Streptococcus spp. e Aeromonas spp. na água e em tilápias do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) e parâmetros físico-químicos da água de piscicultura em tanques-rede

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Eletroresistividade aplicada ao estudo de água subterrânea no município de Salvaterra-Marajó-Pará

A partir de 1974, quando da implantação do Núcleo de Ciências Geofísicas e Geológicas da UFPa., começou a ser desenvolvido um estudo de água subterrânea na Ilha do Marajó, sob o titulo de Projeto Marajó, financiado pela FINEP, que visava definir e delinear aquíferos em algumas áreas piloto da ilha. Este trabalho, realizado em uma dessas áreas piloto, no município de Salvaterra, Marajó, busca determinar áreas favoráveis para exploração de água subterrânea, através do uso do método geofísico de eletroresistividade. A área, de 200 Km², foi prospectada através de 65 sondagens elétricas verticais e 6 perfilagens horizontais, tendo sido utilizado o dispositivo Schlumberger nas sondagens e o dispositivo Wenner nas perfilagens. Os dados foram inicialmente interpretados através do método do Ponto Auxiliar, quando se obteve uma visão geral do comportamento resistivo dos terrenos sondados, sendo depois reinterpretados usando técnica computacional, indicando existir na área camadas com resistividades que variam desde 5 até 43000 ohms-metro. Observou-se a existência de um pacote formado por uma sucessão de camadas que apresentaram resistividades com valores de 500 a 4000 ohms-metro, interpretado como constituído de sedimentos arenosos com água doce (aquífero), tendo uma espessura que chegou a atingir mais de 60 metros em algumas áreas. Na área pesquisada, foram delimitadas três sub-áreas cobrindo cerca de 40% da área total e, nestas, as espessuras do aquífero vão de 20 a 80 metros. As profundidades do topo desse aquífero nas três sub-áreas variam de 1,3 a 6,6 metros. A interpretação geofísica foi comprovada através de quatro furos de sondagem até 20 metros. Dois destes furos, realizados nas áreas interpretadas como bons aquíferos, mostraram terrenos mais arenosos, e os outros dois, alotados fora daquelas áreas, apresentaram uma parcela considerável de sedimentos argilosos com algum material orgânico. Informações obtidas quando do levantamento dos poços escavados na região e das análises de amostras das águas destes poços, mostram que, em termos gerais, não existem problemas quanto à qualidade das águas desses aquíferos mais superficiais, com exceção de dois poços escavados muito próximos da borda da Baía do Marajó, nas localidades de Joanes e Monsarás, que apresentam um aumento na salinidade quando no pico da estação de estio. Pelo que foi visto, o método utilizado neste trabalho é uma técnica eficiente para localizar bons aquíferos em ambientes geológicos semelhantes ao da área pesquisada.

Desenvolvimento da vegetação e morfologia da foz do Amazonas-PA e rio Doce-ES durante o Quaternário tardio

Este trabalho compara as mudanças morfológicas e vegetacionais ocorridas ao longo da zona costeira da Ilha de Marajó, litoral amazônico, e da planície costeira do Rio Doce, sudeste do Brasil, durante o Holoceno e Pleistoceno tardio/Holoceno, respectivamente, com foco especificamente sobre a resposta dos manguezais para as flutuações do nível do mar e mudanças climáticas, já identificadas em vários estudos ao longo da costa brasileira. Esta abordagem integra datações por radiocarbono, descrição de características sedimentares, dados de pólen, e indicadores geoquímicos orgânicos (δ¹³C, δ¹₵N e C/N). Na planície costeira do Rio Doce entre ~47.500 e 29.400 anos cal AP, um sistema deltaico foi desenvolvido em resposta principalmente à diminuição do nível do mar. O aumento do nível do mar pós-glacial causou uma incursão marinha com invasão da zona costeira, favorecendo a evolução de um sistema estuarino/lagunar com planícies lamosas ocupadas por manguezais entre pelo menos ~7400 e ~5100 anos cal AP. Considerando a Ilha de Marajó durante o Holoceno inicial e médio (entre ~7500 e ~3200 anos cal AP) a área de manguezal aumentou nas planícies de maré lamosas com acúmulo de matéria orgânica estuarina/marinha. Provavelmente, isso foi resultado da incursão marinha causada pela elevação do nível do mar pós-glacial associada a uma subsidência tectônica da região. As condições de seca na região amazônica durante o Holoceneo inicial e médio provocou um aumento da salinidade no estuário, que contribuiu para a expansão do manguezal. Portanto, o efeito de subida do nível relativo do mar foi determinante para o estabelecimento dos manguezais na sua atual posição nas regiões norte e sudeste do Brasil. Entretanto, durante o Holoceno tardio (~3050-1880 anos cal AP) os manguezais em ambas as regiões retrairam para pequenas áreas, com algumas delas substituídas por vegetação de água doce. Isso foi causado pelo aumento da vazão dos rios associada a um período mais úmido registrado na região amazônica, enquanto que na planície costeira do Rio Doce, os manguezais encolheram em resposta a um aumento da entrada de sedimento fluvial associado a uma queda no nível relativo do mar.

Água levemente salinizada aumenta a eficiência da larvicultura de peixes neotropicais

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of slightly saline water in an intensive larviculture of tambaqui, matrinxã, apaiari, and piau, during the initial days of active feeding. Larvae were reared in artificial saline water, at concentrations from 0 (freshwater) to 14 g L-1 NaCl (at a 2.0 g L-1), and fed with two portions of Artemia nauplii, following a specific protocol for each species, in a completely randomized design, with 3 replicates. Tambaqui, matrinxã and apaiari larvae can be reared at saline concentrations till 2 g L-1 without impairing growth and survival. Piau larvae were more tolerant and endured saline water until 4 g L-1. At saline concentrations above that, fish mortality increased and reached 100% at 6 g L-1, for matrinxã and apaiari, and at 10 g L-1, for tambaqui. Saline water at 2 g L-1 provided a higher survival for matrinxã, and higher growth for tambaqui, apaiari and piau. These last two species showed a better growth performance with the highest quantity of nauplii. Slightly saline water at 2 g L-1 is beneficial to these studied species, as it optimizes larval growth potential and the use of Artemia nauplii as live food.

Utilização de água pluvial para fins não potáveis: análise do atendimento da demanda pelo método de eficiências para dimensionamento de reservatório para diferentes regimes pluviométricos brasileiros

Brazil has about 12 % of a life´s essential resource: the superficial fresh water of the planet. However, today it is possible to observe the bad management of this resource, generating serious consequences on the quality that results in the loss of the use´s availability. In this scenario, the catchment of rainwater for undrinkable use is an alternative that has been broadly studied for the scientific community. When planning a system of rainwater catchment, the sizing of the required volume of the tank that will keep the water has a fundamental importance for the project, seeing that the supersizing of the tank can bring high costs and the undersizing can bring shortage in the water supply. This paper used a methodology based on two concepts: the harvesting efficiencies and the attending efficiencies of the system. This method takes as principle that exist a perfect demand that minimize the repayment time, condition that happened when the efficiencies are equal. Brazilian’s cities with different weathers and different rainfalls where chosen to simulate the attending for different demands for a typical residence. The data where parameterized according to the roof area and the number of residents, that way is possible that a future conference can be easily done and it also ensure results closer to the reality. The results showed that cities with a lower period of drought, even those with high level of rainfall on the raining mouths, have lower potential of water supply. The cities where the rainfall is more constant and also more high, even small roofs areas and small tank´s volumes – about half of the size compare to the cities with less propitious conditions – can generate high levels of water saving. With an eye to promote the environmental sustainability, the investment on projects for the catchment of rainwater is a good alternative

Toxicidade de petróleo bruto sobre microcrustáceo Daphnia similis em água de rio e água de produção de petróleo

Aquatic ecosystems are suffering many impacts caused by human activities resulting from the activities occurring around them. With technological progress observed in recent years, this environment has received large amounts of chemicals from industries, agriculture and urban area that affect the aquatic biota. Among these sources of contamination, the oil industry has contributed to the pollution of aquatic environments with both effluents as produced water well as oil spills and their derivatives having toxicity to various organisms. With all the environmental issues has increased concern about water quality and has been used ecotoxicological tests with aquatic organisms to ecosystems to assess the toxicity of chemicals present in the water. In this context the microcrustacea Daphnia similis stands out as a freshwater organism very representative of the aquatic fauna of rivers and high sensitivity to environmental impacts. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the lethal toxicity of crude oil and produced water on this microcrustacea. The results showed that the microcrustacea presented high sensitivity to contaminants primarily crude oil. There was also the influence of environmental variables pH and temperature on the survival of organisms

Gestão de recursos hídricos: governança e gerenciamento de conflitos pelo uso da água em região do Semiárido Nordestino

The water being vital natural resource and factor of economic and social development requires effective management and protection by the State. This thesis examines the panorama of National Water Resources Policy and the establishment of an effectively integrated management, shared and participative, contextualizing the principles foreseen in the policy. The work is focused on the discussion of public policies of access to water, analyzing the Fresh Water Program in semi-arid region of Brazil as a strategy of coexistence and permanence of a public policy that ensures the priority use, which is for human consumption. The conceptual framework of this study relies primarily on the contributions of authors in the field recognized as governance and water management. A study on the process of implementation of the various "institutions and policies" related to water management was promoted, contextualizing the change of paradigm in the transition from the centralized model to the one that takes into account the social participation, opening in this way broader perspectives for the analysis of the contents and of the impacts of these policies. The development of this study was conducted by the follow-up – both face-to-face as documentary-field – of the activities carried out while consultant of the Fresh Water Program. The history of water management in the semi-arid region was studied, depicting conflict movements and cooperation among actors. Despite the great obstacles to accomplish the shared and decentralized management, the study of this thesis points to a gradual improvement in the formulation of public policies that take into consideration governance and participatory management of water resources, with positive prospects towards the implementation of coordinated and cooperative actions in the region that mainly suffers from the shortage of rainfall, hence of shortage of water for irrigation and human consumption

Estratégias tróficas do peixe traíra, Hoplias malabaricus e do peixe cascudo, Hypostomus pusarum do açude Marechal Dutra, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The fish, Hoplias malabaricus (Osteichthyes: Erythrinidae) and armored catfish, Hypostomus pusarum (Loricariidae) are of freshwater origin from the neotropical region, and are considered ecologically and economically of important. This work investigated the trophic strategies, the morphology and histology of the digestive tract of these fish captured from the Marechal Dutra reservoir, Acari, the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A total of 133 individuals of H. malabaricus and 118 specimens of H. pusarum were analyzed. The two study species occupy different levels in the food chain and spatial distribution in the water column of the reservoir. The results of this study are presented in the form of four scientific papers. The first article describes the morphology and histology of the digestive tract and the feeding habits of H. malabaricus (Bloch, 1794). This fish has a short intestine, with an intestinal coefficient of 0.72 ± 0.09. The dietary importance index indicates that H. malabaricus feeds preferentially on animal matter, especially on fish (72.8%) and prawns (27.2%). The histology of its digestive tract confirms the carnivorous feeding habit. The second article discusses about the pioneering work on the feeding strategy and the characterization of anatomy and histology of the digestive tract of H. pusarum. The intestine of this fish is long, with an intestinal coefficient of 10.8±0.7. The dietary importance index indicates that H. pusarum feeds preferentially on organic matter in decomposition (88.7%) and on filamentous microalgae and diatoms (11.3%). The third article compares the morphological aspects of the digestive tract of H. malabaricus and H. pusarum, in relation to their food habits. The arrangement of the digestive organs in both species is directly related to the shape of the peritoneal cavity and the form of the body. The short intestine of H. malabaricus and the long intestine of H. pusarum are associated with their feeding habits. The morphology of the digestive tracts of H. malabaricus and H. pusarum confirm their food habits, carnivorous and detritivorous / herbivorous, respectively. The fourth article discusses the food and reproductive aspects (length and weight, length-weight relationship, type of growth and sex ratio) of H. pusarum. This species has a negatively allometric growth, with the predominance of females in the sampled population. H. malabaricus inhabits the pelagic environment and is a carnivore, while H. pusarum, lives in the benthic environment and is characterized as a detritivore/herbivore. Each species studied shows a very different diet, without trophic competition between them. The morphological and anatomical structures of the digestive tract reflect their feeding strategy.

Estrutura e dinâmica do fitoplânctone bacterioplâncton em cultivos de camarão no Rio Grande do Norte-Brasil: impacto sobre o ambiente natural

This work aimed to study the structure and dynamic of Phytoplankton and Bacterioplankton in a complete cycle of shrimp cultivation (Litopenaeus vannamei) and determine the environmental factors responsible for the structural changes of these communities. The study was realized in a saltwater shrimp farm (Macaíba, RN), between September/2005 and February/2006, and in a freshwater shrimp farm (Ceará Mirim, RN), between May/2007 and September 2007. The samplings were collected weekly in saltwater farm and every fifteen days in freshwater farm. Total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and environmental parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, depth and water transparency) were measured. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phytoplankton and bacterioplankton were carried out. The Shannon-Wiener ecologic indexes of diversity and the Pielou equitability indexes were calculated to the phytoplankton. Bacterial density was determined by epifluorescence microscopy. The data were statistically analyzed by Pearson correlation and t-Test. Chlorophycea were predominat in salt water and in the captation/drainage point (24 to 99%). Diatoms had higher wealth. The species Choricystis minor had the highest occurrence (100%) and dominance (90-100%), thus showing its adaptation to the high temperatures, salinity and low water transparency conditions. Filamentous Cyanobacteria like Oscillatoria sp., Pseudoanabaena sp. and Phormidium sp. had constant levels. The negative correlation between chlorophycea and water transparency, and the positive correlation between chlorophyll a and salinity, showed that the phytoplankton was well adapted to the low transparency and to the high salinity. The bacterioplankton was negatively correlated with the total phosphorus and salinity. In freshwater, Cyanobacteria were predominant (>80%), presenting some producers of toxins species like Microcystis sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii e Anabaena circinalis. Cyanobacterial density and total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations exceeded the maximum value allowed by legislation. The means of total phosphorus varied from 264 to 627 Wg.L-1 and the means of chlorophyll a oscillated between 22 and 182 Wg.L-1. The phytoplankton species were selected by low availability of the light, high pH, temperature and high availability of total phosphorus. The bacterioplankton showed high densities (5,13 x 107 to 8,50 x107 Bac.mL-1). The studied environments (ponds and rivers) presented a high level of trophic state based on the high concentrations of chlorophyll a and total phosphorus and cyanobacteria dominance. The composition of species in the ponds and rivers was similar, as well as high concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a, highlighting the pollution caused by the discharges of the farms in natural environment

Comunidade fitoplanctônica e qualidade da água da Lagoa do Jiqui, Parnamirim, RN

It is important to evaluate the quality of water for proper management of these resources, since the increase of environmental degradation and the multiple use of water resources are decreasing the quality of water consumed by living beings. The objective of this study was to characterize the phytoplankton community and its variations during periods of dray and rain in Jiqui Lake located in Parnamirim, RN. It was also aimed to analyze the physical and chemical factors of this environment, in order to contribute to the knowledge of water quality used for human consumption. The collection of water samples were carried out in September 2008 to August 2009. The collection of the phytoplankton community was carried out in four sampling sites (surface, bottom, margin of the lake without macrophytes and site dominated by macrophytes). Phytoplankton was collected using plankton net of 20m. The analysis of nutrients and identification of phytoplankton were performed in the laboratory. The results indicate that concentration of chlorophyll a was high in the bottom with mean value of 1.07 μgL-1 (SD ± 1.61). During the study period there was a dominance of the following species: Euglena gracilis, Trachelomonas sp, Cyclotellas sp, Gomphonema apuncto, Navicula cuspidata var. cuspidata, Navicula sp, Rhopalodia gibba. There was homogeneity between limnological values in the four study sites, with significant difference between the periods of drought and rain. The Jiqui Lake is considered oligotrophic due to its low concentrations of chlorophyll a, high transparency and low levels of nutrients. The values of BOD and chlorophyll a concentration remained below the permitted standards existing for freshwaters in Brazil, thus the water from Lake Jiqui is of good quality, suitable for human consumption.

Changes in phytoplankton composition in response to tides, wind-induced mixing conditions, and freshwater outflows in an urbanised estuarine complex

Estudos recentes na baía de Santos (sudeste do Brasil), localizada em um sistema estuarino altamente urbanizado, mostraram o aumento de espécies fitoplanctônicas potencialmente nocivas. Apesar da importância da previsão das florações algais nocivas, é difícil determinar a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica em ambientes extremamente dinâmicos. O presente estudo analisa florações dominadas pelo microfitoplâncton e sua relação com variáveis físicas e meteorológicas, a fim de determinar padrões associados às marés e às estações do ano. Foram comparadas oito situações e obtidos cinco cenários de dominância relacionados aos ventos, marés e pluviosidade: i) Surfers, diatomáceas associadas à zona de surfe, de alta energia; ii) Sinkers, diatomáceas de tamanho grande que ocorrem nas marés de sizígia, depois de períodos de alta pluviosidade; iii) Opportunistic mixers, diatomáceas pequenas ou alongadas, formadoras de cadeia, que ocorrem durante períodos de quadratura; iv) Local mixers, diatomáceas e dinoflagelados microplanctônicos que foram abundantes em todas as 298 estações amostradas, e v) Mixotrophic dinoflagellates, que ocorrem após intensas descargas estuarinas. Os resultados sugerem uma alteração no padrão temporal de algumas espécies formadoras de florações, enquanto outras apresentaram abundâncias superiores aos valores seguros para a saúde publica. Esta abordagem ilustra também os possíveis impactos de variações na descarga de água doce em estuários altamente eutrofizados.

Estrutura e dinâmica do fitoplânctone bacterioplâncton em cultivos de camarão no Rio Grande do Norte-Brasil: impacto sobre o ambiente natural

This work aimed to study the structure and dynamic of Phytoplankton and Bacterioplankton in a complete cycle of shrimp cultivation (Litopenaeus vannamei) and determine the environmental factors responsible for the structural changes of these communities. The study was realized in a saltwater shrimp farm (Macaíba, RN), between September/2005 and February/2006, and in a freshwater shrimp farm (Ceará Mirim, RN), between May/2007 and September 2007. The samplings were collected weekly in saltwater farm and every fifteen days in freshwater farm. Total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and environmental parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, depth and water transparency) were measured. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phytoplankton and bacterioplankton were carried out. The Shannon-Wiener ecologic indexes of diversity and the Pielou equitability indexes were calculated to the phytoplankton. Bacterial density was determined by epifluorescence microscopy. The data were statistically analyzed by Pearson correlation and t-Test. Chlorophycea were predominat in salt water and in the captation/drainage point (24 to 99%). Diatoms had higher wealth. The species Choricystis minor had the highest occurrence (100%) and dominance (90-100%), thus showing its adaptation to the high temperatures, salinity and low water transparency conditions. Filamentous Cyanobacteria like Oscillatoria sp., Pseudoanabaena sp. and Phormidium sp. had constant levels. The negative correlation between chlorophycea and water transparency, and the positive correlation between chlorophyll a and salinity, showed that the phytoplankton was well adapted to the low transparency and to the high salinity. The bacterioplankton was negatively correlated with the total phosphorus and salinity. In freshwater, Cyanobacteria were predominant (>80%), presenting some producers of toxins species like Microcystis sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii e Anabaena circinalis. Cyanobacterial density and total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations exceeded the maximum value allowed by legislation. The means of total phosphorus varied from 264 to 627 Wg.L-1 and the means of chlorophyll a oscillated between 22 and 182 Wg.L-1. The phytoplankton species were selected by low availability of the light, high pH, temperature and high availability of total phosphorus. The bacterioplankton showed high densities (5,13 x 107 to 8,50 x107 Bac.mL-1). The studied environments (ponds and rivers) presented a high level of trophic state based on the high concentrations of chlorophyll a and total phosphorus and cyanobacteria dominance. The composition of species in the ponds and rivers was similar, as well as high concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a, highlighting the pollution caused by the discharges of the farms in natural environment

Comunidade fitoplanctônica e qualidade da água da Lagoa do Jiqui, Parnamirim, RN

It is important to evaluate the quality of water for proper management of these resources, since the increase of environmental degradation and the multiple use of water resources are decreasing the quality of water consumed by living beings. The objective of this study was to characterize the phytoplankton community and its variations during periods of dray and rain in Jiqui Lake located in Parnamirim, RN. It was also aimed to analyze the physical and chemical factors of this environment, in order to contribute to the knowledge of water quality used for human consumption. The collection of water samples were carried out in September 2008 to August 2009. The collection of the phytoplankton community was carried out in four sampling sites (surface, bottom, margin of the lake without macrophytes and site dominated by macrophytes). Phytoplankton was collected using plankton net of 20m. The analysis of nutrients and identification of phytoplankton were performed in the laboratory. The results indicate that concentration of chlorophyll a was high in the bottom with mean value of 1.07 μgL-1 (SD ± 1.61). During the study period there was a dominance of the following species: Euglena gracilis, Trachelomonas sp, Cyclotellas sp, Gomphonema apuncto, Navicula cuspidata var. cuspidata, Navicula sp, Rhopalodia gibba. There was homogeneity between limnological values in the four study sites, with significant difference between the periods of drought and rain. The Jiqui Lake is considered oligotrophic due to its low concentrations of chlorophyll a, high transparency and low levels of nutrients. The values of BOD and chlorophyll a concentration remained below the permitted standards existing for freshwaters in Brazil, thus the water from Lake Jiqui is of good quality, suitable for human consumption.

Caracterização fenotípica de bactérias patogênicas isoladas de peixes e água de piscicultura de Macapá, Estado do Amapá.

O município de Macapá encontra-se no sudeste do Estado do Amapá e possui em sua maioria, as pisciculturas utilizando o sistema de cultivo semi-intensivo ou intensivo com áreas de 0,5 a 3,0 hectares de lâmina de água. A maioria das pisciculturas cultiva principalmente tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e híbrido tambatinga (C. macropomum x Piaractus brachypomum), enquanto poucos cultivam pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) e híbrido tambacu (C. macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus). Porém, 21% da produção é destinada a subsistência e 32% para fins comerciais, mas 45% é destinada a ambas as finalidades. A comercialização é feita diretamente aos consumidores ou aos feirantes locais. Um dos veículos importantes que contribuem para as infecções no homem causadas por microrganismos patogênicos podem ser os peixes, especialmente quando são consumidos crus ou após tratamento térmico inadequado. Esses microrganismos estão presentes também em peixe estocados em baixas temperaturas, condição física que permite a esses sobreviver, multiplicar e produzir fatores de virulência, sendo ainda capazes de causar doenças oportunistas. Microrganismos patogênicos tais como Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli e Aeromonas spp., bem como outros, podem acarretar infecções gastrointestinais, quando não são observadas boas práticas de manipulação e conservação desse alimento, causando risco de agravos na Saúde Pública. Este trabalho teve como objetivo isolar, caracterizar e verificar fenotipicamente a frequência de indicadores bacterianos para a qualidade da água e peixes oriundos de pisciculturas de Macapá, estado do Amapá, visando fornecer informações de interesse da Saúde Pública. Em 15 pisciculturas foram analisados um total de 45 tambaquis e tambatinga para qualidade microbiológica, e 45 amostras de água para qualidade microbiológica, física e química. As análises foram realizadas no laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos e Água do Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Amapá (LACEN-AP), e no Laboratório Especial de Microbiologia Aplicada (LEMA) da UNIFAP. Os resultados revelaram que os peixes e água das 15 pisciculturas avaliadas encontram-se dentro dos padrões legais vigentes quando analisadas a qualidade microbiológicas, físico e química da água dos tanques, assim como os peixes cultivados apresentaram resultados dentro dos limites satisfatórios quanto à adequada segurança alimentar. Portanto, há garantia do equilíbrio em quantidade e em qualidade desses peixes consumidos para o alcance de uma nutrição adequada, diminuindo desta maneira os riscos de doenças transmitidas por água e alimentos promovendo assim, a minimização dos riscos à Saúde Pública.

Apedunculata discoidea gen. n., sp. n. (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) parasitic on Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) from southeastern Brazil

A new species of dactylogyrid monogenean, Apedunculata discoidea gen. n., sp. n. is described and illustrated from the gills of the freshwater fish Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in pisciculture ponds from Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil. Diagnostic characters of the new genus and species are: 1) vagina dextrolateral slightly sclerotised, opening anteriorly at level of copulatory complex; 2) copulatory organ coiled with two counterclockwise rings; 3) Accessory piece distal and not articulated; 4) body disk-shaped, lacking a peduncle.