Comunicación al Seminario Taller El largo brazo de Descartes: usos y abusos del concepto de capital social en las propuestas de desarrollo""

Incluye Bibliografía

Uma discussão do problema mente-corpo em Descartes e Espinosa, a partir da neurofilosofia de Antonio Damásio

Pós-graduação em Filosofia - FFC

O legado de Descartes

The criticism of Cartesian philosophy is correlated on four pillars: the fragmentation of knowledge, the separation between mind and body, the impossibility of the reductionist method for explanation of natural phenomena, and in the superiority of the reason as the only valid form of knowledge. These last two pillars, as many environmentalists claim, contributed decisively to the devaluation of the res extensa over the res cogitans. To check this we used as a theoretical framework the following texts: Discourse on Method, Rules for Conduct of the Spirit and Metaphysical Meditations. By reading these works it was found that the first two pillars (the fragmentation of knowledge and the separation between mind and body) there are no theoretical basis in texts. The failure of the reductionist method to explain the ecological and atomic phenomena and the overcoming of reason as the only valid form of knowledge are supported in their philosophy.

Regra de Sinais de Descartes para polinômios ortogonais

Pós-graduação em Matematica Aplicada e Computacional - FCT

Sistema em Leibniz e Descartes

Descartes concebe que a verdadeira ordem científica é a ordem das razões, na qual se parte das verdades mais fáceis e evidentes em direção às mais difíceis e complexas. Assim, estabelece-se uma ordem única, progressiva e irreversível, onde cada membro da cadeia depende daqueles que o antecederam, de modo que cada tese possui um lugar não-intercambiável dentro da doutrina. Leibniz, ao contrário, defende que "[...] uma mesma verdade pode ter vários lugares, conforme as diferentes relações que pode possuir" (Novos Ensaios, IV, XXI, § 4). A fim de evitar as repetições, reunindo-se o máximo de verdades no mínimo de volumes, o autor propõe que a melhor ordem científica é a disposição sistemática das matérias, que consiste em uma organização do saber na qual cada lugar reenvia a outros, tornando clara a conexão entre os conhecimentos. Em contraposição ao modelo de sistema cartesiano, no modelo leibniziano, as teses se fundamentam mutuamente e a ordem das verdades estabelecidas é reversível. Ora, é devido a essas diferenças na concepção de sistema que Leibniz, ao contrário de Descartes, pode pretender tomar o que há de melhor nos sistemas legados pela tradição para constituir o seu próprio sistema, já que para ele há uma certa maleabilidade na constituição do sistema filosófico.

Merleau-Ponty e descartes: o afeto entre a medicina e a psicologia

Através da noção de afeto, à luz da filosofia de Merleau-Ponty, busca-se problematizar a herança da metafísica cartesiana presente na medicina e na psicologia ocidentais. Em Descartes encontramos dois programas distintos de pesquisa para a Antropologia: um para o corpo, do qual se encarregou nossa medicina, e outro para a alma, do qual se encarregou nossa psicologia. Afinal, embora na Antropologia cartesiana o homem seja de fato a união substancial de corpo e alma, só se pode falar com clareza de um ou outro termo conforme os ditames de sua metafísica. Através da descrição do sentido da experiência do corpo próprio, Merleau-Ponty busca desconstruir as noções de corpo e alma em Descartes para explicitar essa união que a filosofia cartesiana reconheceu apenas de fato. A noção de sentir ou afeto é central nessa discussão, pois é a expressão privilegiada dessa união.

Pre-engorde de pulpo común Octopus vulgaris con 3 dietas basadas en descartes de acuicultura en la comunidad Canaria

On-growing of Octopus vulgaris fed different feeds has shown promising results. Nevertheless, since the minimum legal size for octopus fisheries in spain i sin most of experimental ongrowing of this species an average weight over 750-1000kg was utilized with g (and little research has been conducted in order to evaluate the effect of these diets on smaller individuals. The present work evaluates the effect of 3 diets based on bogue, obtained as ?discarded? species from local fish farms, on ingestion and growth of O. vulgaris weighing 400 g. The 1st diet was composed by discarded bogue, the 2nd diet by a 40-60% discarded bogue-crab Portunus pelagicus and the 3rd diet was presented as a moist diet based on discarded bogue. A triplicate of four octopuses per treatments, male:female 1:1, were kept in circular 400 l tanks and fed each diet for 4 weeks. Absolute growth rate (AGR, g./day), standard feeding rate (SFR, %/day) and feed efficiency (FE) were calculated. The addition of crab to the diet increased SFR which underlines different feeding habits when compared with 0.8-1 kg octopuses. Lower growth and higher FE was recorded with the moist diet, probably due to high disintegration of this kind of feed.

Identificazione di profili di rischio cardiovascolare nel trapianto di rene: polimorfismi di geni coinvolti nei processi di infiammazione e di apoptosi

Introduction. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the main cause of morbidity and mortality in kidney recipients. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of functional polymorphisms located in cytokine and apoptosis genes on CVD after kidney transplantation. Cytokine polymorphisms, generally located in gene regulatory regions, are associated with high and low cytokine production and are likely to modulate the magnitude of inflammatory responses following transplantation, depending on the balance between the levels of pro-inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. The role of apoptosis in atherosclerosis has not been completely elucidated, and here we explored the hypothesis that the heterogeneity in cardiovascular risk in kidney recipients may also be linked to functional polymorphisms involved in apoptosis induction. Purpose. In the search for relevant genetic markers of predisposition to CVD after renal transplant, the present investigation was undertaken to identify the clinical impact of polymorphisms of cytokines TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-8 and of apoptosis genes Fas and Caspase 9 in a population of kidney transplant recipients. Materials and methods. The study involved 167 patients who received cadaveric kidney transplantation at our centre between 1997 and 2005 (minimum follow-up of 12 months); 35 of them had experienced cardiovascular events (CVD group) and 132 had no cardiovascular complications (non-CVD group). Genotyping was performed using RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) for RFLP per IL-8/T-251A, Fas/G-670A e Casp9/R221Q polymorphism and SSP (Sequence Specific Primer) for TNF-α/G-308A, TGF-β/L10P, TGF-β/R25P, IL-10/G-1082A, IL- 10/C-819T, IL-10/C-592A, IL-6/G-174C, IFN-γ/T+874A polymorphisms.Results. We found a significant difference in TNF-α and IL-10 genotype frequencies between the patients who had suffered cardiovascular events and those with no CVD history. The high producer genotype for proflogistic cytokine TNF-α appeared to have a significantly superior prevalence in the CVD group compared to the non-CVD group (40.0% vs 21.2%) and it resulted in a 2.4-fold increased cardiovascular risk (OR=2.361; p=0.0289). On the other hand, the high producer genotype for the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 was found in 2.8% of the CVD group and in 16.7% of non-CVD group; logistic regression showed a 0.3-fold reduced risk of CVD associated with genetically determined high IL-10 production (OR=0.278; p<0.0001). The other polymorphisms did not prove to have any impact on CVD. Conclusions. TNF-α and IL-10 gene polymorphisms might represent cardiovascular risk markers in renal transplant recipients.

Studio prospettico sul significato clinico e prognostico delle infezioni da virus BK e virus JC nel trapianto di rene

Le infezioni post trapianto sono una complicanza frequente, tra queste l'infezione da Polyomavirus rappresenta una patologia molto frequente e causa di perdita del graft. Sono stati studiati 70 pazienti portatori di trapianto renale per valutare l'incidenza dell'infezione e la sua prognosi e la risposta alla terapia

Influenza del sistema immunogenetico KIR nell'alloreattività Natural Killer nel trapianto di rene

Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for the restoration of excretory and endocrine kidney function in patients with end-stage renal disease. The success of the transplant is linked to the genetic compatibility between donor and recipient, and upon progress in surgery and immunosuppressive therapy. Numerous studies have established the importance of innate immunity in transplantation tolerance, in particular natural killer (NK) cells represent a population of cells involved in defense against infectious agents and tumor cells. NK cells express on their surface the Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) which, by recognizing and binding to MHC class I antigens, prevent the killing of autologous cells. In solid organ transplantation context, and in particular the kidney, recent studies show some correlation between the incompatibility KIR / HLA and outcome of transplantation so as to represent an interesting perspective, especially as regards setting of immunosuppressive therapy. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess whether the incompatibility between recipient KIR receptors and HLA class I ligands of the donor could be a useful predictor in order to improve the survival of the transplanted kidney and also to select patients who might benefit of a reduced regimen. One hundred and thirteen renal transplant patients from 1999 to 2005 were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted for each of them and their donors and genotyping of HLA A, B, C and 14 KIR genes was carried out. Data analysis was conducted on two case-control studies: one aimed at assessing the outcome of acute rejection and the other to assess the long term transplant outcome. The results showed that two genes, KIR2DS1 and KIR3DS1, are associated with the development of acute rejection (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). The presence of the KIR2DS3 gene is associated with a better performance of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (MDRD) over time (4 and 5 years after transplantation, p <0.05), while in the presence of ligand, the serum creatinine and MDRD trend seems to get worse in the long term. The analysis performed on the population, according to whether there was deterioration of renal function or not in the long term, showed that the absence of the KIR2DL1 gene is strongly associated with an increase of 20% of the creatinine value at 5 years, with a relative risk to having a greater creatinine level than the median 5-year equal to 2.7 95% (95% CI: 1.7788 - 2.6631). Finally, the presence of a kidney resulting negative for HLA-A3 / A11, compared to a positive result, in patients with KIR3DL2, showed a relative risk of having a serum creatinine above the median at 5 years after transplantation of 0.6609 (95% CI: 0.4529 -0.9643), suggesting a protective effect given to the absence of this ligand.