871 resultados para DIAZ LOZANO, ARGENTINA, 1914-2000


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Investigación sobre la actividad legislativa que se encuentra en el trasfondo de las reformas al Código Penal argentino. El período analizado comprende los años 2000-2009. A través de proyectos de ley y dictámenes de comisiones de las cámaras del Congreso de la Nación se analiza el proceso de creación de las leyes, y las representaciones de violencia e inseguridad que tienen los legisladores. Así, pueden desentrañarse diversas categorías de violencia, derechos, bienes tutelados y el rol de la política criminal en un Estado de derecho

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Fil: Ospital, María Silvia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

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Este artículo traza un breve panorama del proceso de desarrollo de la vitivinicultura capitalista en Mendoza y luego, utilizando diversas fuentes primarias y secundarias, determina la composición del mercado de trabajo vitivinícola y su evolución cuantitativa y cualitativa. La introducción de equipamiento técnico de avanzada obligó a la capacitación de la mano de obra con mejoras en los ingresos de los asalariados. Este mercado se complejizó con el tiempo y aparecieron múltiples jerarquías, desde el peón al enólogo o director técnico de las bodegas, pasando por los contratistas de viñas o los capataces. Muchos trabajadores ascendieron socialmente y se convirtieron en empresarios, en itinerarios que respondieron a diversas estrategias rastreables en las fuentes. Finalmente, las condiciones laborales que tuvieron los trabajadores muestran la precariedad en la que se desenvolvían y la indefensión en la que estaban inmersos por la ausencia de colectivos gremiales que asumieran la representación del trabajo frente al capital.

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El objetivo de esta ponencia es analizar el funcionamiento del mercado de tierras privadas ejidales y de colonias cuando la provincia de Buenos Aires estaba impulsando la mayor expansión territorial del siglo y recibía un importante flujo de inmigrantes, entre 1860 y la primera guerra mundial. Enfocaremos nuestra indagación en los partidos de Chascomús y Junín. Ya hemos estudiado el mercado de tierras de campos y estancias en los partidos elegidos y también hemos comparado esos datos con el único trabajo que se ocupa de un ejido en la provincia (Mercedes), cuyos resultados nos indican un comportamiento diferente en los actores y en la conformación del mercado, nos parece pertinente estudiar el impacto que tuvieron en las transacciones y en la formación del precio el crecimiento demográfico, los cambios institucionales, las políticas públicas sobre tierras (especialmente las relacionadas con las colonias y la expansión de los ejidos). De esta manera podremos estimar las interrelaciones entre los mercados en campos de grandes dimensiones y los más reducidos de los ejidos y colonias

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Fil: Gutiérrez, Talía Violeta. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

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La reseña del presente libro brinda un panorama de lo acontecido con los mercados de tierras en diferentes provincias -Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Córdoba, Santa Fe, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero y Mendoza- entre los años 1780 y 1914. La investigación realizada por los autores permite observar variables que condicionaron el desarrollo diferenciado de los mercados en las provincias estudiadas. Entre ellas, las posibilidades y estrategias de expansión y consolidación territorial llevadas adelante por los gobiernos provinciales, el proceso de enajenación de tierras públicas (que perseguía diferentes objetivos, entre los cuales se destaca la urgencia de recursos económicos), y el modo en que este accionar del Estado afectó las transacciones entre privados

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En el siguiente trabajo presentamos un estudio multidimensional sobre la conceptualización de los pueblos originarios que han constituido los medios de prensa escrita en Mendoza durante la primera década del siglo XX. Para llevarlo a cabo acudimos al Archivo de Hemeroteca de la Biblioteca General San Martín de la Ciudad de Mendoza, teniendo como referencia al Diario Los Andes, principal periódico de la provincia, creado en 1882 y vigente en la actualidad. El objetivo del estudio es la identificación de las distintas formas de construcción conceptual sobre los pueblos etnográficos del actual territorio argentino que difundió dicho diario, y del modo en que dichos artículos periodísticos jugaron un rol activo en relación con el proceso de construcción de alteridad sociocultural y la legitimación de las políticas etnocidas implementadas por las clases dominantes.

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Introducción Durante muchos años los historiadores no se preguntaban mucho por el proceso de formación de la clase obrera en Argentina y quizás no  demasiado tampoco en otros lugares. Constatar la existencia de trabajadores que vendían su fuerza de trabajo a cambio de un salario; de huelgas y luchas sociales y de organizaciones sindicales y políticas que se arreglaban su representación, aparecían como datos más que suficientes para dar por descontada la presencia de la clase obrera. Menos  aun la indagación parecía necesaria para esos historiadores en la medida que la mayoría de ellos eran al mismo tiempo militantes de las tendencias del movimiento.

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Background Non-fatal health outcomes from diseases and injuries are a crucial consideration in the promotion and monitoring of individual and population health. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies done in 1990 and 2000 have been the only studies to quantify non-fatal health outcomes across an exhaustive set of disorders at the global and regional level. Neither effort quantified uncertainty in prevalence or years lived with disability (YLDs). Methods Of the 291 diseases and injuries in the GBD cause list, 289 cause disability. For 1160 sequelae of the 289 diseases and injuries, we undertook a systematic analysis of prevalence, incidence, remission, duration, and excess mortality. Sources included published studies, case notification, population-based cancer registries, other disease registries, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, hospital discharge data, ambulatory care data, household surveys, other surveys, and cohort studies. For most sequelae, we used a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR, designed to address key limitations in descriptive epidemiological data, including missing data, inconsistency, and large methodological variation between data sources. For some disorders, we used natural history models, geospatial models, back-calculation models (models calculating incidence from population mortality rates and case fatality), or registration completeness models (models adjusting for incomplete registration with health-system access and other covariates). Disability weights for 220 unique health states were used to capture the severity of health loss. YLDs by cause at age, sex, country, and year levels were adjusted for comorbidity with simulation methods. We included uncertainty estimates at all stages of the analysis. Findings Global prevalence for all ages combined in 2010 across the 1160 sequelae ranged from fewer than one case per 1 million people to 350 000 cases per 1 million people. Prevalence and severity of health loss were weakly correlated (correlation coefficient −0·37). In 2010, there were 777 million YLDs from all causes, up from 583 million in 1990. The main contributors to global YLDs were mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes or endocrine diseases. The leading specific causes of YLDs were much the same in 2010 as they were in 1990: low back pain, major depressive disorder, iron-deficiency anaemia, neck pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety disorders, migraine, diabetes, and falls. Age-specific prevalence of YLDs increased with age in all regions and has decreased slightly from 1990 to 2010. Regional patterns of the leading causes of YLDs were more similar compared with years of life lost due to premature mortality. Neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and anaemia were important causes of YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Rates of YLDs per 100 000 people have remained largely constant over time but rise steadily with age. Population growth and ageing have increased YLD numbers and crude rates over the past two decades. Prevalences of the most common causes of YLDs, such as mental and behavioural disorders and musculoskeletal disorders, have not decreased. Health systems will need to address the needs of the rising numbers of individuals with a range of disorders that largely cause disability but not mortality. Quantification of the burden of non-fatal health outcomes will be crucial to understand how well health systems are responding to these challenges. Effective and affordable strategies to deal with this rising burden are an urgent priority for health systems in most parts of the world. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6–6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0–65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0–71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9–5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5–59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7–64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3–7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6–29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non–communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition—in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden—is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions.