Estudo agronômico de fáfia (Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen: sazonalidade na produção de raízes e conteúdo de' Beta'- ecdisona em diferentes acessos de São Paulo, Paraná e Mato Grosso do Sul

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA

Quantificação de citocinas no soro e homogenato da pata na intoxicação experimental com veneno de Bothropoides jararaca em ratos Wistar tratados com soroterapia e Mikania glomerata

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mikania glomerata Sprengel (Asteraceae) influences the mutagenicity induced by doxorubicin without altering liver lipid peroxidation or antioxidant levels

As shown in numerous studies, natural compounds may exert adverse effects, mainly when associated with some drugs. The hydroalcoholic extract of Mikania glomerata is the pharmaceutical form present in commercially available syrup used for the treatment of respiratory diseases in popular Brazilian medicine. The objective of the present investigation was (1) to evaluate the preventive effects of standardized hydroalcoholic extract of M. glomerata (MEx) against antitumoral drug doxorubicin (DXR)-induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in a subchronic assay in mice, and (2) to determine the liver content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antioxidants glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E (VE). Male Swiss mice were treated for 30 d with MEx added to drinking water, combined or not with DXR (90 mg/kg body weight) injected intraperitoneally (ip) 24 h before analysis. The results demonstrated that MEx produced no genotoxic damage, but significantly increased the frequency of MNPCE induced by DXR, indicating a drug-drug interaction. This rise was not accompanied by lipid peroxidation or antioxidants level reduction, as measured by MDA, GSH, and VE. Despite the presence of coumarin (a known antioxidant), MEx may exert adverse effects probably in association with mutagenic compounds, although this effect on DNA damage did not involve oxidative stress.

Produção de B-ecdisona em Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen em função da adubação orgânica em 6 épocas de crescimento.

2009

Phytosociological survey on the Lusitan-Extremadurean grasslands of Dactylis hispanica subsp. lusitanica (Stebbins & D.Zohary) Rivas-Mart. & Izco

Deeply connected with forest serial dynamics, and present in almost semi-natural landscapes of Iberian Peninsula, Dactylis hispanica subsp. lusitanica perennial grasslands antalis a major issue on biogeographical analysis, once it lacks on syntaxonomical solutions for its affiliation and respective positioning on serial dynamics of distinct territories, which edaphoclimatic envelopes suggest different floristic assemblages. Mainly part of Agrostion castellanae-Stipion giganteae alliance, the Lusitan-Extremadurean grasslands were studied, with the objective of updating that biogeographic Province, and several phytosociological relevés were made, allowing the syntaxonomical update as well to resolve the serial-dynamics arrangement where this peculiar grasslands makes part of. At last this communities belong to priority 6220 [*Pseudo-stepe with grasses and annuals (Thero-Brachypodietea)], habitat that interests as well for conservational matters, due to its peculiar flora.

Caracterização cromatográfica do extrato fluido de Mikania glomerata Sprengel.

Amostras de extrato fluido de guaco - Mikania glomerata Sprengel provenientes de drogas referentes aos 12 meses do ano, foram analisadas comparativamente com vistas a obtenção de perfil cromatográfico, ao lado de padrões de cumarina, ácido cinamoil grandiflórico e ácido caurenóico. Diversos sistemas cromatográficos foram empregados. Como fases estacionárias foram empregadas sílica gelG-GO e sílica gel GF; como fases móveis: heptano: acetona 10:30; benzeno: acetona: acetato de etila 15:3:2; benzeno: acetato de etila 19:1; clorofórmio; acetato de etila: 7:3 e como reveladoers: reativo sulfovanílico: anisaldeído; solução de hidróxido de sódio 5%. A observação dos cromatogramas foi feita à luz natural e à luz UV de 254 e 366 nm. Foram observadas as presenças de pelo menos 18 substâncias no extrato fluido entre as quais as usadas como padrão. O ácido caurenóico não aparece como mancha extinção quando observado à luz UV em camada de sílica gel GF. Revelado com reativo sulfovanílico inicialmente apresenta coloração amarela a qual passa a violeta, roxa e, finalmente branco-leitosa. O sistema cromatográfico que melhor se presta a caracterização do extrato de guaco e constituído de: fase móvel: sílica gel 60; fase estacionária: clorofórmio: acetato etila 7:3; revelador hidróxido de sódio a 5%. Neste sistema, após revelação e observação a luz UV, aparecem 5 manchas no extrato entre as quais a de maior intensidade e a correspondente a cumarina que apresenta coloração amarelo esverdeado.

Caracterização cromatográfica em camada delgada do extrato fluido de guaco: Mikania glomerata Sprengel.

As frações hexanicas, clorofórmicas, em acetato de etila e etanólica do extrato fluido de guaco - Mikania glomerata foram analisadas por cromatografia em camada delgada frente a padrões de ácido caurenóico, ácido cinamoilgrandiflorico, estigmasterol e cumarina visando o estabelecimento de perfil cromatográfico que permita identificar este insumo farmacêutico.

Phylogenetic analyses of Cladophora vagabunda (L.) C. Hoek (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) from Brazil based on SSU rDNA sequences

The complete SSU rDNA was sequenced for 10 individuals of Cladophora vagabunda collected along the coast of Brazil. For C. rupestris (L.) Kütz. a partial SSU rDNA sequence (1634 bp) was obtained. Phylogenetic trees indicate that Cladophora is paraphyletic, but the section Glomeratae sensu lato including C. vagabunda from Brazil, Japan and France, C. albida (Nees) Kütz., C. sericea (Hudson) Kütz., and C. glomerata (L.) Kütz. is monophyletic. Within this group C. vagabunda is paraphyletic. The sequence identity for the SSU rDNA varied from 98.9% to 100% for the Brazilian C. vagabunda, and from 98.3% to 99.7% comparing the Brazilian individuals to the ones from France and Japan. Sequence identity of the Brazilian C. vagabunda to C. albida and C. sericea vary from 98.0% to 98.6%. The SSU rDNA phylogeny support partially the morphological characteristics presented by Brazilian populations of C. vagabunda. On the other hand, C. rupestris from Brazil does not group with C. rupestris from France, both sequences presenting only 96.9% of identity. The inclusion of sequences of individuals from Brazil reinforces the need of taxonomical revision for the genus Cladophora and for the complex C. vagabunda.

pH do meio de cultivo e crescimento de plântulas de ginseng brasileiro cultivadas in vitro

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do pH do meio de cultivo sobre alguns parâmetros de crescimento da Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen cultivada in vitro, bem como checar se o crescimento dos explantes altera o pH do meio ao longo do período de cultivo. Foram testados quatro tratamentos constituídos de distintos valores de pH (3,7; 5,0; 6,0 e 7,5) do meio de cultivo. O pH do meio de cultivo foi ajustado antes da inclusão do agar (6g L-1 - Merck) e da autoclavagem. Como fonte de explantes foram utilizadas segmentos nodais de plantas previamente estabelecidas in vitro em meio MS. Dos nove aos 15 dias após a inoculação (DAI) dos segmentos nodais, verificou-se maior número de raízes em pH 6,0 e o menor no pH 7,5. Aos 35 DAI, o comprimento da maior brotação e o número total de segmentos nodais por planta foram maiores em torno de pH 6,0. Aos 35 DAI, observou-se menor crescimento em biomassa de raízes em pH 3,7. Já a parte aérea apresentou menor biomassa em pH 7,5. Aos 35 DAI, a produção de matéria fresca e seca total da plântula foi maior em pH próximo a 6,0. Concluiu-se que valores de pH do meio de cultivo próximos a 6,0, ajustados antes da autoclavagem, são ideais para o crescimento da P. glomerata cultivada in vitro. Também se verificou que o crescimento da plântula modificou significativamente o pH do meio de cultivo.

From Midden to Sieve: The Impact of Differential Recovery and Quantification Techniques on Interpretations of Shellfish Remains in Australian Coastal Archaeology

Experimental mechanical sieving methods are applied to samples of shellfish remains from three sites in southeast Queensland, Seven Mile Creek Mound, Sandstone Point and One-Tree, to test the efficacy of various recovery and quantification procedures commonly applied to shellfish assemblages in Australia. There has been considerable debate regarding the most appropriate sieve sizes and quantification methods that should be applied in the recovery of vertebrate faunal remains. Few studies, however, have addressed the impact of recovery and quantification methods on the interpretation of invertebrates, specifically shellfish remains. In this study, five shellfish taxa representing four bivalves (Anadara trapezia, Trichomya hirsutus, Saccostrea glomerata, Donax deltoides) and one gastropod (Pyrazus ebeninus) common in eastern Australian midden assemblages are sieved through 10mm, 6.3mm and 3.15mm mesh. Results are quantified using MNI, NISP and weight. Analyses indicate that different structural properties and pre- and postdepositional factors affect recovery rates. Fragile taxa (T. hirsutus) or those with foliated structure (S. glomerata) tend to be overrepresented by NISP measures in smaller sieve fractions, while more robust taxa (A. trapezia and P. ebeninus) tend to be overrepresented by weight measures. Results demonstrate that for all quantification methods tested a 3mm sieve should be used on all sites to allow for regional comparability and to effectively collect all available information about the shellfish remains.

Specificity of PCR and in situ hybridization assays designed for detection of Marteilia sydneyi and M-refringens

Primers and DNA probes designed for use in the specific detection of the paramyxean parasites Marteilia sydneyi and Marteilia refringens were tested for their potential to cross-react with closely related species in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization. PCR primers and a DNA probe designed within the ITS1 rRNA of M. sydneyi were specific for M. sydneyi when compared with related species of Marteilia and Marteilioides. PCR primers designed within the 18S rRNA of M. refringens were specific in the detection of this species in PCR while a DNA probe (named Smart 2) designed on the same gene cross-reacted with M. sydneyi in tissue sections of Saccostrea glomerata as well as Marteilioides sp. infecting Striostrea mytiloides. Though not species specific, the Smart 2 probe provided a stronger signal in detection of all stages of M. sydneyi than the ITS1 probe. The ITS probe is proposed for use as a confirmatory diagnostic too] for M. sydneyi.

Persistencia, producción y utilización de pasturas perennes en el centro-sur de la provincia de Córdoba

La producción ganadera sobre pasturas perennes es la alternativa más factible para elevar los rendimientos de los sistemas agrícola-ganadero. Esto permitiría disminuir costos al no requerir siembras anuales, obtener una oferta forrajera más estable a lo largo del año, incrementar la producción secundaria mediante el aumento de la carga animal y mejorar los rendimientos agrícolas por la modificación de las condiciones físicas y químicas del suelo, protegiéndolo en una región muy susceptible a la erosión hídrica y eólica. Las especies perenne integrantes de las praderas de mayor difusión en la región son: alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) entre las leguminosas y los géneros Festuca, Elitrigia, Bromus y Dactylis de las gramíneas perennes de ciclo otoño-invierno-primaveral. Sin embargo, presentan serios problemas de persistencia y producción con un importante déficit de la oferta forrajera en el período invernal. Hipótesis: En la persistencia y producción de pasturas perennes existen factores climáticos, edáficos, sanitarios y de manejo de la defoliación con diferentes niveles jerárquicos, ya sea por su participación individual o interactuando entre sí. Objetivo General: Estudiar y analizar los efectos de diferentes factores productivos sobre la persistencia y producción de pasturas perennes con el fin de jerarquizar cada uno de ellos. Objetivos Específicos: - Determinar los efectos de algunos factores climáticos, edáficos y de manejo del cultivo sobre la persistencia y producción de alfalfa. - Evaluar distintos regímenes de defoliación en gramíneas perennes de ciclo otoño-invierno-primaveral y relacionarlos con la persistencia y producción invernal. - Analizar en pasturas consociadas base alfalfa el efecto de la carga animal sobre algunos parámetros edáficos, el comportamiento de cada uno de los componentes de la pastura y la producción secundaria. Para el cumplimiento de los objetivos se propone la ejecución de tres subproyectos: * Subproyecto I: Producción y persistencia de praderas consociadas base alfalfa. * Subproyecto II: Manejo de la defoliación de gramíneas perennes de ciclo otoño-invierno-primaveral. * Subproyecto III: Respuesta animal, producción y persistencia de una pastura base alfalfa con tres niveles de carga.

Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake venom: I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities

We have observed that several plants used popularly as anti-snake venom show anti-inflammatory activity. From the list prepared by Rizzini, Mors and Pereira some species have been selected and tested for analgesic activity (number of contortions) and anti-inflammatory activity (Evans blue dye diffusion - 1% solution) according to Whittle's technique (intraperitoneal administration of 0.1 N-acetic acid 0.1 ml/10 g) in mice. Previous oral administration of a 10% infusion (dry plant) or 20% (fresh plant) corresponding to 1 or 2 g/Kg of Apuleia leiocarpa, Casearia sylvestris, Brunfelsia uniflora, Chiococca brachiata, Cynara scolymus, Dorstenia brasiliensis, Elephantopus scaber, Marsypianthes chamaedrys, Mikania glomerata and Trianosperma tayuya demonstrated analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory activities of varied intensity

Screening of some plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases

Extracts of 13 Brazilian medicinal plants were screened for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts. Of these, 10 plant extracts showed varied levels of antibacterial activity. Piper regnellii presented a good activity against Staphylococus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, a moderate activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a weak activity against Escherichia coli. Punica granatum showed good activity on S. aureus and was inactive against the other standard strains. Eugenia uniflora presented moderate activity on both S. aureus and E. coli. Psidium guajava,Tanacetum vulgare, Arctium lappa, Mikania glomerata, Sambucus canadensis, Plantago major and Erythrina speciosa presented some degree of antibacterial activity. Spilanthes acmella, Lippia alba, and Achillea millefolium were considered inactive. Five of the plant extracts presented compounds with Rf values similar to the antibacterial compounds visible on bioautogram. Of these, three plants belong to the Asteraceae family. This may mean that the same compounds are responsible for the antibacterial activity in these plants. Anticandidal activity was detected in nine plant extracts (P. guajava, E. uniflora, P. granatum, A. lappa, T. vulgare, M. glomerata, L. alba, P. regnellii, and P. major). The results might explain the ethnobotanical use of the studied species for the treatment of various infectious diseases.

Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases

Searches for substances with antimicrobial activity are frequent, and medicinal plants have been considered interesting by some researchers since they are frequently used in popular medicine as remedies for many infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to verify the synergism between 13 antimicrobial drugs and 8 plant extracts - "guaco" (Mikania glomerata), guava (Psidium guajava), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), garlic (Allium sativum), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), "carqueja" (Baccharis trimera), and mint (Mentha piperita) - against Staphylococcus aureus strains, and for this purpose, the disk method was the antimicrobial susceptibility test performed. Petri dishes were prepared with or without dilution of plant extracts at sub-inhibitory concentrations in Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA), and the inhibitory zones were recorded in millimeters. In vitro anti-Staphylococcus aureus activities of the extracts were confirmed, and synergism was verified for all the extracts; clove, guava, and lemongrass presented the highest synergism rate with antimicrobial drugs, while ginger and garlic showed limited synergistic capacity.