Surface dental enamel lead levels and antisocial behavior in Brazilian adolescents

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção do espaço e transformações urbanas no litoral sul de João Pessoa - PB

This present work has as its objective the analysis of transformations relating to the production processes in the Southern littoral urban space of the city of João Pessoa PB. The research estimated that the urban space is the product, means and condition of the society which produces it. The object-area of this inquiry is constituted of five districts: Altiplano Cabo Branco, Portal do Sol, Ponta do Seixas, Penha and Costa do Sol. The urban expansion which occurs in this area is characterized by the appearance of sufficient contradictory space phenomenona. On the other hand, the launching of real estate products such as the horizontal closed condominiums, directed towards the upper class, and the occurrence of areas of irregular occupation, inhabited by lower socioeconomic class and with a great lack of infrastructure and basic urban services, revealing the social contradictions. Due to this, processes such as auto-segregation and segregation imposed beyond the precarious and delinquent inclusion, has become the determining characteristic of this part of the city in analysis. The study also takes into account the appreciation of the new urban environmental zoning of Altiplano do Cabo Branco and from this moment on, start the discussion about the tendencies of urban expansion in this area, due to the interests and strategies of the real estate sector and the prominent role of the government in the current valorization process of urban soil of the area. The presence of residuals of agricultural businesses indicates a typical picture of the peri-urban areas configuring what we observe today at the Southern littoral of João Pessoa

Linguagem e identidade: a construção discursiva das identidades sociais em interações com menores infratores

Este trabalho analisa a construção discursiva das identidades sociais em três interações com menores infratores sob o regime semiliberdade. O objetivo desta investigação é correlacionar língua e identidades. Para isto, o estudo começa por problematizar as idéias sobre o sujeito e sua identificação com diferentes centros sociais numa sociedade moderna e plural. Destaca, também, a influência das instituições na formação identitária do indivíduo, especialmente das instituições reguladoras para menores infratores e do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA). Assim, relaciona o estigma, socialmente construído, às contingências identitárias com os quais os menores se deparam nas interações verbais. Deste modo, recorre a abordagens teóricas que consideram a língua em seu contexto social, como a Sociolingüística Interacional e as teorias da Enunciação, como também a outras áreas do conhecimento, como os Estudos Culturais e a Psicologia Social. É uma investigação de cunho interpretativista e etnográfico que analisa a construção das identidades sociais por meio de diferentes alinhamentos e enquadres no discurso, e estuda a relação do discurso dos adolescentes com os discursos que circulam na unidade onde estão e na sociedade. Para tanto, entrevistas com funcionários e pessoas que visitam o referido local foram realizadas, assim como notas de campo sobre a situação social dos participantes foram tomadas. O trabalho observa as identidades emergentes mais relevantes no discurso dos menores, tais como a identidade estigmatizada, a identidade religiosa, as familiares e a identidade da transformação, sempre formadas na sua necessária relação com o outro. A análise revela o conflito entre a identidade do infrator e as identidades, consideradas socialmente como normais, o que demonstra a complexidade das identidades sociais e suscita novas problematizações a serem consideradas em pesquisas futuras.

Behavioral Outcomes of Home-Based Services for Children and Adolescents with Serious Emotional Disorders

The current study evaluates the effectiveness of an intensive home-based treatment program, Families First, on the behaviors of children and adolescents suffering from mental disorders and being at risk for out-ofi home placement. The sample included 85 youngsters and their families from a semi-rural community. The Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Revised (DICA-R) was administered to the children, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was completed by a parent at pretreatment and posttreatment. The families participated in a 4-6 week, intensive home intervention where crisis intervention, social support services, and needed psychological services were offered. The results indicated that both externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in youngsters with different diagnoses of mental disorders were significantly reduced at posttreatment as indicated by their CBCL scores. Furthermore, youngsters with a diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder seemed to benefit the most, as evidenced by the improved scores on most subscales of the CBCL. Youngsters with mood disorders and conduct disorders seemed to benefit in their most deficient areas, internalizing behavior problems and delinquent behaviors, respectively. Finally, after participating in Families First, more than half of the youngsters in the sample were able to stay home with their families

Evaluation of an inventory for the assessment of critical incidents involving football fans

Introduction: Fan violence is a frequent occurrence in Swiss football (Bundesamt für Polizei, 2015) leading to high costs for prevention and control (Mensch & Maurer, 2014). Various theories put forward an explanation of fan violence, such as the Elaborated Social Identity Model (Drury & Reicher, 2000)and the Aggravation Mitigation Model (Hylander & Guvå, 2010). Important observations from these theories are the multi-dimensional understanding of fan violence and the Dynamics occurring in the fan group. Nevertheless, none of them deal with critical incidents (CIs) which involve a tense atmosphere combined with a higher risk of fan violence. Schumacher Dimech, Brechbühl and Seiler (2015) tackled this gap in research and explored CIs where 43 defining criteria were identified and compiled in an integrated model of CIs. The defining criteria were categorised in four higher-order themes “antecedents” (e.g. a documented history of fan rivalry), “triggers” (e.g. the arrest of a fan), “reactions” (e.g. fans masking themselves) and “consequences” (e.g. fans avoiding communication with fan social workers). Methods: An inventory based on this model is being developed including these 43 criteria. In an exploratory phase, this inventory was presented as an online questionnaire and was completed by 143 individuals. Three main questions are examined: Firstly, the individual items are tested using descriptive analyses. An item analysis is conducted to test reliability, item difficulty and discriminatory power. Secondly, the model’s four higher-order themes are tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Thirdly, differences between sub -groups are explored, such as gender and age-related differences. Results: Respondents rated the items’ importance as high and the quota of incomplete responses was not systematic. Two items were removed from the inventory because of low mean or a high rate of “don’t know”-responses. EFA produced a six-factor solution grouping items into match-related factors, repressive measures, fans’ delinquent behaviour, intra-group behaviour, communication and control and inter-group factors. The item “fans consume alcohol” could not be ordered into any category but was retained since literature accentuates this factor’s influence on fan violence. Analyses examining possible differences between groups are underway. Discussion: Results exploring the adequacy of this inventory assessing defining criteria of CIs in football are promising and thus further evaluative investigation is recommended. This inventory can be used in two ways: as a standardised instrument of assessment for experts evaluating specific CIs and as an instrument for exploring differences in perception and assessment of a CI e.g. gender and age differences, differences between interest groups and stakeholders.

Evaluation of an inventory for the assessment of critical incidents involving football fans

Introduction: Fan violence is a frequent occurrence in Swiss football (Bundesamt für Polizei, 2015) leading to high costs for prevention and control (Mensch & Maurer, 2014). Various theories put forward an explanation of fan violence, such as the Elaborated Social Identity Model (Drury & Reicher, 2000) and the Aggravation Mitigation Model (Hylander & Guvå, 2010). Important observations from these theories are the multi-dimensional understanding of fan violence and the dynamics occurring in the fan group. Nevertheless, none of them deal with critical incidents (CIs) which involve a tense atmosphere combined with a higher risk of fan violence. Schumacher Dimech, Brechbühl and Seiler (2015) tackled this gap in research and explored CIs where 43 defining criteria were identified and compiled in an integrated model of CIs. The defining criteria were categorised in four higher-order themes “antecedents” (e.g. a documented history of fan rivalry), “triggers” (e.g. the arrest of a fan), “reactions” (e.g. fans masking themselves) and “consequences” (e.g. fans avoiding communication with fan social workers). Methods: An inventory based on this model is being developed including these 43 criteria. In an exploratory phase, this inventory was presented as an online questionnaire and was completed by 143 individuals. Three main questions are examined: Firstly, the individual items are tested using descriptive analyses. An item analysis is conducted to test reliability, item difficulty and discriminatory power. Secondly, the model’s four higher-order themes are tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Thirdly, differences between sub-groups are explored, such as gender and agerelated differences. Results: Respondents rated the items’ importance as high and the quota of incomplete responses was not systematic. Two items were removed from the inventory because of low mean or a high rate of “don’t know”-responses. EFA produced a six-factor solution grouping items into match-related factors, repressive measures, fans’ delinquent behaviour, intra-group behaviour, communication and control and inter-group factors. The item “fans consume alcohol” could not be ordered into any category but was retained since literature accentuates this factor’s influence on fan violence. Analyses examining possible differences between groups are underway. Discussion: Results exploring the adequacy of this inventory assessing defining criteria of CIs in football are promising and thus further evaluative investigation is recommended. This inventory can be used in two ways: as a standardised instrument of assessment for experts evaluating specific CIs and as an instrument for exploring differences in perception and assessment of a CI e.g. gender and age differences, differences between interest groups and stakeholders. References: Bundesamt für Polizei. (2015). Jahresbericht 2014. Kriminalitätsbekämpfung Bund. Lage, Massnahmen und Mittel [Electronic Version]. Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (2000). Collective action and psychological change. The emergence of new social identities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 579-604. Hylander, I., & Guvå, G. (2010). Misunderstanding of out-group behaviour: Different interpretations of the same crowd events among police officers and demonstrators. Nordic Psychology, 62, 25-47. Schumacher-Dimech, A., Brechbühl, A. &, Seiler, R. (2016). Dynamics of critical incidents with potentially violent outcomes involving ultra fans: an explorative study. Sport in Society. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2015.1133597

Something real: A social marketing approach to smoking prevention among Montevideo youth

Uruguay has some of the strictest tobacco-control laws in Latin America. Despite this, youth smoking rates in Uruguay are amongst the highest in South America. Thus, it is important to identify strategies to prevent youth smoking in Uruguay. The current qualitative research study sought to identify intrapersonal and socioenvironmental factors that are associated with smoking among middle school youth in Uruguay. It also sought to develop potential prevention strategies and media messages that would resonate with youth for a social media campaign. The study was grounded in social cognitive theory and the theory of reasoned action/planned behavior, among other behavioral science theories; anthropological perspectives were also considered. To achieve these goals, 29 group and individual structured interviews were conducted in two private middle schools catering to lower and higher SES youth in Montevideo, Uruguay during the summer of 2012. One hundred and three study participants, including students, parents, and teachers, were interviewed. The structured interviews were recorded, transcribed, translated, back translated, coded and analyzed. The study findings show that positive attitudes towards smoking (i.e. to be seen, to increase status, to ensure women's equality, to looking old, and to service as a rite of passage), delinquent behavior (i.e. transgression/deviant behavior), social norms that support smoking (i.e. peer pressure and modeling, group membership/sense of belonging, parental modeling, and family support), easy access and availability to tobacco (i.e. retails stores) were factors associated with youth smoking. Potential protective factors may include parental support, negative attitudes towards smoking, sports/music, and smoke-free environments. Because study participants are accustomed to government-sponsored strong countermarketing graphic imaging, study participants selected even stronger images and messages as the preferred way to receive tobacco prevention messages. Something Real ("Algo Real") was a theme that resonated with the participants and chosen as the name for the proposed campaign. This campaign was designed as a multiple component intervention that included mass, school base, and family based strategies to prevent tobacco use. Some intervention materials specific to these intervention components were developed to target relevant intrapersonal and socioenvironmental factors identified above. These materials will be tested in future pilot studies and larger scale evaluation with this population, outside the scope of this dissertation. ^

Comportamento social na adolescência: as normas e a rotina na regulação da conduta delituosa

O envolvimento de adolescentes com a prática de atos infracionais, no Brasil, ocupa espaço significativo no debate público. No entanto, tal debate carece de profundidade, pois pouco se relaciona ao conhecimento cientificamente produzido sobre o fenômeno. De acordo com a literatura acadêmica especializada no tema, um melhor conhecimento dos fatores associados à pratica de atos infracionais permitiria não só auxiliar na proposição de políticas públicas voltadas à prevenção deste problema, mas também no desenvolvimento de formas mais eficientes de intervenção, baseadas nas necessidades específicas apresentadas pelos adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Em meio aos diferentes fatores que devem ser pesquisados, no presente trabalho focalizam-se especificamente aqueles subentendidos sob o conceito de Normas e de Rotina, no referencial da Teoria da Regulação Social e Pessoal da Conduta, cujo autor principal é Marc Le Blanc. Divide-se assim o presente trabalho em dois estudos. O Estudo 1 trata de regulação normativa que opera por meio do mecanismo de socialização, e se refere à internalização, pelo adolescente, das normas sociais de conduta tidas como convencionais, o que promoveria um nível de constrangimento interno capaz de atuar como barreira ao envolvimento em atividades delituosas. Nesse sentido, maior adesão às normas, menos atitudes favoráveis ao comportamento divergente, mais atitudes de respeito a figuras de autoridade, maior percepção de risco de apreensão e menor utilização de técnicas de neutralização das barreiras psicológicas à emissão do comportamento indicariam um maior índice de constrangimento interno e, portanto, uma probabilidade reduzida de se engajar persistentemente em atividades divergentes/infracionais. O objetivo geral deste Estudo foi caracterizar a regulação da conduta em adolescentes pelas normas, no contexto sociocultural brasileiro. Utilizou-se o questionário de Normas proposto por Le Blanc, um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e a Entrevista de Delinquência Autorrevelada. Os dados foram coletados junto a 48 adolescentes Infratores e a 102 Escolares. Os resultados reforçam a importância do aspecto normativo para o melhor entendimento acerca dos fatores que explicam a conduta divergente em adolescentes. No Estudo 2 focalizou-se as atividades de rotina que podem se associar ao comportamento delituoso por meio do mecanismo de aprendizagem, na medida em que as diversas atividades nas quais o adolescente investe seu tempo constituem-se em contexto onde o comportamento divergente/infracional pode ser adquirido e reforçado. De acordo com a literatura, as atividades sem objetivos específicos, acompanhadas por pares de idade e que ocorrem na ausência de alguma figura de autoridade são aquelas que melhor explicam o comportamento delituoso de um adolescente. O objetivo geral deste Estudo foi caracterizar a regulação da conduta pela rotina em adolescentes, no contexto sociocultural brasileiro. Foram utilizados 3 instrumentos: o questionário de Rotina proposto por Le Blanc, um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e a Entrevista de Delinquência Autorrevelada. As análises foram feitas com base nas respostas de 102 adolescentes recrutados em escolas públicas. Os resultados comprovam a relevância das Atividades de Rotina como fator explicativo para o comportamento delituoso, com ênfase para os efeitos provocados pelos Pares, pela Família e pela frequentação de Lugares destinados aos adultos. Em síntese, ambos estudos reforçam a importância dos sistemas de regulação estudados e colocam em pauta a necessidade de outros trabalhos, que possam avançar nas questões apontadas dentro da Regulação pela Rotina e pelas Normas.

Quarter bill book for the Classes of 1798-1815, 1798-1812

Leather hardcover bound volume containing quarter bill tallies for the Classes of 1798-1815 arranged alphabetically and beginning with the bill period ending on February 22, 1798 through the period ending April 2, 1812. After each quarter's tallies, an additional section lists students delinquent in payment, and provides the totals for all students in each of the categories.

Reciprocal Prospective Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and Perceived Relationship With Parents in Early Adolescence

Objective: Adolescent depressive symptoms are associated with difficult family relationships. Family systems and interpersonal theories of depression suggest that this association could reflect a circular process in which symptoms and family functioning affect each other over time. Few longitudinal studies have tested this hypothesis, and the results of these studies have been equivocal. In this study, we examine reciprocal prospective associations in early adolescence between depressive symptoms and 2 important aspects of parent–child relationships: communication and conflict. Methods: Participants were 3862 students who annually filled out self-reports. Path analysis was used to examine prospective associations between depressive symptoms and perceived communication and conflict with parents from the age of 12 to 13 and 14 to 15 years. Independence of these associations was assessed by controlling for family context (parental separation and family socioeconomic status) and adolescent behaviour problems (delinquent behaviours and substance use). Sex differences were evaluated with multiple group analysis. Results: Reciprocal prospective associations were found between depressive symptoms and perceived conflict with parents, but not between depressive symptoms and communication with parents. Depressive symptoms were found to predict poorer communication with parents over time, but communication was not predictive of lower depressive symptoms in subsequent years. All paths were sex-invariant and independent from family context and behaviour problems. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of considering the potential impact of adolescent symptomatology on parent–child relationships and suggests that reciprocity may characterize the association between depressive symptoms and negative aspects of parent–child relationships. The role of adolescent perceptions in the interplay between depressive symptoms and family relationships remains to be clarified.

Wirkungen monetärer Anreize auf Antworten zur eigenen Delinquenz bei postalischer Befragung

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer in dieser Zeitschrift erschienen Studie von Skarbek-Kozietulska, Preisendörfer & Wolter (2012) über die Validität der Antworten straffällig gewordener Befragter aufgegriffen. Die Autoren stellten einen negativen Effekt der Antwortlatenz fest, demzufolge spät Antwortende eher dazu neigen, ihre Straftaten zu leugnen. Die Gründe hierfür vermuten die Autoren in den Eigenheiten der TDM (tailored design method), speziell in wiederholten Nachfassaktionen. Wir untersuchen im Rahmen eines Methodenexperimentes, ob ebenfalls monetäre Anreize als weiterer zentraler Bestandteil der TDM diesen negativen Latenzeffekt für die Antwortbereitschaft verursachen können. Die These, dass der Zusammenhang von Latenz und Validität selbstberichteter Delinquenz über monetäre Anreize moderiert wird, wird dabei empirisch widerlegt.

Reciprocal Prospective Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and Perceived Relationship With Parents in Early Adolescence

Objective: Adolescent depressive symptoms are associated with difficult family relationships. Family systems and interpersonal theories of depression suggest that this association could reflect a circular process in which symptoms and family functioning affect each other over time. Few longitudinal studies have tested this hypothesis, and the results of these studies have been equivocal. In this study, we examine reciprocal prospective associations in early adolescence between depressive symptoms and 2 important aspects of parent–child relationships: communication and conflict. Methods: Participants were 3862 students who annually filled out self-reports. Path analysis was used to examine prospective associations between depressive symptoms and perceived communication and conflict with parents from the age of 12 to 13 and 14 to 15 years. Independence of these associations was assessed by controlling for family context (parental separation and family socioeconomic status) and adolescent behaviour problems (delinquent behaviours and substance use). Sex differences were evaluated with multiple group analysis. Results: Reciprocal prospective associations were found between depressive symptoms and perceived conflict with parents, but not between depressive symptoms and communication with parents. Depressive symptoms were found to predict poorer communication with parents over time, but communication was not predictive of lower depressive symptoms in subsequent years. All paths were sex-invariant and independent from family context and behaviour problems. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of considering the potential impact of adolescent symptomatology on parent–child relationships and suggests that reciprocity may characterize the association between depressive symptoms and negative aspects of parent–child relationships. The role of adolescent perceptions in the interplay between depressive symptoms and family relationships remains to be clarified.

A study of women delinquents in New York state,

Bibliography: p. 531-534.

A guide to the Mental deficiency act, 1913 : containing a legal and general exposition of the act, with suggestions to local authorities, managers and others for the organization and administration of the work dealing with the mental defective /

Mode of access: Internet.

[Census reports] Tenth census. June 1, 1880.

Published also as House, Misc. doc. 42, pt. 1-22, 47th Cong., 2d sess.