Sloths in the diet of a Harpy Eagle nestling in eastern Amazon

-Prey remains of a nestling Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) over 15 months in eastern Amazon, Brazil included 11 two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus), 9 three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus), and 1 gray four-eyed opossum (Philander opossum). We found no evidence of predation on primates despite their abundance in the area and their importance to Harpy Eagles studied elsewhere. We observed no sloths in 605 km of line transects, a finding that suggests the inadequacy of transect data to estimate prey density for Harpy Eagles.

Assessment of the diet of 0- to 6-year-old children in municipal schools in a Brazilian city

Diet control is one of the important factors in the prevention of dental caries because food functions as substratum for fermentation and, consequently, for the formation of the organic acids that demineralize the tooth surface. This study aims to descriptively assess school diet and the associated caries-preventive methods applied to children in all municipal nursery schools of a Brazilian city (Aragatuba/SP). For this, a questionnaire with open and closed questions was used. The results showed that all schools serve school meal, which is composed mainly of sugar, carbohydrates, and proteins. The students enjoy the meal very much because for most of them, the meal served at school is the only source of food. It was observed that 90% of the schools offer other kinds of food besides the main school meal. The snacks served such as cakes, white hominy, and milk fudge are composed of sweet and highly cariogenic foods. It was also verified that in 13.30% of the schools, the daily supervised dental hygiene, an important procedure that should not be neglected, is not carried out. This procedure introduces the children to healthy habits that are added to those acquired in the family environment. It was concluded that the school diet is potentially cariogenic and, in association with the lack of daily dental hygiene, this potential may become even higher.

Diet of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) on Marajó Island (Pará, Brazil)

O conteúdo estomacal de 137 exemplares de Potamotrygon motoro provenientes de 3 localidades (Muaná, Afuá e Lago Arari) na ilha de Marajó foi analisado. Os valores do Índice Relativo de Importância (IRI) e respectiva porcentagem (%IRI) foram calculados. O nível de repleção 1 (¼ cheio) foi o mais representativo para ambos os sexos, assim como para exemplares imaturos e maduros. A maioria dos itens alimentares analisados encontrava-se bastante digerido. A identificação dos itens alimentares indicou a presença de 15 ordens, incluindo insetos, moluscos, crustáceos, anelídeos e peixes. Diferenças na dieta entre os locais amostrados foram observadas ao se comparar as %IRI, sendo crustáceos o item preferencial em Afuá, peixes no Lago Arari e moluscos em Muaná.

Intraspecific, interspecific, and seasonal differences in the diet of three mid-sized carnivores in a large neotropical wetland

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Nutritional value of high moisture corn silage in the diet of Holstein cows

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Lysine in the diet of Rhamdia voulezi male broodstocks confined in net cages

The focus of this study was to evaluate the effect of lysine on the productive (weight and length gain, apparent feed conversion, specific growth rate and condition factor) and reproductive performance of Rhamdia voulezi males confined in net cages during the first reproductive cycle. The following parameters were assessed: seminal parameters (motility rate and duration, survival, sperm concentration, morphology, pH and osmolarity), hormonal parameters (cortisol and testosterone), testicular tissue (histomorphology), organosomatic indices (gonadosomatic, hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices) and composition of essential amino acids, crude protein and moisture of whole carcass. Four hundred fish were used, distributed in a random experimental design with four treatments and four replications in 16 net cages with 25 fish each. The treatments consisted of four different diets prepared so as to contain the following levels of lysine: 1.20, 1.40, 1.60 and 1.80%, with 30% crude protein and 3500 kcal kg(-1) digestible energy for 185 days (Jul./12-Jan./13). Eighteen males were selected per treatment, and they all released semen after slight abdominal pressure. The males were weighed, measured, submitted to hypophysation (2.5 mg kg(-1) carp pituitary extract), and then had their semen and blood collected. The fish were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, dissected, and the testes, liver, fat and guts were removed and weighed. The effects (p < 0.05) for the means of final weight, weight gain, apparent feed conversion and condition factor were observed for the analysis of productive performance. With regard to the reproductive parameters, only the seminal volume was affected (p < 0.05). Thus, the levels of testosterone showed quadratic effect (p < 0.05). The anatomy and the histomorphology of the testes were similar between the treatments during the spermiation period. With regard to the organosomatic indices, there was no influence (p > 0.05) between the treatments. The amino acids in the carcass were not affected (p > 0.05). The increment of lysine in the diet provided linear increase for weight gain and seminal volume and linear decrease for feed conversion in R. voulezi broodstocks confined in net cages. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Isotopic Discrimination Factors (Delta C-13 and Delta N-15) between Tissues and Diet of the Broad-Snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Assessment of low amounts of meat and bone meal in the diet of laying hens by using stable isotopes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Bone mineral density evaluation in rats submitted to daily diet of coffee and soft drinks

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Breeding season diet of Scarlet Ibises and Little Blue Herons in a Brazilian mangrove swamp

We studied the diet composition and overlap of Scarlet Ibises (Eudocimus ruber) and Little Blue Herons (Egretta caerulea in a mangrove swamp in southeast Brazil during the 1996-1997 breeding season, which occurs during the rainiest period. Crabs comprised 95% of all prey taken by the ibises and 80% of the prey of the herons, Nevertheless, diet overlap was small (similar to 30%) due to ibises feeding mostly on Uca spp. and Eurythium limosum crabs, which were taken from their burrows; the herons fed on the arboreal and semi-arboreal Aratus Pisonii and Metasesarma rubripes crabs. Divergent hunting strategies of ibises (tactile foragers) and herons visually-oriented predators) explains the diet segregation when preying on an ecologically diverse crab guild, but it is unclear why herons prey rarely on fiddler crabs. Scarlet Ibises bred successfully while feeding oil estuarine organisms living in low salinities in the mangroves, showing that mangroves may be adequate foraging habitats for chick-rearing ibises during periods of low salinity.

Population biology and diet of the puffer fish Lagocephalus laevigatus (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) in Caraguatatuba Bay, south-eastern Brazil

This study describes the spatio-temporal distribution, population biology, and diet of the puffer fish Lagocephalus laevigatus in Caraguatatuba Bay, south-eastern Brazil. Monthly samples were taken between August 2003 and October 2004 by trawls in two areas, south and north, at depths of 1 to 4 m. The fish were measured and their sex and reproductive stage determined. The abundance of this species was compared between areas and among months, and the items in the diet were identified and quantified. Lagocephalus laevigatus was rare in Caraguatatuba Bay, where only 199 small individuals (4.8 to 15.4 cm) were obtained in the entire study period, suggesting that this species uses the estuary as a nursery. None of the specimens of L. laevigatus captured in Caraguatatuba Bay were sexually mature. Higher densities of L. laevigatus in the bay were recorded in the south area and between October and December 2003, i.e. in the spring, suggesting that spawning may occur from late winter to spring (August through to November). The diet items consumed by L. laevigatus in Caraguatatuba Bay were, as expected from the current literature, crustaceans, mainly amphipods, and fish. However, the most-consumed item was the sea whip Leptogorgia setacea (Cnidaria). This feeding habit may be related to the presence of toxins (tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin) that are frequently found in the skin and viscera of L. laevigatus, which may be sequestered from the sea whip, which possibility still needs to be specifically evaluated.

Diet of Astyanax paranae (Characidae) in streams with different riparian land covers in the Passa-Cinco River basin, southeastern Brazil

An analysis of the diet of Astyanax paranae Eigenmann, 1914 in nine streams located in the Passa-Cinco River basin (upper Parana River system) was performed to investigate the feeding habits of this species, check for possible spatial variations in diet and to investigate the influence of riparian vegetation in the composition of the diet. Stomach contents of 243 specimens were analyzed by the methods of relative frequency of occurrence and volume, and the diet was characterized by the alimentary index (AI(i)). The species showed insectivorous feeding habits, with a predominance of terrestrial and aquatic insects in the diet, varying by location. In most streams, resources of allochthonous origin were the most consumed. The participation of aquatic insects and terrestrial plants were high in most streams, while terrestrial insects and invertebrates were highest in streams with a greater presence of riparian forest. The two streams located draining pasture fields were the only places were A. paranae consumed algae and macrophyte fragments. These results were corroborated by the analysis of similarity (ANOSIM): the descriptor "percentage of riparian forest" was the highest environmental influence on the diet of A. paranae. The study shows that riparian forest percentage on the stream reach determines the species diet composition, but A. paranae is also able to gather enough food resources in a variety of severely degraded environments.