927 resultados para Développement psychosocial
Resumo:
Résumé : Des événements traumatiques précoces peuvent favoriser le développement ultérieur de psychopathologies telles que les troubles anxieux ou dépressifs. Dans quelle mesure ces événements influencent-ils la réaction d'un sujet à un stress aigu ? Objectif : comparer la prévalence de troubles psychiatriques et déterminer la différence de réaction au stress à l'âge adulte de femmes ayant ou non subi un traumatisme de type abus sexuel dans leur enfance. Participants : 46 femmes âgées de 22 à 48 ans recrutées entre juin 2004 et juillet 2006 réparties en 2 groupes (groupe contrôle de 16 sujets, groupe traumatisé de 30 sujets). L'étude se déroule dans l'Unité de recherche du SUPEA, rue du Bugnon 25A, 1005 Lausanne. Mesures : hormone adrenocorticotropiqué (ACTI-I), cortisol plasmatique et salivaire, fréquence cardiaque au cours du TSST (test psychosocial de stress standardisé), réponses aux questionnaires standardisés VAS (visual analog scale) et MDBF (Mehrdimensionale Befindlichkeitsfragebogen), MINI (mini international neuropsychiatric interview), ETI (early trauma inventory). Les différences de cóncentration d'ACTH et de cortisol, du rythme cardiaque, et des réponses aux questionnaires VAS et MDBF entre des groupes contrôle et abus ont été analysés (ANOVA, ANalysis Of VAriance). Lorsque les résultats montraient une grande hétérogénéité, nous .avons également appliqué les tests de Mann-Whitney et de Kruskal-Wallis: Résultats principaux : les personnes abusées dans leur enfance souffrent à l'âge adulte plus fréquemment de troubles psychiatriques selon les critères du MINI DSM-IV. Ces personnes réagissent fortement au stress, mais seules leurs réponses subjectives montrent des différences significatives par rapport à un groupe de contrôle.
Resumo:
Long-term implications of the exposure to traumatizing experiences during childhood or adolescence, such as sexual abuse, or cancer, have been documented, namely the subjects' response to an acute stress in adulthood. Several indicators of the stress response have been considered (e.g. cortisol, heart rate). Oxytocin (OT) response to an acute stress of individuals exposed to trauma has not been documented. Eighty subjects (n=26 women who had experienced episodes of child abuse, n=25 men and women healthy survivors of cancer in childhood or adolescence, and 29 controls) have been submitted to a laboratory session involving an experimental stress challenge, the Trier social stress test. Overall, there was a clear OT response to the psychosocial challenge. Subjects having experienced a childhood/adolescence life-threatening illness had higher mean levels of OT than both abused and control subjects. There was a moderate negative relationship between OT and salivary cortisol. It is suggested that an acute stress stimulates OT secretion, and that the exposure to enduring life-threatening experiences in childhood/adolescence has long-lasting consequences regarding the stress system and connected functions, namely the activation of OT secretion. Better knowledge of such long-term implications is important so that to prevent dysregulations of the stress responses, which have been shown to be associated to the individual's mental health.
Resumo:
Notre étude consiste en une recherche longitudinale pour laquelle une cohorte d'élèves a été suivie depuis la Grande Section de l'école maternelle française (élèves de 5-6 ans) jusqu'au Cours Élémentaire 1re année de l'école élémentaire française (élèves de 7-8 ans) dans des situations ordinaires de classe. À ces niveaux scolaires, l'un des principaux objectifs du curriculum est l'apprentissage de la lecture. Nous considérons que l'élève construit les compétences de lecture à acquérir, i.e. les compétences caractérisant son développement potentiel, en s'appuyant sur les compétences caractérisant son développement actuel (Vygotski, 1934/1997). Lorsqu'il apprend à lire, l'élève a à sa disposition des moyens sémiotiques relatifs à la connaissance des objets et leurs usages, ainsi qu'aux gestes et leur signification (Moro & Rodriguez, 2005), ce que nous appelons globalement la matérialité. En conséquence, dans cette recherche, nous faisons l'hypothèse que ces premières habiletés relatives à la matérialité, constituent une ressource dans les situations d'enseignement- apprentissage de la lecture. Nous réalisons une étude de cas dont le recueil des données, à caractère ethnographique, est constitué de moments de classe enregistrés en vidéo, et ce, quatre fois par année scolaire. Ces douze enregistrements vidéo sont complétés par deux entretiens semi-directifs et un entretien d'auto- confrontation ; ils sont aussi mis en lien avec les Instructions officielles (programmes scolaires). L'analyse est à la fois macrogénétique et microgénétique. Pour chaque observation, concernant l'analyse macrogénétique, nous réalisons le synopsis à partir duquel nous sélectionnons des épisodes significatifs porteurs de matérialité. Les épisodes significatifs sont constitués des événements remarquables dont les analyses microgénétiques nécessitent l'utilisation d'outils, à savoir les tableaux des matérialités et les photogrammes. Notre étude montre que la matérialité permet aux élèves de devenir lecteurs et que les formes de cette matérialité changent en fonction de l'avancée des acquisitions des élèves et des dimensions de la lecture (code et compréhension) à apprendre. - Our research consists of a longitudinal study in which one group of pupils in ordinary classroom situations has been followed from the top level of French pre-elementary school (5- to 6 year-old pupils) to the second level of French primary school (7- to 8 year-old pupils). For these three school grades, one of the main objectives in the curriculum is learning to read. We consider that pupils build their new reading skills, i.e. the skills characterizing their potential development, by relying on skills characterizing their actual development (Vygotski, 1934/1997). When learning to read, pupils yet have at their disposal semiotic abilities related to knowledge both of material objects and their uses, and of basic gestures and their meaning (Moro & Rodriguez, 2005), all of this we sum up under the term of materiality. Consequently, in our research, we make the hypothesis that the children's basic abilities related to materiality constitute a resource in teaching-learning situations. We have chosen to carry out a case study. The data collected consist of videos of class sequences carried out four times a year for three years. These twelve videos are supplemented by two semi- structured interviews with the teacher, one "self-confronting" interview in which the teacher is brought to discuss her actions and by the analysis of the ministry's school curricula. Our analysis is both macrogenetic and microgenetic. For each teaching sequence, on the level of macrogenetic analysis, we have made up the synopsis from which we have selected significant episodes in terms of materiality. The significant episodes are composed of remarkable events the microgenetic analysis of which requires the use of tools such as materiality boards and photograms. Our study shows that materiality enables pupils to develop reading skills and that the forms that materiality takes on change according to the pupils' acquisition progress and the aspects of reading (code and comprehension) still to be learned.
Resumo:
Gifted children develop asynchronously, often advanced for their age cognitively, but at or between their chronological and mental ages socially and emotionally (Robinson, 2008). In order to help gifted children and adolescents develop and practice social and emotional self-regulation skills, we investigated the use of an Adlerian play therapy approach during pen-and-paper role-playing games. Additionally, we used Goffman's (1961, 1974) social role identification and distance to encourage participants to experiment with new identities. Herein, we propose a psychosocial model of interactions during role-playing games based on Goffman's theory and Adlerian play therapy techniques, and suggest that role-playing games are an effective way of intervening with gifted children and adolescents to improve their intra- and interpersonal skills. We specifically targeted intrapersonal skills of exercising creativity, becoming self-aware, and setting individual goals by raising participants' awareness of their privately logical reasons for making decisions and their levels of social interest. We also targeted their needs and means of seeking significance in the group to promote collaboration and interaction skills with other gifted peers through role analysis, embracement, and distancing. We report results from a case study and conclude that role-playing games deserve more attention, both from researchers and clinical practitioners, because they encourage change while improving young clients' social and emotional development.
Resumo:
Chronic pain in elderly people requires to take into account somatic co-morbidities as well as its psychosocial dimensions. Chronic pain often represents a distress signal addressed to the environment and the care providers. Psychological suffering or mood disorders can be presented in the form of somatic complaints often associated with functional impairments, sometimes severe. Therapeutic care has to address functionality through an image-enhancing approach aiming to summon the patients' resources. The treatment of a concomitant depressive state necessitates a true commitment from the therapist. Its benefits are documented in elderly patients. Analgesic treatment as a whole will seek in particular to restore feelings of self-esteem and help the patient recover a good quality of life.