Estudo da relação entre velocidade de corte, desgaste de ferramenta, rugosidade e forças de usinagem em torneamento com ferramenta de metal duro

O entendimento do processo de fabricação por usinagem passa pelo estudo de fenômenos de formação de cavaco, esforços de corte, qualidade superficial do material usinado, mecanismos de desgaste de ferramenta e a influência de parâmetros de corte e tipo de material usado sobre essas variáveis. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar os efeitos do desgaste de ferramenta sobre as forças de corte e a rugosidade dos componentes usinados. O procedimento adotado foi a realização de ensaios de usinabilidade de longa duração em torneamento cilíndrico externo, durante os quais foram medidos desgaste de flanco, força de corte, força de avanço e rugosidade média dos componentes usinados. Os ensaios foram realizados para os aços ABNT 1040 e 1045 usando ferramentas de metal duro com revestimento duplo (TiN-Al2O3). Os resultados de vida de ferramenta foram analisados através da equação de Taylor, com maiores vidas de ferramenta observadas para o aço ABNT 1040 em todas as velocidades de corte testadas. As demais variáveis medidas foram analisadas em função do tempo de usinagem, desgaste de flanco máximo e acabamento superficial No domínio do tempo, foram encontradas correlações fortes para o desgaste de flanco máximo, força de corte e força de avanço para ambos os materiais. A relação entre a rugosidade média e o tempo de corte observada foi mais “estável” para o aço ABNT 1040. Contudo, variações no comportamento da rugosidade média foram observadas na velocidade de corte inferior usada na usinagem do aço ABNT 1045, devido ao desgaste mais lento do raio de ponta de ferramenta. Não se observou relação entre as forças de usinagem e a rugosidade média. A relação entre a força de corte e o desgaste de flanco máximo apresentou forte correlação para ambos os materiais, assim como a relação entre a força de avanço e o desgaste de flanco máximo, sendo realizada regressão linear para ambas as relações. Foi observada fraca influência da velocidade de corte nas relações força-desgaste de flanco, o que sugere que uma única equação pode descrever estas relações para toda a faixa de condições de corte estudada. Os resultados da análise de regressão permitem a determinação do desgaste de flanco máximo em função da força de corte com um erro médio de 15% para os aços ABNT 1040 e 1045. Para a previsão do desgaste de flanco em função da força de avanço, o erro médio encontrado foi de 19% para o aço ABNT 1040 e 15% para o aço ABNT 1045.

Avaliação da vida em fadiga de ganchos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o comportamento em fadiga de um gancho reduzido do tipo empregado como conector/desconector para plataformas flutuantes de extração de petróleo. Ganchos são componentes mecânicos muito utilizados em aplicações industriais e dimensionados segundo os critérios da mecânica estática. A sua utilização em estruturas offshore é recente e requer a avaliação de seu desempenho em fadiga. A influência de tensões residuais compressivas na seção mais solicitada do gancho foi avaliada nos ensaios. Estas tensões foram geradas por um teste de carga que implica em um esforço de tração que ultrapassa o limite elástico do material. A região da superfície do gancho que sofreu deformação plástica fica comprimida pelo restante do material do gancho carregado no regime elástico que tenta retornar. O mesmo efeito é observado na autofretagem de tubos ou shot peening de componentes aeronáuticos. Foram utilizados ganchos DIN 0.12, que apresentam dimensões reduzidas, para a caracterização mecânica através de ensaios de fadiga e a determinação da curva de Wöhler. Esses ensaios envolveram a comparação entre os ganchos que sofreram a carga de pré-teste (com tensões residuais) e os que não sofreram. Também foi avaliada a influência de defeitos de fundição na vida em fadiga dos ganchos. Os ganchos foram caracterizados metalurgicamente através de análise microestrutural e tamanho de grão ASTM utilizando-se Microscopia Óptica e Eletrônica de Varredura. Foram efetuadas medições de tensões residuais através do Método do Furo em ganchos instrumentados com extensômetros resistivos elétricos. As tensões residuais compressivas induzidas pelo teste de carga tiveram grande influência nos testes de fadiga, aumentando a performance dos ganchos e assegurando sua integridade estrutural.

Análise de incerteza associada à determinação da velocidade de onda sônica em depósito de carvão obtida por perfilagem geofísica

A modelagem de um depósito mineral é realizada por meio da combinação de diversas fontes de informações. Dentre estas fontes pode-se citar a sísmica de reflexão. A sísmica de reflexão fornece dados de tempos de propagação de ondas sísmicas até essas serem refletidas pelas estruturas dos depósitos minerais. As profundidades dessas estruturas podem ser obtidas multiplicando-se os tempos pelas velocidades de propagação das ondas sísmicas. Normalmente, a velocidade de uma onda sísmica é determinada indiretamente por meio do processamento dos próprios dados sísmicos, o que pode gerar erros na interpretação de seções geológicas. A perfilagem geofísica é uma alternativa na determinação dessa velocidade, uma vez que a velocidade de onda acústica é obtida ao longo do furo perfilado e a velocidade de onda acústica pode ser relacionada com a velocidade de onda sísmica. As estimativas de valores de velocidade na região entre os furos perfilados permite as estimativas de valores de profundidade nessa região. Neste estudo, foram analisadas possibilidades de se estimar, em um grid, valores de velocidade e incertezas associadas a esses valores, utilizando-se ferramentas geoestatísticas. A simulação seqüencial Gaussiana, dentre as ferramentas analisadas, pareceu ser a mais adequada para obtenção de velocidades e incerteza dos valores estimados em cada nó do grid considerado. Para o caso abordado, alguns valores de profundidade da estrutura de interesse apresentaram variações significativas em função da incerteza de velocidade. Essas variações são muito importantes na execução de certos métodos de lavra subterrânea, o que enfatiza a importância da determinação da incerteza das velocidades estimadas. A metodologia é apresentada e ilustrada em um importante depósito de carvão em Queensland, Austrália.

Estudo da efetividade de barreiras de amortecimento no controle de vibrações geradas pelo desmonte com explosivos em mina de carvão à céu aberto

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo da efetividade de barreiras de amortecimento para atenuar a vibração causada pela propagação de ondas sísmicas oriundas de detonações. A barreira consta de uma porção do terreno cujas características de propagação são modificadas artificialmente pela detonação de uma linha de furos com parâmetros idênticos aos dos furos de produção. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a efetividade deste recurso, evidenciado pelo coeficiente de redução entre os valores de vibração gerados em situações com e sem o uso de barreira (0,41) e também através da mudança dos coeficientes da equação de previsão via Distância Escalonada, possibilitando em escala de produção o aumento na carga máxima por tempo de retardo ( 4,9 % à 118,9% ), com redução de custos devido ao menor consumo de retardos por furo ( -5,7 % à - 40,7 % ).

Influência dos parâmetros de processo na deposição de nitreto de titânio por plasma em gaiola catódica

Titanium nitride films were grown on glass using the Cathodic Cage Plasma Deposition technique in order to verify the influence of process parameters in optical and structural properties of the films. The plasma atmosphere used was a mixture of Ar, N2 and H2, setting the Ar and N2 gas flows at 4 and 3 sccm, respectively and H2 gas flow varied from 0, 1 to 2 sccm. The deposition process was monitored by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) to investigate the influence of the active species in plasma. It was observed that increasing the H2 gas flow into the plasma the luminescent intensities associated to the species changed. In this case, the luminescence of N2 (391,4nm) species was not proportional to the increasing of the H2 gas into the reactor. Other parameters investigated were diameter and number of holes in the cage. The analysis by Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD) confirmed that the obtained films are composed by TiN and they may have variations in the nitrogen amount into the crystal and in the crystallite size. The optical microscopy images provided information about the homogeneity of the films. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) results revealed some microstructural characteristics and surface roughness. The thickness was measured by ellipsometry. The optical properties such as transmittance and reflectance (they were measured by spectrophotometry) are very sensitive to changes in the crystal lattice of the material, chemical composition and film thicknesses. Therefore, such properties are appropriate tools for verification of this process control. In general, films obtained at 0 sccm of H2 gas flow present a higher transmittance. It can be attributed to the smaller crystalline size due to a higher amount of nitrogen in the TiN lattice. The films obtained at 1 and 2 sccm of H2 gas flow have a golden appearance and XRD pattern showed peaks characteristics of TiN with higher intensity and smaller FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) parameter. It suggests that the hydrogen presence in the plasma makes the films more stoichiometric and becomes it more crystalline. It was observed that with higher number of holes in the lid of the cage, close to the region between the lid and the sample and the smaller diameter of the hole, the deposited film is thicker, which is justified by the most probability of plasma species reach effectively the sample and it promotes the growth of the film

Influência da sequência de empilhamento nas propriedades mecânicas de laminados compósitos submetidos à tração

Composite laminates with plies in different directions finely dispersed are classified as homogenized. The expected benefits of homogenization include increased mechanical strength, toughness and resistance to delamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of stacking sequence on the tensile strength of laminates. Composite plates were fabricated using unidirectional layers of carbon/epoxy prepreg with configurations [903/303/-303]S and [90/30/-30]3S. Specimens were subjected to tensile and open hole tension (OHT) tests. According to the experimental results, the mean values of strength for the homogenized laminates [90/30/-30]3S were 140% and 120% greater for tensile and OHT tests, respectively, as compared to laminates with configuration [903/303/-303]S. The increase in tensile strength for more homogenized laminates was associated with the increment in interlaminar interfaces, which requires more energy to produce delamination, and the more complicated crack propagation through plies with different orientations. OHT strength was not affected by the presence of the hole due to the predominance of the interlaminar shear stress in relation to the stress concentration produced by the hole

Laminados compósitos de PRFV: efeitos da descontinuidade geométrica e do envelhecimento ambiental acelerado

The growing demand in the use of composite materials necessitates a better understanding of its behavior related to many conditions of loading and service, as well as under several ways of connections involved in mechanisms of structural projects. Within these project conditions are highlighted the presence of geometrical discontinuities in the area of cross and longitudinal sections of structural elements and environmental conditions of work like UV radiation, moisture, heat, leading to a decrease in final mechanical response of the material. In this sense, this thesis aims to develop studies detailed (experimental and semi-empirical models) the effects caused by the presence of geometric discontinuity, more specifically, a central hole in the longitudinal section (with reduced cross section) and the influence of accelerated environmental aging on the mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of FGRP composite laminates under the action of uniaxial tensile loads. Studies on morphological behavior and structural degradation of composite laminates are performed by macroscopic and microscopic analysis of affected surfaces, in addition to evaluation by the Measurement technique for mass variation (TMVM). The accelerated environmental aging conditions are simulated by aging chamber. To study the simultaneous influence of aging/geometric discontinuity in the mechanical properties of composite laminates, a semiempirical model is proposed and called IE/FCPM Model. For the stress concentration due to the central hole, an analisys by failures criteria were performed by Average-Stress Criterion (ASC) and Point-Stress Criterion (PSC). Two polymeric composite laminates, manufactured industrially were studied: the first is only reinforced by short mats of fiberglass-E (LM) and the second where the reinforced by glass fiber/E comes in the form of bidirectional fabric (LT). In the conception configurations of laminates the anisotropy is crucial to the final mechanical response of the same. Finally, a comparative study of all parameters was performed for a better understanding of the results. How conclusive study, the characteristics of the final fracture of the laminate under all conditions that they were subjected, were analyzed. These analyzes were made at the macroscopic level (scanner) microscope (optical and scanning electron). At the end of the analyzes, it was observed that the degradation process occurs similarly for each composite researched, however, the LM composite compared to composite LT (configurations LT 0/90º and LT ±45º) proved to be more susceptible to loss of mechanical properties in both regarding with the central hole as well to accelerated environmental aging

Descontinuidade na seção transversal em laminados compósitos poliméricos: efeitos e propriedades

The growing demand in the use of composite materials necessitates a better understanding its behavior to many conditions of loading and service, as well as under several ways of connections involved in mechanisms of structural projects. It is know that most of the structural elements are designed with presence of geometric discontinuities (holes, notches, etc) in their longitudinal sections and / or transversals, and that these discontinuities affect the mechanical response of these elements. This work has aims to analyze a study of the mechanical response, when in the presence geometric discontinuity, of polymer matrix composite laminates (orthophthalic polyester) to the uniaxial tensile test. The geometric discontinuity is characterized by the presence of a center hole in the transversal section of the composite. In this study, different kinds of stacking sequences are tested, with and without the presence of the hole, so as to provide better understanding of the mechanical properties. This sense, two laminates were studied: the first is only reinforced by with seven layers short mats of fiberglass-E (CM) and the second where the reinforcement of fiberglass-E comes in the form of bidirectional fabric (CT), with only four layers. The laminate CT has the presence of anisotropy (sense of continuous fibers with respect to the applied load) as the main parameter influencing its mechanical behavior, behavior this, not observed for the CM. In addition to the mechanical properties was also studied the fracture characteristics developed in each composite laminated. The results also showed that the presence of the hole in the transversal section decreased the ultimate strength of laminates and changed the final characteristic of fracture in all kinds of composite laminated studied

Estudo da presença de entalhes semicirculares em compósitos poliméricos híbridos

Composite materials have a wide application in various sectors, such as the medical field in the manufacture of prostheses, in automotive and aerospace. Thus it is essential to the development of new composite and a better understanding in the face of various loading conditions and service. Several structural elements are manufactured in the presence of geometric discontinuity (notch, hole, etc ) in their longitudinal sections and/or cross-cutting, and these affect the mechanical response of these elements. The objective is to study the mechanical response of laminated polymer matrix hybrid composites reinforced with glass fiber/jute in a uniaxial tensile test. The mechanical response takes in account both the influence of the presence of a geometric discontinuity (semicircular notches) and the orientation of fibers in the layers (anisotropy). The semicircular notches are located in longitudinal section (with a reduction in cross section) of the same. In this analysis, the anisotropy is characterized by types of configurations (with different orientations of fibers in the outer layers). A comparative study of mechanical properties with and without the presence of notches is developed. Both configurations consist of four layers of woven jute fiber bidirectional and a central layer of bidirectional woven glass fibers. In addition to the mechanical properties was also studied the characteristics of the fracture developed in each composite laminate. The results showed that in the comparative study, the anisotropy and the presence of semicircular notches directly influences the mechanical behavior of laminates composites, mainly in reducing the tensile strength, and well as the final characteristics of the fracture

Compósito Polimérico Híbrido: Comportamento Mecãnico, Descotinuidade Geométrica e Resistência Residual

The growing demand in the use of hybrid composite materials makes it essential a better understanding of their behavior face of various design conditions, such as the presence of geometric discontinuities in the cross section of structural elements. This way, the purpose of this dissertation is a study of the mechanical response (strength and stiffness), modes (characteristics) of fracture and Residual Strength of an hybrid polymeric composite with and without a geometric discontinuity in its longitudinal section (with a reduction in the cross section) loaded by uniaxial tension. This geometric discontinuity is characterized by central holes of different diameters. The hybrid composite was fabricated as laminate (plate) and consisting of ortho-tereftalic polyester matrix reinforced by 04 outer layers of Jute fibers bidirectional fabrics and 01 central layer of E-glass bidirectional fabric. The laminate was industrially manufactured (Tecniplas Nordeste Indústria e Comércio Ltda.), obtained by the hand lay-up technique. Initially, a study of the volumetric density of the laminate was made in order to verify its use in lightweight structures. Also were performed comparative studies on the mechanical properties and fracture modes under the conditions of the specimens without the central hole and with the different holes. For evaluating the possible influence of the holes in the structural stability of the laminate, the Residual Strength of the composite was determined for each case of variation in hole diameter. As a complementary study, analyses of the macroscopic final fracture characteristic of the laminates were developed. The presence of the central hole of any sizes, negatively changed the ultimate tensile strength. Regarding the elastic modulus, moreover, the difference found between the specimens was within the range of tests displacement, showing the laminate stability related to the stiffness

Morfologia e propriedades mecânicas da fibra de sisal unidirecional e em sobreposição de compósito com resina epóxi

The composites manufactured with long fibres aligned in a single direction, and overlay has been shown to have better performance than the short fibers randomly distributed. In particular, the lignocellulosic fibers extracted from the sisal leaves, used in conjunction with the epoxy resin has attracted the attention of many researchers because the final properties of the system formed. In this work composites based on epoxy resin reinforced with sisal fibers were manufactured. The sisal fibres were treated with an alkaline solution of 0.06 mol/l NaOH. The treated, and untreated fibres were subjected to tension x extension tests. The composites were manufactured in the "Lossy" mold with the specifications of the samples to be produced (300x20x4 mm). The tension tests were carried out in accordance with the ASTM standards 3039 (for the composite aligned in a single direction) and ASTM D5573 (for composites in overlay), three point bending tests were performed according to ASTM D790. Analyzing the results of the tests of tension and three point bending tests, it was observed that the composites with the configuration of overlapping had the better elastic module in both tests. As to the maximum resistance to tension, the best result was the composites aligned in a single direction. Tests of absorption of water and micrographs are in progress

Otimização do fresamento de roscas internas com a técnica de interpolação helicoidal

In machining of internal threads, dedicated tools, known as taps, are needed for each profile type, diameter, and low cutting speed values are used when compared to main machining processes. This restriction in the cutting speed is associated with the difficulty of synchronizing the tool s rotation speed and feed velocity in the process. This fact restricts the flexibility and makes machining lead times longer when manufacturing of components with threads is required. An alternative to the constraints imposed by the tap is the thread milling with helical interpolation technique. The technique is the fusion of two movements: rotation and helical interpolation. The tools may have different configurations: a single edge or multiple edges (axial, radial or both). However, thread milling with helical interpolation technique is relatively new and there are limited studies on the subject, a fact which promotes challenges to its wide application in the manufacturing shop floor. The objective of this research is determine the performance of different types of tools in the thread milling with helical interpolation technique using hardened steel workpieces. In this sense, four tool configurations were used for threading milling in AISI 4340 quenched and tempered steel (40 HRC). The results showed that climb cut promoted a greater number of machined threads, regardless of tool configuration. The upcut milling causes chippings in cutting edge, while the climb cutting promotes abrasive wear. Another important point is that increase in hole diameter by tool diameter ratio increases tool lifetime

Retificação da alumina com rebolo diamantado utilizando-se diferentes métodos de lubri-refrigeração

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Detecção de predadores por dicromatas e tricromatas humanos e a sua implicação na evolução da visão de cores em primatas

Among placental mammals, primates are the only ones to present trichromatic color vision. However, the distribution of trichromacy among primates is not homogeneous: Old World primates shows an uniform trichromacy (with all individuals being trichromats) and New World primates exhibit a color vision polymorphism (with dichromatic males and dichromatic or trichromatic females). Visual ecology studies have investigated which selective pressures may have been responsible for the evolution of trichromacy in primates, diverging from the dichromat standard found in other mammals. Cues associated with foraging and the socio-reproductive status were analyzed, indicating a trichromatic advantage for the rapid detection of visually conspicuous objects against a green background. However, dichromats are characterized by an efficient capture of cryptic and camouflaged stimuli. These advantages regarding phenotype may be responsible for the maintenance of the visual polymorphism in New World primates and for the high incidence of color blindness in humans (standing around 8% in Caucasian men). An important factor that has not yet been experimentally taken into account is the predation risk and its effect on the evolution of trichromacy in primates. To answer this question, we prepared and edited pictures of animals with different coats: oncillas (Leopardus spp.), puma (Puma concolor) and ferret (Galictis cuja). The specimens were taxidermized and the photographs were taken in three different vegetation scenarios (dense forest, cerrado and grassland). The images of the predators were manipulated so that they fit into two categories of stimulus size (small or large). After color calibration and photo editing, these were presented to 40 humans (20 dichromats and 20 trichromats) by a computer program, which presented a set of four photos at a time (one picture containing the taxidermized animal amid the background vegetation and three depicting only the background vegetation) and recorded the response latency and success rate of the subjects. The results show a trichromatic advantage in detecting potential predators. The predator detection was influenced by the background, the predator species, the dimension of the stimulus and the observer s visual phenotype. As humans have a high rate of dyschromatopsias, when compared to wild Catarrhini or human tribal populations, it is possible that the increased rate of dichromats is a result of reduced pressure for rapid predator detection. Since our species came to live in more cohesive groups and resistant to attack by predators, with the advent of agriculture and the formation of villages, it is possible that the lower risk of predation has reduced the selection in favor of trichromats

Canine distemper virus infection in a lesser grison (Galictis cuja): first report and virus phylogeny

Doenças infecciosas em animais selvagens têm aumentado devido às alterações em seu habitat e ao maior contato com animais domésticos. A cinomose já foi descrita em diversas espécies de carnívoros selvagens, representando uma ameaça à conservação da vida selvagem. Nesse estudo é descrito o primeiro caso de infecção pelo vírus da cinomose em um furão (Galictis cuja). Um indivíduo de vida livre, sem sinais clínicos aparentes, apresentou morte súbita após um dia em cativeiro. Foi realizado o diagnóstico molecular para detecção do vírus da cinomose canina, sendo o resultado positivo. A filogenia do vírus indicou que cães domésticos foram a provável fonte de infecção.