Aspirin and folic acid for the prevention of recurrent colorectal adenomas

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Although observational studies have found regular aspirin use to be associated with a reduced risk of colorectal neoplasia, results from randomized trials using aspirin have been inconsistent. Dietary folate intake also has been found to be associated with a reduced risk of colorectal neoplasms in observational studies.

METHODS: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of aspirin (300 mg/day) and folate supplements (0.5 mg/day) to prevent colorectal adenoma recurrence was performed using a 2 x 2 factorial design. All patients had an adenoma (>/=0.5 cm) removed in the 6 months before recruitment and were followed-up at 4-month intervals with a second colonoscopy after approximately 3 years. The primary outcome measure was a colorectal adenoma diagnosed after baseline.

RESULTS: A total of 945 patients were recruited into the study, of whom 853 (90.3%) underwent a second colonoscopy. In total, 99 (22.8%) of 434 patients receiving aspirin had a recurrent adenoma compared with 121 (28.9%) of 419 patients receiving placebo (relative risk, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.99). A total of 104 patients developed an advanced colorectal adenoma; 41 (9.4%) of these were in the aspirin group and 63 (15.0%) were in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.91). Folate supplementation was found to have no effect on adenoma recurrence (relative risk, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.85-1.34).

CONCLUSIONS: Aspirin (300 mg/day) but not folate (0.5 mg/day) use was found to reduce the risk of colorectal adenoma recurrence, with evidence that aspirin could have a significant role in preventing the development of advanced lesions.

Endoscopic tri-modal imaging improves detection of gastric intestinal metaplasia among a high-risk patient population in Singapore

BACKGROUND: Detection of pre-neoplastic gastric mucosal changes and early gastric cancer (EGC) by white-light endoscopy (WLE) is often difficult. In this study we investigated whether combined autofluorescence imaging (AFI) and narrow band imaging (NBI) can improve detection of pre-neoplastic lesions and early gastric cancer in high-risk patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Chinese patients who were 50-years-old or above with dyspepsia were examined by both high-resolution WLE and combined AFI followed by NBI (AFI-NBI), consecutively in a prospective randomized cross-over setting, by two experienced endoscopists. The primary outcome was diagnostic ability of the two methods for patients with pre-neoplastic lesions such as intestinal metaplasia (IM) and mucosal atrophy.

RESULTS: Sixty-five patients were recruited. One patient with large advanced gastric cancer was found and excluded from the analysis. Among the remaining 64 patients, 38 (59%) had IM; of these, 26 (68%) were correctly identified by AFI-NBI (sensitivity 68%, specificity 23%) and only 13 (34%) by WLE (sensitivity 34%, specificity 65%). AFI-NBI detected more patients with IM than did WLE (p=0.011). Thirty-one patients (48%) had mucosal atrophy. Ten patients (32%) were identified by AFI-NBI (sensitivity 32%, specificity 79%) and four patients (13%) by WLE (sensitivity 13%, specificity 88%) (p=0.100). No dysplasia or EGC was found.

CONCLUSION: AFI-NBI identified significantly more patients with IM than did WLE. Our result warrants further studies to define the role of combined AFI-NBI endoscopy for detection of precancerous conditions.

Efeitos imediatos de um Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide na atividade muscular dos eretores espinhais, na dor e na amplitude de flexão, em indivíduos com dor lombar crónica não específica

Introdução: O Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide tem sido sugerido como uma técnica com potenciais benefícios na redução da dor e no aumento da amplitude de flexão lombar em indivíduos com dor lombar. Contudo, não existe evidência sobre esta técnica na atividade muscular dos eretores espinhais. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos imediatos de um Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide na atividade muscular dos eretores espinhais, na intensidade da dor e na amplitude real de flexão lombar, em indivíduos com dor lombar crónica não específica. Métodos: Estudo experimental com uma amostra de 20 estudantes universitários, com dor lombar crónica não específica e com dor à flexão da coluna lombar, que foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos: experimental - Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide e placebo – intervenção placebo. Foram avaliadas a atividade muscular dos eretores espinhais recorrendo à eletromiografia de superfície (bioPLUX research®), a intensidade da dor através da Escala Visual Analógica e a amplitude real de flexão lombar pelo método de duplo inclinómetro (Universal Inclinometer®), antes e após a intervenção, pela análise do movimento de flexão-extensão do tronco. O nível de significância foi de 0,05. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas, em ambos os grupos, para a fase de relaxamento (Grupo experimental: p=0,013 e Grupo placebo: p=0,047), assim como para a fase de extensão, no grupo experimental (p=0,037), verificando-se uma diminuição da atividade muscular da baseline para a avaliação final. A Análise da Covariância revelou que, relativamente à intensidade da dor, verificaram-se diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos (p=0,002), sendo que o grupo experimental diminuiu mais 2cm na Escala Visual Analógica do que o grupo placebo. Pela análise da amplitude real de flexão lombar, embora o aumento não fosse significativamente diferente entre os grupos (p=0,086), o grupo experimental teve mais 1,7º de aumento do que o grupo placebo. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que, a curto prazo, o Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide parece produzir um efeito significativo na diminuição da atividade muscular dos eretores espinhais, durante o movimento dinâmico de extensão do tronco, assim como no alívio da dor. Embora não se tenham observado alterações significativas no aumento da amplitude articular, os resultados no grupo experimental foram superiores à diferença mínima detetável, sugerindo um efeito positivo da técnica aplicada.

Vaniprevir with pegylated interferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized phase II study.

Vaniprevir (MK-7009) is a macrocyclic hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 3/4A protease inhibitor. The aim of the present phase II study was to examine virologic response rates with vaniprevir in combination with pegylated interferon alpha-2a (Peg-IFN-α-2a) plus ribavirin (RBV). In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study, treatment-naïve patients with HCV genotype 1 infection (n = 94) were randomized to receive open-label Peg-IFN-α-2a (180 μg/week) and RBV (1,000-1,200 mg/day) in combination with blinded placebo or vaniprevir (300 mg twice-daily [BID], 600 mg BID, 600 mg once-daily [QD], or 800 mg QD) for 28 days, then open-label Peg-IFN-α-2a and RBV for an additional 44 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was rapid viral response (RVR), defined as undetectable plasma HCV RNA at week 4. Across all doses, vaniprevir was associated with a rapid two-phase decline in viral load, with HCV RNA levels approximately 3 log(10) IU/mL lower in vaniprevir-treated patients, compared to placebo recipients. Rates of RVR were significantly higher in each of the vaniprevir dose groups, compared to the control regimen (68.8%-83.3% versus 5.6%; P < 0.001 for all comparisons). There were numerically higher, but not statistically significant, early and sustained virologic response rates with vaniprevir, as compared to placebo. Resistance profile was predictable, with variants at R155 and D168 detected in a small number of patients. No relationship between interleukin-28B genotype and treatment outcomes was demonstrated in this study. The incidence of adverse events was generally comparable between vaniprevir and placebo recipients; however, vomiting appeared to be more common at higher vaniprevir doses. CONCLUSION: Vaniprevir is a potent HCV protease inhibitor with a predictable resistance profile and favorable safety profile that is suitable for QD or BID administration.

Renal response to the angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 antagonist irbesartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the acute and sustained renal hemodynamic effects on hypertensive patients of 100 mg irbesartan and 20 mg enalapril each once daily. PATIENTS: Twenty patients (aged 35-70 years) with uncomplicated, mild-to-moderate essential hypertension and normal serum creatinine levels completed this study. STUDY DESIGN: After random allocation to treatment (n=10 per group), administration schedule (morning or evening) was determined by further random allocation, with crossover of schedules after 6 weeks' therapy. Treatment and administration assignments were double-blind. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure was monitored before and after 6 and 12 weeks of therapy. Renal hemodynamics were determined on the first day of drug administration and 12 and 24 h after the last dose during chronic treatment. RESULTS: Administration of each antihypertensive agent induced a renal vasodilatation with no significant change in glomerular filtration rate. However, the time course appeared to differ: irbesartan had no significant acute effect 4 h after the first dose, but during chronic administration a renal vasodilatory response was found 12 and 24 h after the dose; enalapril was effective acutely and 12 h after administration, but no residual effect was found 24 h after the dose. Both antihypertensive agents lowered mean ambulatory blood pressure effectively, with no significant difference between treatments or between administration schedules (morning versus evening). CONCLUSIONS: Irbesartan and enalapril have comparable effects on blood pressure and renal hemodynamics in hypertensive patients with normal renal functioning. However, the time profiles of the renal effects appear to differ, which might be important for long-term renoprotective effects.

Acute endotoxemia inhibits microvascular nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in humans.

Nitric oxide (NO) is crucial for the microvascular homeostasis, but its role played in the microvascular alterations during sepsis remains controversial. We investigated NO-dependent vasodilation in the skin microcirculation and plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a potent endogenous inhibitor of the NO synthases, in a human model of sepsis. In this double-blind, randomized, crossover study, microvascular NO-dependent (local thermal hyperemia) and NO-independent vasodilation (post-occlusive reactive hyperemia) assessed by laser Doppler imaging, plasma levels of ADMA, and l-arginine were measured in seven healthy obese volunteers, immediately before and 4 h after either a i.v. bolus injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS; 2 ng/kg) or normal saline (placebo) on two different visits at least 2 weeks apart. LPS caused the expected systemic effects, including increases in heart rate (+43%, P < 0.001), cardiac output (+16%, P < 0.01), and rectal temperature (+1.4°C, P < 0.001), without change in arterial blood pressure. LPS affected neither baseline skin blood flow nor post-occlusive reactive hyperemia but decreased the NO-dependent local thermal hyperemia response, l-arginine, and, to a lesser extent, ADMA plasma levels. The changes in NO-dependent vasodilation were not correlated with the corresponding changes in the plasma levels of ADMA, l-arginine, or the l-arginine/ADMA ratio. Our results show for the first time that experimental endotoxemia in humans causes a specific decrease in endothelial NO-dependent vasodilation in the microcirculation, which cannot be explained by a change in ADMA levels. Microvascular NO deficiency might be responsible for the heterogeneity of tissue perfusion observed in sepsis and could be a therapeutic target.

Demonstration of the effectiveness of zinc in diarrhoea of children living in Switzerland.

We designed a double-blinded randomized clinical trial of zinc (10 or 20 mg of zinc sulphate for 2-5 month-old or 6-59 month-old children, respectively, during 10 days) vs. placebo in otherwise healthy children aged 2 months to 5 years who presented with acute diarrhoea (i.e. ≥3 stools/day for less than 72 h). Eighty-seven patients (median age 14 months; range 3.1-58.3) were analysed in an intention-to-treat approach. Forty-two patients took zinc and 45 placebo. There was no difference in the duration nor in the frequency of diarrhoea, but only 5% of the zinc group still had diarrhoea at 120 h of treatment compared to 20% in the placebo group (P = 0.05). Thirty-one patients (13 zinc and 18 placebo) were available for per-protocol analyses. The median (IQR) duration of diarrhoea in zinc-treated patients was 47.5 h (18.3-72) and differed significantly from the placebo group (median 76.3; IQR 52.8-137) (P = 0.03). The frequency of diarrhoea was also lower in the zinc group (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: zinc treatment decreases the frequency and severity of diarrhoea in children aged 2 months to 5 years living in Switzerland. However, the intention-to-treat analysis reveals compliance issues that question the proper duration of treatment and the choice of optimal pharmaceutical formulation.

Bootstrap for panel data models with an application to the evaluation of public policies

Le but de cette thèse est d étendre la théorie du bootstrap aux modèles de données de panel. Les données de panel s obtiennent en observant plusieurs unités statistiques sur plusieurs périodes de temps. Leur double dimension individuelle et temporelle permet de contrôler l 'hétérogénéité non observable entre individus et entre les périodes de temps et donc de faire des études plus riches que les séries chronologiques ou les données en coupe instantanée. L 'avantage du bootstrap est de permettre d obtenir une inférence plus précise que celle avec la théorie asymptotique classique ou une inférence impossible en cas de paramètre de nuisance. La méthode consiste à tirer des échantillons aléatoires qui ressemblent le plus possible à l échantillon d analyse. L 'objet statitstique d intérêt est estimé sur chacun de ses échantillons aléatoires et on utilise l ensemble des valeurs estimées pour faire de l inférence. Il existe dans la littérature certaines application du bootstrap aux données de panels sans justi cation théorique rigoureuse ou sous de fortes hypothèses. Cette thèse propose une méthode de bootstrap plus appropriée aux données de panels. Les trois chapitres analysent sa validité et son application. Le premier chapitre postule un modèle simple avec un seul paramètre et s 'attaque aux propriétés théoriques de l estimateur de la moyenne. Nous montrons que le double rééchantillonnage que nous proposons et qui tient compte à la fois de la dimension individuelle et la dimension temporelle est valide avec ces modèles. Le rééchantillonnage seulement dans la dimension individuelle n est pas valide en présence d hétérogénéité temporelle. Le ré-échantillonnage dans la dimension temporelle n est pas valide en présence d'hétérogénéité individuelle. Le deuxième chapitre étend le précédent au modèle panel de régression. linéaire. Trois types de régresseurs sont considérés : les caractéristiques individuelles, les caractéristiques temporelles et les régresseurs qui évoluent dans le temps et par individu. En utilisant un modèle à erreurs composées doubles, l'estimateur des moindres carrés ordinaires et la méthode de bootstrap des résidus, on montre que le rééchantillonnage dans la seule dimension individuelle est valide pour l'inférence sur les coe¢ cients associés aux régresseurs qui changent uniquement par individu. Le rééchantillonnage dans la dimen- sion temporelle est valide seulement pour le sous vecteur des paramètres associés aux régresseurs qui évoluent uniquement dans le temps. Le double rééchantillonnage est quand à lui est valide pour faire de l inférence pour tout le vecteur des paramètres. Le troisième chapitre re-examine l exercice de l estimateur de différence en di¤érence de Bertrand, Duflo et Mullainathan (2004). Cet estimateur est couramment utilisé dans la littérature pour évaluer l impact de certaines poli- tiques publiques. L exercice empirique utilise des données de panel provenant du Current Population Survey sur le salaire des femmes dans les 50 états des Etats-Unis d Amérique de 1979 à 1999. Des variables de pseudo-interventions publiques au niveau des états sont générées et on s attend à ce que les tests arrivent à la conclusion qu il n y a pas d e¤et de ces politiques placebos sur le salaire des femmes. Bertrand, Du o et Mullainathan (2004) montre que la non-prise en compte de l hétérogénéité et de la dépendance temporelle entraîne d importantes distorsions de niveau de test lorsqu'on évalue l'impact de politiques publiques en utilisant des données de panel. Une des solutions préconisées est d utiliser la méthode de bootstrap. La méthode de double ré-échantillonnage développée dans cette thèse permet de corriger le problème de niveau de test et donc d'évaluer correctement l'impact des politiques publiques.

Évaluation de l'acquisition de la résistance à la colistine chez Escherichia coli O149 chez le porc.

La diarrhée post-sevrage est une maladie d’importance dans l’industrie porcine et est principalement causée Escherichia coli O149. Le traitement habituellement utilisé est la néomycine. Cependant, en raison de l’antibiorésistance, les vétérinaires se tournent vers la colistine sulfate (CS). La CS lie les lipopolysaccharides (LPS) et provoque un déplacement des cations divalents causant la formation de pores entrainant la mort cellulaire. Le système à deux composantes PmrA/PmrB est le plus incriminé dans la résistance à la colistine en ajoutant un groupement 4-amino-4-déoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) au lipide A des LPS, augmentant ainsi la charge du LPS et diminuant son affinité pour la CS. L’objectif principal est d’évaluer l’acquisition de la résistance à la CS d’E. coli in vitro et dans un modèle in vivo. Nous avons utilisé des souches associées à des cas cliniques d’E. coli O149 et avons créé 22 mutants résistants à la CS. La concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) a été mesurée par une méthode de double dilution et comparée au seuil de résistance. Suite au séquençage des gènes pmrA/pmrB, nous avons identifié sept nouveaux polymorphismes, trois dans PmrA : A80V, N128I, S144G et quatre dans PmrB : V87E, D148Y, D148V et T156M. Pour l’essai in vivo, nous avons suivi une souche expérimentale ETEC:F4 (E. coli O149) et isolé des E. coli de la flore commensale. Le séquençage des gènes pmrA et pmrB de ces isolats a montré un polymorphisme spécifique, G15R et T156M respectivement. Cependant, plusieurs souches récoltées possédaient une résistance à la CS, mais sans polymorphisme de PmrA/PmrB, suggérant d’autre(s) mécanisme(s) de résistance.

Effect of preparation on magnetic properties of Mn-Zn ferrite

Mixed ferrites belonging to the type Mn0.9Zn0.1Fe2O4 have been prepared by the double sintering method and by the chemical co-precipitation for comparing their magnetic properties. Sintered and precipitated ferrites exhibit different characteristics, especially in their magnetic properties like magnetization (Ms), coercive field (Hc) and Curie temperature (Tc). The sintered particles were size reduced in order to compare with the nanosized co-precipitated particles. The effect of grinding has also been studied. Particles have been collected at regular intervals of grinding and their properties have been studied. The increase in the coercive field has been recorded by a hysteresis curve tracer confirming size reduction. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the structure and consequent size reduction

High activity supported gold catalysts by incipient wetness impregnation

It is generally thought that catalysts produced by incipient wetness impregnation (IW) are very poor for low temperature CO oxidation, and that it is necessary to use methods such as deposition-precipitation (DP) to make high activity materials. The former is true, indeed such IW catalysts are poor, and we present reactor data, XPS and TEM analysis which show that this is due to the very negative effect of the chloride anion involved in the preparation, which results in poisoning and excessive sintering of the Au particles. With the DP method, the chloride is largely removed during the preparation and so poisoning and sintering are avoided. However, we show here that, contrary to previous considerations, high activity catalysts can indeed be prepared by the incipient wetness method, if care is taken to remove the chloride ion during the process. This is achieved by using the double impregnation method (DIM). In this a double impregnation of chloroauric acid and a base are made to precipitate out gold hydroxide within the pores of the catalyst, followed by limited washing. This results in a much more active catalyst, which is active for CO oxidation at ambient temperature. The results for DIM and DP are compared, and it is proposed that the DIM method may represent an environmentally and economically more favorable route to high activity gold catalyst production. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Two additions to Lucas's "inflation and welfare"

This work adds to Lucas (2000) by providing analytical solutions to two problems that are solved only numerically by the author. The first part uses a theorem in control theory (Arrow' s sufficiency theorem) to provide sufficiency conditions to characterize the optimum in a shopping-time problem where the value function need not be concave. In the original paper the optimality of the first-order condition is characterized only by means of a numerical analysis. The second part of the paper provides a closed-form solution to the general-equilibrium expression of the welfare costs of inflation when the money demand is double logarithmic. This closed-form solution allows for the precise calculation of the difference between the general-equilibrium and Bailey's partial-equilibrium estimates of the welfare losses due to inflation. Again, in Lucas's original paper, the solution to the general-equilibrium-case underlying nonlinear differential equation is done only numerically, and the posterior assertion that the general-equilibrium welfare figures cannot be distinguished from those derived using Bailey's formula rely only on numerical simulations as well.

O rateio de ICMS por desempenho de municípios no Ceará e seu impacto em indicadores do sistema de avaliação da educação

De todo ICMS arrecadado pelos estados brasileiros, 25% é distribuído aos municípios. Os estados são responsáveis por definir as regras de distribuição de 25% destes 25% do ICMS que é transferido aos municípios, os outros 75% seguem o critério do Valor Adicionado Fiscal. Alguns estados alteraram suas leis para que a distribuição seja realizada em função do desempenho dos municípios em algumas áreas com o intuito de incentiva-lo a melhorarem sua performance em busca de uma maior fatia do ICMS. Seguindo esta lógica está o estado do Ceará onde 100% do ICMS distribuído segundo regras estaduais é calculado a partir do desempenho dos municípios em indicadores de resultado nas áreas da educação (72%), saúde (20%) e meio ambiente (8%). Este estudo tem como objetivo estimar o efeito que a mudança da Lei de distribuição do ICMS do Ceará teve em indicadores de resultado da área da educação: IDEB e Prova Brasil. Para tanto, foi utilizado o método da Dupla Diferença por meio da construção de grupos de controle e tratamento. Assim, comparou-se a evolução do desempenho, anteriormente e posteriormente à mudança, de municípios cearenses com municípios parecidos de estados vizinhos, porém, não submetidos a mesma regra de distribuição de ICMS. De forma complementar, foram feitas outras duas analises separando os municípios do estado do Ceará entre ganhadores e perdedores de recursos de ICMS com a mudança na Lei e entre os detentores dos melhores e piores desempenhos de PIB per capita. Os resultados apontam impactos positivos no desempenho dos municípios cearenses tanto no IDEB quanto na Prova Brasil. Mesmo os municípios que perderam recursos com mudança das regras de distribuição de ICMS, melhoraram sua performance na educação. Os municípios mais pobres do estado, que apresentam desempenho pior do que os municípios mais ricos, aumentaram o desempenho reduzindo a diferença de proficiência se comparada aos municípios mais ricos. Neste sentido, há indícios de que a mudança na Lei do ICMS implementada pelo estado do Ceará gerou impactos positivos no desempenho dos municípios no IDEB e na Prova Brasil.

Três ensaios em economia da educação

Essa tese é composta por três artigos na área de Economia da Educação que buscam investigar a questão do ensino médio técnico no Brasil. O primeiro e segundo artigos se inserem na literatura de avaliação de impacto dos tipos de ensino médio realizado, o de formação geral ou técnica, sobre os resultados do mercado de trabalho. Esse é um tema cada vez mais explorado em estudos empíricos internacionais, mas que ainda merece atenção dos pesquisadores no Brasil, seja para preencher lacunas no que se refere à identificação do efeito causal dessa política, seja porque o ensino técnico profissionalizante tenha se tornado alvo de maiores investimentos públicos nos últimos anos. Dessa forma, os dois artigos têm o propósito de estimar o efeito causal das habilidades técnicas adquiridas nos cursos técnicos de nível médio sobre os salários dos trabalhadores, no entanto se diferem pela fonte de dados utilizada. No primeiro artigo são utilizados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (IBGE) de 2007 e nossa contribuição está na estratégia de identificação do efeito causal, ao resolver o problema de auto seleção com o método de duplas diferenças (DD). Diversos testes de robustez foram realizados para dar suporte ao impacto positivo e estatisticamente significante que encontramos das habilidades técnicas sobre os salários, embora este seja restrito ao subgrupo de trabalhadores com no máximo o ensino médio completo. No segundo artigo foram utilizadas duas fontes de dados ainda não exploradas para esse fim, os microdados do ENEM (Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio) entre os anos de 2004 e 2006 e os dados da RAIS (Relação Anual de Informações Sociais) de 2009 a 2012 identificados por indivíduo (CPF). Por ser possível observar as notas dos jovens ao final do ensino médio, conseguimos separar os impactos do ensino médio técnico nos salários relacionados às habilidades técnicas específicas obtidas nos cursos técnicos, daqueles relacionados às habilidades gerais dos indivíduos (cognitivas ou não). Implementamos a estratégia de duplas diferenças e mais uma vez encontramos impacto positivo sobre os salários anuais dos jovens que concluíram o ensino médio técnico. Dessa vez nossos resultados são positivos tanto para os jovens que pararam seus estudos no ensino médio como para aqueles que concluíram o ensino superior. Verificamos a existência de heterogeneidade do efeito por região do país e nos quartis de distribuição de notas médias por escola no ENEM, indicando que os efeitos são crescentes com a qualidade oferecida pelas escolas. O terceiro artigo tem por objetivo estudar o mercado de trabalho no que diz respeito às ocupações tipicamente preenchidas por profissionais com nível médio técnico e analisar os diferenciais de salários dessas ocupações. A partir das ideias desenvolvidas no estudo, almejamos que ele seja orientador de políticas que relacionem educação técnica com demandas do mercado, com a finalidade de melhorar o matching entre formação e emprego. Entre as contribuições deste artigo estão a identificação e classificação das ocupações típicas de nível médio técnico pelo diferencial de salários, a correspondência entre as ocupações e as formações técnicas, a análise da atual oferta de vagas nos cursos correspondentes e o destaque para os cursos que parecem necessitar de maiores investimentos para o suprir as necessidades de mais profissionais.