and argon injection seems to promote it, the experimental results are inconclusive and matching computations do not predict a reduction in N factor from any CO₂ injection condition computed.

Natural cone formation for fast ignition of laser fusion

We propose to utilize the leading pulse of a petawatt class laser to create a conic plasma channel in the dense plasmas. This plasma channel could serve as a natural cone to guide the main pulse to the cone tip, as behaves similarly to the physical Au cone. We estimate that the leading pulse of a petawatt laser could create a natural cone with cone tip only about 100 mu m away from the edge of compressed core plasma. The natural cone formation should be compatible for a good uniform compression and efficient fast heating of the imploded fuel.

Análise comparativa dos instrumentos de gestão em Unidades de Conservação visando a gestão participativa no Cone Sul

A influência humana sobre as unidades de conservação (UCs) deve ser considerada a partir de modelos mais amplos, entendendo que há influência dos processos sociais nas mesmas e que essa é uma dimensão a ser discutida no âmbito das práticas de proteção da natureza. É importante que seja levado em consideração na criação, na ampliação e na gestão de uma UC a participação dos atores envolvidos direta e indiretamente, já que o quadro mundial indica ser uma tendência a criação de novas áreas e o envolvimento da sociedade neste processo. Ante esta realidade objetivou-se, nesta tese, contribuir para o fortalecimento da gestão participativa em UCs no Cone Sul, aqui definido como o conjunto de quatro países: Brasil, Argentina, Uruguai e Chile e tendo como estudo de caso quatro áreas protegidas: Parque Nacional do Itatiaia - Brasil, Parque Nacional Lago Puelo - Argentina, Santuário da Natureza Parque Pumalín - Chile e Paisagem Protegida Lagoa de Rocha Uruguai. Tendo por base os instrumentos de gestão em unidades de conservação no Brasil: plano de manejo, zona de amortecimento, educação ambiental e conselho gestor e sendo os mesmos determinados por normas legais (Leis, Decretos, Resoluções, Instruções Normativas) tais normas foram analisadas e comparadas com a finalidade de averiguar se nos países estudados estes instrumentos eram determinados legalmente, da mesma forma como são no Brasil, bem como se a vertente participativa estava presente nesta determinação. Após verificou-se se na Argentina, no Uruguai e no Chile havia a aplicação dos mesmos instrumentos de gestão em áreas protegidas que no Brasil; bem como foi averiguada a situação dos mesmos nos estudos de caso tendo por base a vertente participativa. Depois houve a contextualização e apresentação das dificuldades na gestão e das pressões sofridas pelas áreas protegidas buscando trazer à tona a realidade em que estão inseridas e das quais compartilham. Para tanto se utilizou de levantamentos bibliográficos, documentais, entrevistas semi-estruturadas com pessoas que tiveram experiências práticas com o problema pesquisado e os estudos de caso. Constatou-se que a determinação legal de instrumentos que propiciem a participação não é, via de regra, essencial para efetivar a gestão participativa da UC, mas a existência dos mesmos sim. Verificou-se que um bom resultado está atrelado às qualidades técnicas e subjetivas da gestão e também dos gestores, que podem ajudar e muito na gestão participativa, juntamente com uma parceria bem fortalecida.

Fluid-structure interaction simulation of an inflatable aerodynamic tension-cone decelerator

Inflatable aerodynamic decelerators have potential advantages for planetary re-entry in robotic and human exploration missions. In this paper, we focus on an inflatable tension cone design that has potential advantages over other geometries. A computational fluid-structure interaction model of a tension cone is employed to investigate the behavior of the inflatable aeroshell at supersonic speeds for conditions matching recent experimental results. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the deflections of the tension cone as a function of inflation pressure of the torus at a Mach of 2.5. Comparison of the behavior of the structure, amplitude of deformations, and determined loads are reported. © 2010 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.