Interaction of Organophosphorus Pesticides with DNA Nucleotides on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Control of oocyte maturation

Oocyte maturation is a complex process involving nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. The nuclear maturation is a chromosomal segregation and the cytoplasmic maturation involves the reorganization of the cytoplasmic organelles, mRNA transcription and storage of proteins to be used during fertilization and early embryo development. The mechanism of oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro still are not totally understood. However it is generally accepted that the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a critical role in the maintenance of meiotic blockage of mammalian oocytes. A relative increase in the level of cAMP within the oocyte is essential for maintaining meiosis block, while a decrease in cAMP oocyte concentration allows the resumption of meiosis. The oocyte cAMP concentration is regulated by a balance of two types of enzymes: adenylate cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which are responsible for the synthesis and degradation of cAMP, respectively. After being synthesized by AC in cumulus cells, cAMP are transferred to the oocyte through gap junctions. Thus, specific subtypes PDEs are able to inhibit or attenuate the spontaneous meiotic maturation of oocytes with PDE4 primarily involved in the metabolism of cAMP in granulosa cells and PDE3 in the oocyte. Although the immature oocytes can resume meiosis in vitro, after being removed from antral follicles, cytoplasmic maturation seems to occur asynchronously with nuclear maturation. Therefore, knowledge of the oocyte maturation process is fundamental for the development of methodologies to increase the success of in vitro embryo production and to develop treatments for various forms of infertility. This review will present current knowledge about the maintenance of the oocyte in prophase arrest, and the resumption of meiosis during oocyte maturation, focusing mainly on the changes that take place in the oocyte.

Obesity does not lead to imbalance between myocardial phospholamban phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Análise metabolômica do cérebro de abelhas (Apis mellifera) submetidas a ensaio de Reflexo de Extensão de Probóscide (REP)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Obtenção de amido resistente por intercruzamento e por tratamento hidrotérmico, e sua incorporação em bolos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

PTEN Directly Activates the Actin Depolymerization Factor Cofilin-1 During PGE(2)-Mediated Inhibition of Phagocytosis of Fungi

Macrophage ingestion of the yeast Candida albicans requires its recognition by multiple receptors and the activation of diverse signaling programs. Synthesis of the lipid mediator prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) and generation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) also accompany this process. Here, we characterized the mechanisms underlying PGE(2)-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis and filamentous actin (F-actin) polymerization in response to ingestion of C. albicans by alveolar macrophages. PGE(2) suppressed phagocytosis and F-actin formation through the PGE(2) receptors EP2 and EP4, cAMP, and activation of types I and II protein kinase A. Dephosphorylation and activation of the actin depolymerizing factor cofilin-1 were necessary for these inhibitory effects of PGE(2). PGE(2)-dependent activation of cofilin-1 was mediated by the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), with which it directly associated. Because enhanced production of PGE(2) accompanies many immunosuppressed states, the PTEN-dependent pathway described here may contribute to impaired antifungal defenses.

Crystal structure of Leishmania tarentolae hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

Abstract Background Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) (EC 2.4.2.8) is a central enzyme in the purine recycling pathway. Parasitic protozoa of the order Kinetoplastida cannot synthesize purines de novo and use the salvage pathway to synthesize purine bases, making this an attractive target for antiparasitic drug design. Results The glycosomal HGPRT from Leishmania tarentolae in a catalytically active form purified and co-crystallized with a guanosine monophosphate (GMP) in the active site. The dimeric structure of HGPRT has been solved by molecular replacement and refined against data extending to 2.1 Å resolution. The structure reveals the contacts of the active site residues with GMP. Conclusion Comparative analysis of the active sites of Leishmania and human HGPRT revealed subtle differences in the position of the ligand and its interaction with the active site residues, which could be responsible for the different reactivities of the enzymes to allopurinol reported in the literature. The solution and analysis of the structure of Leishmania HGPRT may contribute to further investigations leading to a full understanding of this important enzyme family in protozoan parasites.

Changes in CREB activation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus blunt ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization in adolescent mice

Drug dependence is a major health problem in adults and has been recognized as a significant problem in adolescents. We previously demonstrated that repeated treatment with a behaviorally sensitizing dose of ethanol in adult mice induced tolerance or no sensitization in adolescents and that repeated ethanol-treated adolescents expressed lower Fos and Egr-1 expression than adult mice in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In the present work, we investigated the effects of acute and repeated ethanol administration on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) DNA-binding activity using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and the phosphorylated CREB (pCREB)/CREB ratio using immunoblotting in both the PFC and hippocampus in adolescent and adult mice. Adult mice exhibited typical locomotor sensitization after 15 days of daily treatment with 2.0 g/kg ethanol, whereas adolescent mice did not exhibit sensitization. Overall, adolescent mice displayed lower CREB binding activity in the PFC compared with adult mice, whereas opposite effects were observed in the hippocampus. The present results indicate that ethanol exposure induces significant and differential neuroadaptive changes in CREB DNA-binding activity in the PFC and hippocampus in adolescent mice compared with adult mice. These differential molecular changes may contribute to the blunted ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization observed in adolescent mice.

Enhancement of behavioral sensitization, anxiety-like behavior, and hippocampal and frontal cortical CREB levels following cocaine abstinence in mice exposed to cocaine during adolescence

Adolescence has been linked to greater risk-taking and novelty-seeking behavior and a higher prevalence of drug abuse and risk of relapse. Decreases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) have been reported after repeated cocaine administration in animal models. We compared the behavioral effects of cocaine and abstinence in adolescent and adult mice and investigated possible age-related differences in CREB and pCREB levels. Adolescent and adult male Swiss mice received one daily injection of saline or cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 8 days. On day 9, the mice received a saline injection to evaluate possible environmental conditioning. After 9 days of withdrawal, the mice were tested in the elevated plus maze to evaluate anxiety-like behavior. Twelve days after the last saline/cocaine injection, the mice received a challenge injection of either cocaine or saline, and locomotor activity was assessed. One hour after the last injection, the brains were extracted, and CREB and pCREB levels were evaluated using Western blot in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. The cocaine-pretreated mice during adolescence exhibited a greater magnitude of the expression of behavioral sensitization and greater cocaine withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior compared with the control group. Significant increases in CREB levels in the PFC and hippocampus and pCREB in the hippocampus were observed in cocaine-abstinent animals compared with the animals treated with cocaine in adulthood. Interestingly, significant negative correlations were observed between cocaine sensitization and CREB levels in both regions. These results suggest that the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of psychoactive substances in a still-developing nervous system can be more severe than in an already mature nervous system

Mechanismen zur Suppression der experimentellen akuten Graft-versus-Host-Disease

Die Transplantation von allogenen hämatopoetischen Stammzellen stellt für viele Patienten mit hämatologischen Erkrankungen, wie beispielsweise akuter Leukämie, oftmals die einzige kurative Therapieoption dar. Die Erkennung von Empfängerantigenen durch immunkompetente Zellen des Spenders bietet dabei die Basis für erwünschte Graft-versus-Tumor-Effekte, verursacht jedoch häufig außerdem die unerwünschte Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD), eine mitunter schwerwiegende Komplikation. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden potentielle Mechanismen zur Hemmung alloreaktiver CD4+ und CD8+ T-Zellen (TZ) und folglich zur Hemmung der akuten GvHD in einem experimentellen GvHD-Modell untersucht, welches auf dem Transfer von allogenen Zellen zwischen MHC-inkompatiblen Mausstämmen basiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit weist zum Einen darauf hin, dass das Fehlen MyD88- und TRIF-vermittelter Toll-like-Rezeptor-Signale zumindest im Rahmen des hier verwendeten Transplantationsmodells nicht zwingend zu einer Hemmung der akuten GvHD führt. Zum Anderen konnte belegt werden, dass CD4+ CD25+ regulatorische T-Zellen (Tregs) kompetente Suppressoren der durch alloreaktive CD4+ und CD8+ TZ ausgelösten akuten GvHD darstellen. In weiterführenden Experimenten ist gezeigt worden, dass die Tregs sich verschiedener Mechanismen bedienen, um ihre Zielzellen zu inhibieren. Das suppressive Zytokin Interleukin-10 kann als löslicher Mediator zumindest in vitro offenbar eine Rolle bei der Treg-vermittelten Suppression alloreaktiver TZ spielen. Da jedoch auch Tregs aus Interleukin-10-defizienten Spendern die GvHD-Entstehung in den Empfängern abschwächen konnten, müssen noch weitere Mechanismen involviert sein. Es konnte in einer gemischten Leukozyten Reaktion in vitro eine zellkontaktabhängige Kommunikation mittels gap junctions hauptsächlich zwischen den Tregs und den allogenen Dendritischen Zellen (DCs) nachgewiesen werden, welche prinzipiell den Transfer von cAMP möglich macht. Die Kommunikation zwischen Tregs und DCs resultierte in einem supprimierten Phänotyp der DCs, gekennzeichnet durch eine verminderte Expression kostimulatorischer Moleküle auf ihrer Oberfläche. Solche supprimierten DCs können als Folge die alloreaktiven Spender-TZ vermutlich nicht aktivieren. Das cAMP-erhöhende Rolipram konnte in einer gemischten Leukozyten Reaktion in vitro die Proliferation alloreaktiver CD4+ und CD8+ TZ hemmen. Daneben konnte die Treg-vermittelte Suppression alloreaktiver TZ und der GvHD in vivo durch die zusätzliche Verabreichung von Rolipram noch gesteigert werden. Im letzten Kapitel dieser Arbeit wurde beschrieben, dass die alleinige Aktivierung alloreaktiver CD8+ TZ ausreichend ist, um eine akute GvHD auszulösen. In diesem Zusammenhang konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass CD4+ CD25+ Tregs die akute GvHD auch in einer scheinbar MHC-II-unabhängigen Weise hemmen können. Zusammenfassend belegt die vorliegende Arbeit, dass Tregs in einem MHC-inkompatiblen Transplantationsmodell alloreaktive CD4+ und CD8+ TZ und folglich die Entstehung einer GvHD effizient hemmen können. Bei der Hemmung der GvHD kommen wahrscheinlich verschiedene Mechanismen zum Tragen. Zumindest in vivo scheint von Tregs produziertes Interleukin-10 eine untergeordnete Rolle bei der Suppression alloreaktiver TZ und der GvHD zu spielen, hierbei steht vermutlich vielmehr der cAMP-abhängige Suppressionsmechanismus im Vordergrund.

Suppression des allergischen Asthmas durch regulatorische T-Zellen: Mechanismen und potenzielle therapeutische Ansätze

Das allergische Asthma ist eine weit verbreitete, immunologische Erkrankung, deren Prävalenz in den vergangenen 20 Jahren vor allem in industrialisierten Regionen drastisch zugenommen hat. Trotz intensiver Forschung und Entwicklung medikamentöser Therapien steigt die Zahl der Patienten stetig an. Charakteristisch für diese Erkrankung sind entzündliche Veränderungen in der Lunge, erhöhte Atemwegsüberempfindlichkeit (AHR), Mukusproduktion und in chronischen Fällen auch Atemwegsobstruktion. Bei der Entstehung des allergischen Asthmas wird ein anfälliges Individuum durch die Inhalation eines normalerweise unschädlichen, in der Umwelt vorkommenden Antigens (Allergen) sensibilisiert, wodurch im Körper eine eigentlich unangebrachte Immunreaktion in Gang gesetzt wird. CD4+ T-Lymphozyten und ganz besonders die Subpopulationen der T-Helfer 1 (Th1) und Th2 Zellen spielen in dem Prozess eine zentrale Rolle. Obwohl ein Großteil der Asthmatiker mit einer Atemwegseosinophilie und erhöhter Expression der Th2-typischen Zytokine IL-4 und IL-13 ein Th2-typisches Krankheitsbild aufweisen, wurden weitere Asthmaphänotypen identifiziert. Vornehmlich in Patienten, die an schwerem Asthma leiden, sind dominierende Neutrophilie und erhöhte Mengen IFN-γ in den Atemwegen nachweisbar, was auf eine Th1-gesteuerte Immunreaktion hindeutet. Eine effektive, heilende Therapie des Asthmas wurde bislang nicht entwickelt. Die Inhibition der T-Zellantwort etwa durch Applikation allergenspezifischer, regulatorischer T-Zellen (Tregs) gilt als ein vielversprechender, aber nicht vollständig erforschter Ansatz zur Kontrolle der Krankheitssymptome. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Mechanismen und Effekte natürlich vorkommender CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatorischer T-Zellen (nTregs) auf eine Th1 bzw. Th2-induzierte allergische Atemwegserkrankung untersucht. Anhand eines adoptiven Zelltransfermodells unter Einsatz lymphozytendefizienter Rag2-/- Mäuse konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl Th1 als auch Th2 Zellen, kombiniert mit mehrfacher, inhalativer Allergenprovokation, eine erhöhte AHR induzieren. Während der Transfer allergenspezifischer Th2 Zellen eine Eosinophilie in der bronchoalveolären Lavage (BAL) und vermehrte Mukusproduktion in den Atemwegen hervorrief, war in Th1-transferierten Tieren zwar eine massive Infiltration neutrophiler Granulozyten zu beobachten, eine Becherzellmetaplasie mit vermehrten, mukusproduzierenden Atemwegsepithelzellen blieb allerdings aus. In vitro und in vivo waren voraktivierte nTregs (preTregs) nur eingeschränkt in der Lage, die Th2-gesteuerte Atemwegserkrankung zu inhibieren. Im Gegensatz dazu konnten die Th1-Effektorfunktionen in vitro und die Th1-induzierte AHR und Atemwegsentzündung in vivo durch preTregs effektiv gehemmt werden, was auf eine unterschiedliche Empfindlichkeit der Th-Subpopulationen weist. Innerhalb der nTreg-vermittelten Suppression wird der sekundäre Botenstoff cAMP auf die zu supprimierende Zelle übertragen und führt zur Hemmung von Proliferation und Zytokinproduktion. Dass dieser Mechanismus nicht nur in vitro, sondern auch in der Suppression der Th2-gesteuerten allergischen Atemwegserkrankung eine Rolle spielt, konnte durch die Störung des intrazellulären cAMP-Abbaus mittels PDE4-Inhibitoren verdeutlicht werden. Sowohl die prophylaktische, als auch die therapeutische Applikation der PDE4-Inhibitoren verstärkte den regulativen Effekt der nTregs auf AHR und Entzündung, korrelierend mit erhöhten, zytosolischen cAMP-Konzentrationen in den Th2 Zellen der Lunge. Trotz des Fortschritts in der Isolation und In vitro-Expansion humaner nTregs ist die Ausbeute an Zellen äußerst limitiert und die Übertragbarkeit größerer Zellmengen nicht zuletzt aufgrund von hohem Kontaminationsrisiko während mehrtägiger In vitro-Expansion fragwürdig. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass eine Behandlung mit dem PDE4-Inhibitor die suppressive Kapazität der allergenspezifischen nTregs deutlich erhöhte. Den nTreg-vermittelten Suppressionsmechanismus durch den Einsatz von Pharmazeutika zu unterstützen bietet einen viel versprechenden und realistischen Ansatz zur Therapie des allergischen Asthmas.

Neutrophil apoptosis mediated by nicotinic acid receptors (GPR109A)

G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)109A (HM74A) is a G(i) protein-coupled receptor, which is activated by nicotinic acid (NA), a lipid-lowering drug. Here, we demonstrate that mature human neutrophils, but not eosinophils, express functional GPR109A receptors. The induction of the GPR109A gene appears to occur late in the terminal differentiation process of neutrophils, since a mixed population of immature bone marrow neutrophils did not demonstrate evidence for its expression. NA accelerated apoptosis in cultured neutrophils in a concentration-dependent manner, as assessed by phosphatidylserine redistribution, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation assays. The pro-apoptotic effect of NA was abolished by pertussis toxin, which was used to block G(i) proteins, suggesting a receptor-mediated mechanism. Activation of GPR109A by NA resulted in decreased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), most likely due to G(i)-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. NA-induced apoptosis was reversed by the addition of cell-permeable cAMP, pointing to the possibility that reduced cAMP levels promote apoptosis in neutrophils. Distal mechanism involved in this process may include the post-translational modification of members of the Bcl-2 family, such as dephosphorylation of pro-apoptotic Bad and antiapoptotic Mcl-1 proteins. Taken together, following maturation in the bone marrow, neutrophils express functional GPR109A receptors, which might be involved in the regulation of neutrophil numbers. Moreover, this study identified a new cellular target of NA and future drugs activating GPR109A receptors, the mature neutrophil.

Caffeine affects the biological responses of human hematopoietic cells of myeloid lineage via downregulation of the mTOR pathway and xanthine oxidase activity.

Correction of human myeloid cell function is crucial for the prevention of inflammatory and allergic reactions as well as leukaemia progression. Caffeine, a naturally occurring food component, is known to display anti-inflammatory effects which have previously been ascribed largely to its inhibitory actions on phosphodiesterase. However, more recent studies suggest an additional role in affecting the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master regulator of myeloid cell translational pathways, although detailed molecular events underlying its mode of action have not been elucidated. Here, we report the cellular uptake of caffeine, without metabolisation, by healthy and malignant hematopoietic myeloid cells including monocytes, basophils and primary acute myeloid leukaemia mononuclear blasts. Unmodified caffeine downregulated mTOR signalling, which affected glycolysis and the release of pro-inflammatory/pro-angiogenic cytokines as well as other inflammatory mediators. In monocytes, the effects of caffeine were potentiated by its ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase, an enzyme which plays a central role in human purine catabolism by generating uric acid. In basophils, caffeine also increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels which further enhanced its inhibitory action on mTOR. These results demonstrate an important mode of pharmacological action of caffeine with potentially wide-ranging therapeutic impact for treating non-infectious disorders of the human immune system, where it could be applied directly to inflammatory cells.

ANALYSIS OF ESTROGEN-INDUCED ANEUPLOIDY AND CHROMOSOME DISPLACEMENT

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a known human carcinogen and teratogen whose mechanism of action remains undetermined. As essentially diploid Chinese hamster cell line (Don) was used to test diethylstilbestrol (DES), dienestrol, hexestrol and the naturally occurring estrogens, estradiol and estriol for their ability to cause metaphase arrest and to induce aneuploidy. These compounds arrest mitosis within a narrow range of high concentrations and induce aneuploidy in recovering cell populations. DES was the most effective arrestant on a comparative molar basis. Estradiol and estriol were less potent as arrestants but were effective inducers of aneuploidy. Aneuploidy was induced in a non-random manner. The smallest chromosomes were most frequently recorded in aneuploid cells. Using anti-tubulin antibody and indirect immunofluorescence, it was found that DES inhibits bi-polar spindle assembly and disrupts the cytoplasmic microtubule complex (CMTC). Estradiol arrests mitosis in a manner that allows spindle assembly. Estradiol has no apparent effect on the CMTC. The naturally occurring estrogens caused chromosome displacement during mitotic arrest. Electron microscopy confirmed that the displaced chromosomes appeared at the polar regions of arrested cells. The arresting effect of estradiol, and to some extent DES, was reduced by the addition of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db-cAMP). Aneuploidy induction by DES and similar compounds may be related to their carcinogenic and/or teratogenic potential. ^

The two -state model of receptor activation: The agonist and the efficacy

The Two State model describes how drugs activate receptors by inducing or supporting a conformational change in the receptor from “off” to “on”. The beta 2 adrenergic receptor system is the model system which was used to formalize the concept of two states, and the mechanism of hormone agonist stimulation of this receptor is similar to ligand activation of other seven transmembrane receptors. Hormone binding to beta 2 adrenergic receptors stimulates the intracellular production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is mediated through the stimulatory guanyl nucleotide binding protein (Gs) interacting with the membrane bound enzyme adenylylcyclase (AC). ^ The effects of cAMP include protein phosphorylation, metabolic regulation and transcriptional regulation. The beta 2 adrenergic receptor system is the most well known of its family of G protein coupled receptors. Ligands have been scrutinized extensively in search of more effective therapeutic agents at this receptor as well as for insight into the biochemical mechanism of receptor activation. Hormone binding to receptor is thought to induce a conformational change in the receptor that increases its affinity for inactive Gs, catalyzes the release of GDP and subsequent binding of GTP and activation of Gs. ^ However, some beta 2 ligands are more efficient at this transformation than others, and the underlying mechanism for this drug specificity is not fully understood. The central problem in pharmacology is the characterization of drugs in their effect on physiological systems, and consequently, the search for a rational scale of drug effectiveness has been the effort of many investigators, which continues to the present time as models are proposed, tested and modified. ^ The major results of this thesis show that for many b2 -adrenergic ligands, the Two State model is quite adequate to explain their activity, but dobutamine (+/−3,4-dihydroxy-N-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]- b -phenethylamine) fails to conform to the predictions of the Two State model. It is a weak partial agonist, but it forms a large amount of high affinity complexes, and these complexes are formed at low concentrations much better than at higher concentrations. Finally, dobutamine causes the beta 2 adrenergic receptor to form high affinity complexes at a much faster rate than can be accounted for by its low efficiency activating AC. Because the Two State model fails to predict the activity of dobutamine in three different ways, it has been disproven in its strictest form. ^