New Patterns of Democracy in the Countries of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems

The chapter introduces a new database on political-institutional patterns of democracy used in the contributions to the book. It provides an update and extension of Lijphart’s (1999, 2012) measurement of consensus and majoritarian democracy for the countries of the second wave of the CSES during the period 1997–2006, using 11 partly improved indicators. The chapter explores patterns of democracy by the means of factor analysis, construct additive indices, and present the resulting country scores of consensus and majoritarian democracy graphically. Two variants are presented, one featuring Lijphart’s (1999) classic ‘executives–parties’ and ‘federal–unitary’ dimensions, and another incorporating direct democracy into the framework, yielding an additional ‘cabinets–direct democracy’ dimension

Tracing the Evidence: The Use of Evaluation Results in Direct-Democratic Campaigns

Although research on direct-democratic campaigns in Switzerland has intensified in the last decade, detailed information on the use of evidence in campaigns is still lacking. Our research aims to contribute both to research on direct democracy and to research on evidence-based policy making, by analyzing how evaluation results are used in directdemocratic campaigns. In this conceptual paper, the formulation of our hypothesis is based on a model of evaluation influence that traces the different uses of evaluation results in the process of a direct-democratic campaign. We assume that the policy analytical capacity of individual members in parliament, government and administration in the (pre)-parliamentary process fosters the use of evidence in campaigns. In the course of the campaign, symbolic use of evaluation in the form of justification, persuasion or mobilization prevails. We assume that the media is an important player in making transparent how political actors use evidence to support their positions. Evidence itself often remains ambiguous and uncertain, and evaluations are influenced by the values of the evaluator. To be able to make the right decisions, therefore, citizens should learn about possible interpretations in argumentative processes. For us, the context of direct democracy in Switzerland provides the setting for such a discourse that, besides evidence, brings up different opinions, values and beliefs.

Property values subject to local general property taxation in the United States, 1979.

"Issued August 1980."

Tax reform act of 1976, H.R. 10612 : testimony to be received ... /

At head of title: 94th Congress, 2d session. Committee print.

Illinois property tax rate & levy manual /

Description based on: Feb. 1991.

Essays in social justice,

What is justice?--The ultimate basis of social conflict.--The principle of self-centered appreciation commonly called self-interest.--The forms of human conflict.--Economic competition.--How ought wealth to be distributed?--How much is a man worth?--Interest.--Socialism and the present unrest.--Constructive democracy.--The single tax.--The question of inheritance.--The question of monopoly.--The cure for poverty.--The responsibility of the rich for the condition of the poor.--Social service.--How ought the burdens of taxation to be distributed?

Tax Reform Act of 1986 : conference report to accompany H.R. 3838.

"Compliments of West Publishing Co."

Tax increase proposals. Hearings, Ninety-third Congress, second session, on various pending tax increase proposals.

Hearings held June 5-11, 1974.

Tax Reform Act of 1986 : hearings before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session.

"March 4, 1986"--Pt. 5.

Tax reduction proposals : hearings before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session.

Item 1038-A, 1038-B (microfiche)

Tax facts

"Pub. in the interest of sound economics and American ideals"

Tax court digest; a digest of all reported decisions and appealed memorandum opinions of the Board of Tax Appeals and Tax Court of the United States, from July 16, 1924 to date.

Tax Court digest: current report is issued with it, with separate numbering

Tax haven information book.

Mode of access: Internet.

Tax reform act of 1984 : law and controlling committee reports /

Includes index

Political representation in France: a crisis of democracy?

The past two decades have witnessed growing political disaffection and a widening mass/elite disjuncture in France, reflected in opinion polls, rising abstentionism, electoral volatility and fragmentation, with sustained voting against incumbent governments. Though the electoral system has preserved the duopoly of the mainstream coalitions, they have suffered loss of public confidence and swings in electoral support. Stable parliamentary majorities conceal a political landscape of assorted anti-system parties and growing support for far right and far left. The picture is paradoxical: the French express alienation from political parties yet relate positively to their political institutions; they berate national politicians but retain strong bonds with those elected locally; they appear increasingly disengaged from politics yet forms of ‘direct democracy’ are finding new vigour. While the electoral, attitudinal and systemic factors reviewed here may not signal a crisis of democracy, they point to serious problems of political representation in contemporary France.