Soil management and nitrogen fertilization for sprinkler-irrigated upland rice cultivars

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Consórcio de Urochloas com milho em sistema plantio direto

Uma alternativa para suprir o aporte anual de palha exigido para manutenção do sistema plantio direto (SPD), nas regiões tropicais, é o cultivo de milho consorciado com urochloas. Com o objetivo de identificar o melhor sistema de cultivo de duas espécies forrageiras (Urochloa brizantha e Urochloa ruzizienses) em consórcio com o milho (Zea mays L.) em sistema plantio direto, foi realizada a presente pesquisa. O milho foi semeado em consórcio com as forrageiras em cinco sistemas de cultivo. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (2x4+1), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas: massa seca de palha do milho, massa seca da palha de urochloa, massa seca total de palha, população de plantas de milho, massa de 1000 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Os resultados demonstraram que o consórcio de milho com urochloa não apresentou efeito negativo na produtividade do milho e incrementou o aporte de matéria seca no sistema de produção sob plantio direto. A escolha de determinado sistema de cultivo depende do gerenciamento e da disponibilidade de máquinas, visto que todos os sistemas apresentaram comportamento positivo em relação à produtividade de grãos e à produção de palhada.

Redução da interferência de Brachiaria plantaginea (link) hitch. em milho através de capinas e aplicação de herbicidas em diferentes épocas

O rendimento de grãos de milho é afetado pela interferência com as plantas daninhas, que pode variar em função da eficiência e da época de realização do método de controle utilizado no manejo da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos da aplicação de herbicidas e de capinas em diferentes épocas sobre o controle de plantas daninhas e o rendimento de grãos na cultura do milho. O experimento foi instalado no sistema convencional de preparo do solo em Eldorado do Sul (RS), no ano agrícola 1997/98. A espécie de planta daninha predominante na área experimental foi Brachiaria plantaginea (BRAPL), em infestação média de 285 plantas por m². Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela aplicação isolada, seqüencial ou em mistura em tanque, em diferentes doses e épocas, dos herbicidas atrazine, atrazine + óleo vegetal, metolachlor e nicosulfuron. Todos os tratamentos com herbicidas foram correspondidos por tratamentos em que se utilizou capina manual com início na mesma época de aplicação dos herbicidas. O controle realizado em pré-emergência ou no início do desenvolvimento da cultura proporcionou maior rendimento de grãos, mesmo com a diminuição do controle de BRAPL no final do ciclo. As aplicações seqüenciais de herbicidas proporcionaram maior rendimento de grãos do que as misturas em tanque. Os rendimentos de grãos obtidos com a aplicação de herbicidas nas diversas épocas não foram diferentes em relação às suas respectivas capinas.

Acúmulo de macronutrientes pela cultivar de cebola Superex estabelecida por semeadura direta

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The primary sources of carbon loss during the crop-establishment period in a subtropical Oxisol under contrasting tillage systems

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Management of vomplex systems: Modeling the biological pest control

The aim of this paper is to study the cropping system as complex one, applying methods from theory of dynamic systems and from the control theory to the mathematical modeling of the biological pest control. The complex system can be described by different mathematical models. Based on three models of the pest control, the various scenarios have been simulated in order to obtain the pest control strategy only through natural enemies' introduction. © 2008 World Scientific Publishing Company.

Custo de produção e indicadores de rentabilidade da cultura do milho safrinha

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production cost and profitability of the second season corn crop in the Medio Paranapanema region, São Paulo State Brazil, under two technological levels (middle and high technology), crop 2008/2009, and compare the results with the 2006/2007 agricultural year. Effective and total operational cost as well as five profitability indicators were used. It was concluded that the high technology production cost for corn crop (direct seedling, sowing during the recommended period, use of simple hybrid seed, application of side-dressing fertilization, and treatment of seeds with different insecticides) was superior to the middle technology production cost (direct seedling, sowing after the recommended time, use of double hybrid seed, and no side-dressing fertilization). However, the average cost was inferior (US$ 8.5), due to a higher yield (4 t). The high technology corn crop was profitable (gross income and profitability index of 14% and 12%, respectively). For the middle technology crop, profitability indexes pointed out that the cropping system needs to be reevaluated by technicians and research institutions, regarding the adequate technical recommendations. Profitability indexes decreased considerably in both cropping systems. It was verified that, in relation to the 2006/2007 harvest period, the total operational cost increased for both technologies, mainly because of the increase of supplies prices.

Air-assistance in spray booms which have different spray volumes and nozzle types for chemically controlling spodoptera frugiperda on corn

The study aimed to evaluate the performance of air assistance in spray booms using different types of nozzles and spray volumes. We took into account spray deposits, fall armyworm control and crop corn performance in a narrow row cropping system. The experiment was carried out at the experimental area of Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu/SP, Brazil, during the 2008/2009 agricultural season, in randomized blocks with a factorial scheme (2×2+1) and four replications. Two spray nozzles (flat fan nozzle and hollow cone nozzle) were tested, combined with two air assistance levels in the spray boom (with and without air assistance) and a treatment control. In the experimental spraying, Spinosad insecticide was sprayed in amounts of 48 g active substance (a.s.)/ha. The air assistance in the spray boom increased the spray deposits in the V 4 growth stage of the corn plants. Moreover, the application of this technology showed higher efficiency on fall armyworm control, reaching a 100% level 15 days after spraying, in the V 10 growth stage of the plants. The hollow cone nozzle increased the spray deposit level on the corn plants compared with the flat fan nozzle, at growth stage V 4. However, the flat fan nozzle, combined with air assistance technology, was more effective for controlling fall armyworm in the same growth stage (V 4), although the hollow cone nozzle increased the deposit levels on the plants. All the technologies tested in the study promoted a reduction of plant damage from fall armyworm attack. Corn productivity is directly related to the control efficiency of fall armyworm.

Performance of cultivars of crisp mini-lettuce with respect to ground cover and spacing, in three planting times

The planting of lettuce in greenhouses, as well as covering beds with a polyethylene sheet, is a viable technology, promoting improvements in microclimatic conditions of the environment. In view of the little information on mini-lettuce, the aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of three cultivars of crisp minilettuce ('Green Frizzly', 'Red Frizzly no. 1' and 'Red Frizzly no. 2') with and without ground cover, under different spacings (20 × 15 cm and 20 × 20 cm), in three planting times (1: November 16, 2004; 2: December 17, 2004; and 3: January 20, 2005). The study was conducted in a greenhouse at UNESP-FCAV, Jaboticabal-SP. The experiments were carried out using a randomized block design, following a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme with 12 treatments and three repetitions. The characteristics evaluated were plant height (cm), head diameter (cm), fresh weight (g) and number of leaves per plant. Planting time 3 was shown to be favorable for all the characteristics analyzed. 'Red Frizzly no. 2' was found to be the most suited to planting time 1, and for planting times 2 and 3, this cultivar did not differ from 'Red Frizzly no. 1'. The factor ground cover was not found to affect the characteristics evaluated, and therefore, cultivation without ground cover is recommended. The spacing 20 × 15 cm was shown to be favorable, resulting in cultivation with the highest populations, thereby increasing productivity. Based on the results obtained and for the conditions in which the experiment was conducted, it can be concluded that: planting time 3 (January 20, 2005) was the most favorable; the cultivars 'Red Frizzly no. 2' and 'Red Frizzly no. 1' are adapted to all the planting times; and cultivation without ground cover using a spacing of 20 × 15 cm was the most suitable.

Indices of competition and bio-agroeconomic efficiency of lettuce and tomato intercrops in greenhouses

Intercropping is a cropping system for the production of greenhouse vegetables. It uses space more efficiently, thus reducing the cost of production. Intercropping tomato and lettuce has not been studied, but knowledge of the competitive and agroeconomic indices of these vegetables can help in the management of the intercropping system. The objectives of this study were to assess, through biological and agroeconomic indices, the competition between species and the profitability of intercropping tomato and lettuce at different times of transplantation over two growing seasons (autumn-winter and summer-winter) in greenhouse conditions. In autumn-winter, two experiments were conducted with a randomised complete-block design and five replicates. Tomato and lettuce were the main crops in the individual experiments. Treatments were arranged in a factorial of two cropping systems (intercropping and individual crops) with four transplants of the secondary crop (0, 10, 20 and 30 days after) plus an additional treatment (individual main crop). These two experiments were repeated in summer-winter. Tomato was the dominant crop regardless of transplant order. Intercropping systems established with transplants of both species on the same day had higher values of indices of competition and bio-agroeconomic efficiency than systems with longer periods of transplants between main and secondary crops. The intercropping of lettuce and tomato in greenhouses, regardless of transplant time or order, had bio-agroeconomic advantages over individual crops. The transplantation of tomato after lettuce is recommended for greater profitability.

Sorghum grain yield, forage biomass production and revenue as affected by intercropping time

Sorghum is an excellent alternative to other grains in poor soil where corn does not develop very well, as well as in regions with warm and dry winters. Intercropping sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] with forage crops, such as palisade grass [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich) Stapf] or guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.), provides large amounts of biomass for use as straw in no-tillage systems or as pasture. However, it is important to determine the appropriate time at which these forage crops have to be sown into sorghum systems to avoid reductions in both sorghum and forage production and to maximize the revenue of the cropping system. This study, conducted for three growing seasons at Botucatu in the State of São Paulo in Brazil, evaluated how nutrient concentration, yield components, sorghum grain yield, revenue, and forage crop dry matter production were affected by the timing of forage intercropping. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Intercropping systems were not found to cause reductions in the nutrient concentration in sorghum plants. The number of panicles per unit area of sorghum alone (133,600), intercropped sorghum and palisade grass (133,300) and intercropped sorghum and guinea grass (134,300) corresponded to sorghum grain yields of 5439, 5436 and 5566kgha-1, respectively. However, the number of panicles per unit area of intercropped sorghum and palisade grass (144,700) and intercropped sorghum and guinea grass (145,000) with topdressing of fertilizers for the sorghum resulted in the highest sorghum grain yields (6238 and 6127kgha-1 for intercropping with palisade grass and guinea grass, respectively). Forage production (8112, 10,972 and 13,193Mg ha-1 for the first, second and third cuts, respectively) was highest when sorghum and guinea grass were intercropped. The timing of intercropping is an important factor in sorghum grain yield and forage production. Palisade grass or guinea grass must be intercropped with sorghum with topdressing fertilization to achieve the highest sorghum grain yield, but this significantly reduces the forage production. Intercropping sorghum with guinea grass sown simultaneously yielded the highest revenue per ha (€ 1074.4), which was 2.4 times greater than the revenue achieved by sowing sorghum only. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Análise de imagens no estudo da porosidade em latossolo cultivado com batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) sob dois sistemas de irrigação

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desenvolvimento de um novo método para o controle da podridão abacaxi em cana-de-açúcar

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Simbioses de rizóbios com leguminosas arbóreas na pré-amazônia maranhense

The tree leguminous gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium), acácia (Acacia mangium), leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) and sombreiro (Clitoria fairchildiana) are indicated for agroforestry systems, reclamation of degraded lands, reforestation and other purposes in the wet tropic. Despite the importance of legumes the preamazon region it is lacking in information about the symbiotic capacity and diversity of indigenous rhizobia of these legumes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the phenotypic and genetic diversity of rhizobia species nodulating gliricidia sombreiro, leucena and acacia in the Maranhão pre-Amazon region and authenticate isolates of these species in siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum). For this they were installed two experiments. Sampling was carried out on a alley cropping system, was sampled 20 plants of each species by collecting 10 nodules per plant. It was made isolation, cultural characterization, partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analysis of the symbiotic ability of bacterial strains with siratro. The authentication experiment was done in two steps for each legume (gliricidia, acácia, sombreiro and leucena), in the greenhouse and in a completely randomized design with three replications with sterile Hoagland nutrient solution as substrate. Gliricídia, Sombreiro, leucena and acacia are colonized by distinct groups of rhizobia. Gliricidia nodulate preferably with Rhizobium, sombreiro and acacia nodulate preferably with Bradyrhizobium and leucena has Mesorhizobium main symbiote. Endophytic strains of ten genera were found colonizing the gliricidia, sombrero, leucena and acacia nodules and a strain of Arthrobacter sp. had a positive nodulation with siratro. This is the first report on isolation of Methylobacterium sp. in gliricidia nodules and endophytic ability of Terriglobus sp. strains. Indigenous strains of pre-Amazon region of Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium genus nodulate with siratro, but are ineficiente or had low efficiency to promote their growth.

Adubação nitrogenada e fosfatada na cultura da mamona cultivada na safrinha em sistema de semeadura direta

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)