Safe and effective variability-a criterion for dose individualization.

BACKGROUND: : A primary goal of clinical pharmacology is to understand the factors that determine the dose-effect relationship and to use this knowledge to individualize drug dose. METHODS: : A principle-based criterion is proposed for deciding among alternative individualization methods. RESULTS: : Safe and effective variability defines the maximum acceptable population variability in drug concentration around the population average. CONCLUSIONS: : A decision on whether patient covariates alone are sufficient, or whether therapeutic drug monitoring in combination with target concentration intervention is needed, can be made by comparing the remaining population variability after a particular dosing method with the safe and effective variability.

SAFE Spotlight, March/April 2009. (this issue mislabeled 2008)

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, May/June 2009.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, July/August 2009.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, November/December 2009.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, September/October 2009.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, January/February 2010.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, March/April 2010.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, May/June 2010.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, July/August 2010.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, September/October 2010.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, November/December 2010.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

SAFE Spotlight, March/April 2011.

Bimonthly news for substance abuse prevention coalitions.

Sexual Orientation Gender Indentity, and Iowa's Safe Schools Law, 2007

Another recently enacted law is the Iowa Safe Schools Law. Effective September 1, 2007, Iowa Code Chapter 280 requires both public and private schools to establish policies prohibiting harassment and bullying against students by employees, school volunteers, or other students. Sexual Orientation and Gender identity are covered under the Safe Schools Law. Students may now seek remedies under both Chapter 216 and Chapter 280.

Is ultracision knife safe and efficient for breast capsulectomy? A preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Silicone breast implants are used to a wide extent in the field of plastic surgery. However, capsular contracture remains a considerable concern. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness and applicability of an ultracision knife for capsulectomy breast surgery. METHODS: A prospective, single-center, randomized study was performed in 2009. The inclusion criteria specified female patients 20-80 years of age with capsular contracture (Baker 3-4). Ventral capsulectomy was performed using an ultracision knife on one side and the conventional Metzenbaum-type scissors and surgical knife on the collateral side of the breast. Measurements of the resected capsular ventral fragment, operative time, remaining breast tissue, drainage time, seroma and hematoma formation, visual analog scale pain score, and sensory function of the nipple-areola complex were assessed. In addition, histologic analysis of the resected capsule was performed. RESULTS: Five patients (median age, 59.2 years) were included in this study with a mean follow-up period of 6 months. Three patients had Baker grade 3 capsular contracture, and two patients had Baker grade 4 capsular contracture. The ultracision knife was associated with a significantly lower pain score, shorter operative time, smaller drainage volume, and shorter drainage time and resulted in a larger amount of remaining breast tissue. Histologic analysis of the resected capsule showed no apoptotic cells in the study group or control group. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that ventral capsulectomy with Baker grade 3 or 4 contracture using the ultracision knife is feasible, safe, and more efficient than blunt dissection and monopolar cutting diathermy and has a short learning curve. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors at www.springer.com/00266 .