A tale of two logits, compositional data analysis and zero observations

The application of compositional data analysis through log ratio trans-formations corresponds to a multinomial logit model for the shares themselves.This model is characterized by the property of Independence of Irrelevant Alter-natives (IIA). IIA states that the odds ratio in this case the ratio of shares is invariant to the addition or deletion of outcomes to the problem. It is exactlythis invariance of the ratio that underlies the commonly used zero replacementprocedure in compositional data analysis. In this paper we investigate using thenested logit model that does not embody IIA and an associated zero replacementprocedure and compare its performance with that of the more usual approach ofusing the multinomial logit model. Our comparisons exploit a data set that com-bines voting data by electoral division with corresponding census data for eachdivision for the 2001 Federal election in Australia

Suurlähettiläs Leo Tuominen 1/11 1957

Kirje

Missouri River Flood Coordination Task Force Report, September 25, 2011

The Missouri River floods of 2011 will go down in history as the longest duration flooding event this state has seen to date. The combination of above normal snowfall in the upper Missouri River basin followed by the equivalent of nearly one year’s worth of rainfall in May created an above normal runoff situation which filled the Missouri River and the six main reservoirs within the basin. Compounding this problem was colder than normal temperatures which kept much of the snowpack in the upper basin on the ground longer into the spring, setting the stage for this historic event. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) began increasing the outflow at Gavin’s Point, near Yankton, South Dakota in May. On June 14, 2011, the outflow reached a record rate of over 160,000 cubic feet per second (cfs), over twice the previous record outflow set in 1997. This increased output from Gavin’s Point caused the Missouri River to flow out of its banks covering over 283,000 acres of land in Iowa, forcing hundreds of evacuations, damaging 255,000 acres of cropland and significantly impacting the levee system on the Missouri River basin. Over the course of the summer, approximately 64 miles of primary roads closed due to Missouri River flooding, including 54 miles of Interstate Highway. Many county secondary roads were closed by high water or overburdened due to the numerous detours and road closures in this area. As the Missouri River levels began to increase, municipalities and counties aided by State and Federal agencies began preparing for a sustained flood event. Citizens, businesses, state agencies, local governments and non‐profits made substantial preparations, in some cases expending millions of dollars on emergency protective measures to protect their facilities from the impending flood. Levee monitors detected weak spots in the levee system in all affected counties, with several levees being identified as at risk levees that could potentially fail. Of particular concern was the 28 miles of levees protecting Council Bluffs. Based on this concern, Council Bluffs prepared an evacuation plan for the approximately 30,000 residents that resided in the protected area. On May 25, 2011, Governor Branstad directed the execution of the Iowa Emergency Response Plan in accordance with Section 401 of the Stafford Act. On May 31, 2011, HSEMD Administrator, Brigadier General J. Derek Hill, formally requested the USACE to provide technical assistance and advanced measures for the communities along the Missouri River basin. On June 2, 2011 Governor Branstad issued a State of Iowa Proclamation of Disaster Emergency for Fremont, Harrison, Mills, Monona, Pottawattamie, and Woodbury counties. The length of this flood event created a unique set of challenges for Federal, State and local entities. In many cases, these organizations were conducting response and recovery operations simultaneously. Due to the length of this entire event, the State Emergency Operations Center and the local Emergency Operations Centers remained open for an extended period of time, putting additional strain on many organizations and resources. In response to this disaster, Governor Branstad created the Missouri River Recovery Coordination Task Force to oversee the State’s recovery efforts. The Governor announced the creation of this Task Force on October 17, 2011 and appointed Brigadier General J. Derek Hill, HSEMD Administrator as the chairman. This Task Force would be a temporary group of State agency representatives and interested stakeholders brought together to support the recovery efforts of the Iowa communities impacted by the Missouri River Flood. Collectively, this group would analyze and share damage assessment data, coordinate assistance across various stakeholders, monitor progress, capture best practices and identify lessons learned.

Patalakki ja paitamekko : rautakauden ja keskiajan käyttö osana kansakunnana luomista

Kirja-arvio

APLICAÇÃO FOLIAR DE GA3 NO CRESCIMENTO E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener

RESUMO Com o conhecimento de que a aplicação exógena de giberelinas pode alterar os processos fisiológicos, modificando o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas, vistoque funcionam como regulador da divisão e do alongamento das células, objetivou-se com estetrabalho avaliar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento de Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener cultivadosob luminosidade de 650 µmol m-2 s-1, por nove meses, e submetido a pulverizações semanais com GA3. Odelineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0,0; 1,5; 3,0; 15,0 e 30,0 mgL-1 de GA3) e dez repetições. O substrato utilizado foi constituído por uma mistura (1:1:1, em volume) de areia grossa lavada, moinha de carvão lavado e Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico disposto em vasos com capacidadepara 5L. As concentrações de GA3 influenciaram (p<0,05) na maioria das variáveis analisadas, com exceção do comprimento do caule principal até a inserção do primeiro caule lateral, do número de cauleslaterais, do número de nós do caule principal até à inserção do primeiro caule lateral, do número de nós do caule principal até a inserção da primeira gavinha e da primeira folha trilobada, do início da floração, donúmero de caules laterais emitidos pela planta no início da floração e do número de nós da base do caule principal até à inserção do primeiro botão floral. Concentração em torno de 15 mg L-1 propiciou maior comprimento da planta, maior número de nós da planta e maior massa fresca e seca das plantas. A utilização de 30 mg L d-1e GA3 antecipou a emissão da primeira gavinha e da primeira folha trilobada, e produziu maior número de botões florais. A utilização exógena de GA3 em concentrações de até 30 mg L-1 foi mais eficaz na indução do que na evocação floral dePassiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener.