Seconde carte des courones du nord qui comprend les royaumes de Danemark etc

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskiöldin kokoelmaan

Evropa ad magnae Europae Gerardi Mercatoris p. imitationem, Rumoldi Mercatoris f. cura edita, seruato tamen initio longitudinis ex ratione magnetis, quod pater in magna sua vniuersali posuit.

Mittakaavaa ei määritelty ;

Nieuwe kaart van de Finnissche Golf benevens de omliggende provintien: naar de beste kaarten en sterrekundige waarnemingen geteekend in 't Konigl. Landmeeters Comtoir te Stockholm

0-meridiaani: Ferro. Koordinaatit: E39°-50°, N62°15'-58°40'.

Traite élémentaire de chimie

UANL

El aprendizaje y la enseñanza : una parte del desarrollo.

Se desarrollan dos líneas de trabajo: primero, el aprendizaje y la enseñanza considerados como parte del desarrollo humano, y segundo, el uso de ordenadores para la gestión de currículos particulares diferenciales y para la evaluación longitudinal del aprendizaje y la enseñanza. Se trata también la función del apoyo social de educadores y compañeros en la resolución de las tareas del desarrollo, con inclusión de las tareas escolares. Los componentes del apoyo social y del desplazamiento desde los educadores hacia los compañeros contribuyen al dominio de las tareas escolares, y son: el componente relacional, el componente regulador y el componente de la enseñanza. Así, en este modelo de desarrollo, el aprendizaje y la enseñanza se corresponden con aspectos del comportamiento y del apoyo social. Los modelos de investigación de la socialización y el desarrollo son de interés para estudiar el aprendizaje y la enseñanza, y además, se retrotraen al núcleo del desarrollo de la personalidad en relación con el desarrollo del sí mismo integrado.

La exposición de arquitectura alemana moderna.

El Fürher, Adolf Hitler, era un amante del arte en general y sobre todo de la arquitectura, de hecho participó de manera activa en varios de los proyectos que se desarrollaron en Alemania y que quedaron interrumpidos durante la Guerra. Se inauguró una exposición de arquitectura moderna en Madrid que consagraba la tradición cultural alemana y la evolución artística europea y una representación de los valores perennes de las dos. Asimismo, se ponía de relieve la personalidad del Führer que había sabido rodearse de especialista eminentes que le prestaban un gran asesoramiento. Estos asesores fueron, por un lado, Paul Ludwing Troost, que proyectó la Plaza Real de Munich y, por otro, Alber Speer, que proyecto la ampliación del plan general de la ciudad de Nuremberg, concibiendo una vía triunfal que comunicara los lugares de concentración del partido con la parte antigua de la ciudad, así como las reformas urbanas a acometer en Berlín.

Iron Uptake and Homeostasis in Microorganisms

Preface. Iron is considered to be a minor element employed, in a variety of forms, by nearly all living organisms. In some cases, it is utilised in large quantities, for instance for the formation of magnetosomes within magnetotactic bacteria or during use of iron as a respiratory donor or acceptor by iron oxidising or reducing bacteria. However, in most cases the role of iron is restricted to its use as a cofactor or prosthetic group assisting the biological activity of many different types of protein. The key metabolic processes that are dependent on iron as a cofactor are numerous; they include respiration, light harvesting, nitrogen fixation, the Krebs cycle, redox stress resistance, amino acid synthesis and oxygen transport. Indeed, it is clear that Life in its current form would be impossible in the absence of iron. One of the main reasons for the reliance of Life upon this metal is the ability of iron to exist in multiple redox states, in particular the relatively stable ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) forms. The availability of these stable oxidation states allows iron to engage in redox reactions over a wide range of midpoint potentials, depending on the coordination environment, making it an extremely adaptable mediator of electron exchange processes. Iron is also one of the most common elements within the Earth’s crust (5% abundance) and thus is considered to have been readily available when Life evolved on our early, anaerobic planet. However, as oxygen accumulated (the ‘Great oxidation event’) within the atmosphere some 2.4 billion years ago, and as the oceans became less acidic, the iron within primordial oceans was converted from its soluble reduced form to its weakly-soluble oxidised ferric form, which precipitated (~1.8 billion years ago) to form the ‘banded iron formations’ (BIFs) observed today in Precambrian sedimentary rocks around the world. These BIFs provide a geological record marking a transition point away from the ancient anaerobic world towards modern aerobic Earth. They also indicate a period over which the bio-availability of iron shifted from abundance to limitation, a condition that extends to the modern day. Thus, it is considered likely that the vast majority of extant organisms face the common problem of securing sufficient iron from their environment – a problem that Life on Earth has had to cope with for some 2 billion years. This struggle for iron is exemplified by the competition for this metal amongst co-habiting microorganisms who resort to stealing (pirating) each others iron supplies! The reliance of micro-organisms upon iron can be disadvantageous to them, and to our innate immune system it represents a chink in the microbial armour, offering an opportunity that can be exploited to ward off pathogenic invaders. In order to infect body tissues and cause disease, pathogens must secure all their iron from the host. To fight such infections, the host specifically withdraws available iron through the action of various iron depleting processes (e.g. the release of lactoferrin and lipocalin-2) – this represents an important strategy in our defence against disease. However, pathogens are frequently able to deploy iron acquisition systems that target host iron sources such as transferrin, lactoferrin and hemoproteins, and thus counteract the iron-withdrawal approaches of the host. Inactivation of such host-targeting iron-uptake systems often attenuates the pathogenicity of the invading microbe, illustrating the importance of ‘the battle for iron’ in the infection process. The role of iron sequestration systems in facilitating microbial infections has been a major driving force in research aimed at unravelling the complexities of microbial iron transport processes. But also, the intricacy of such systems offers a challenge that stimulates the curiosity. One such challenge is to understand how balanced levels of free iron within the cytosol are achieved in a way that avoids toxicity whilst providing sufficient levels for metabolic purposes – this is a requirement that all organisms have to meet. Although the systems involved in achieving this balance can be highly variable amongst different microorganisms, the overall strategy is common. On a coarse level, the homeostatic control of cellular iron is maintained through strict control of the uptake, storage and utilisation of available iron, and is co-ordinated by integrated iron-regulatory networks. However, much yet remains to be discovered concerning the fine details of these different iron regulatory processes. As already indicated, perhaps the most difficult task in maintaining iron homeostasis is simply the procurement of sufficient iron from external sources. The importance of this problem is demonstrated by the plethora of distinct iron transporters often found within a single bacterium, each targeting different forms (complex or redox state) of iron or a different environmental condition. Thus, microbes devote considerable cellular resource to securing iron from their surroundings, reflecting how successful acquisition of iron can be crucial in the competition for survival. The aim of this book is provide the reader with an overview of iron transport processes within a range of microorganisms and to provide an indication of how microbial iron levels are controlled. This aim is promoted through the inclusion of expert reviews on several well studied examples that illustrate the current state of play concerning our comprehension of how iron is translocated into the bacterial (or fungal) cell and how iron homeostasis is controlled within microbes. The first two chapters (1-2) consider the general properties of microbial iron-chelating compounds (known as ‘siderophores’), and the mechanisms used by bacteria to acquire haem and utilise it as an iron source. The following twelve chapters (3-14) focus on specific types of microorganism that are of key interest, covering both an array of pathogens for humans, animals and plants (e.g. species of Bordetella, Shigella, , Erwinia, Vibrio, Aeromonas, Francisella, Campylobacter and Staphylococci, and EHEC) as well as a number of prominent non-pathogens (e.g. the rhizobia, E. coli K-12, Bacteroides spp., cyanobacteria, Bacillus spp. and yeasts). The chapters relay the common themes in microbial iron uptake approaches (e.g. the use of siderophores, TonB-dependent transporters, and ABC transport systems), but also highlight many distinctions (such as use of different types iron regulator and the impact of the presence/absence of a cell wall) in the strategies employed. We hope that those both within and outside the field will find this book useful, stimulating and interesting. We intend that it will provide a source for reference that will assist relevant researchers and provide an entry point for those initiating their studies within this subject. Finally, it is important that we acknowledge and thank wholeheartedly the many contributors who have provided the 14 excellent chapters from which this book is composed. Without their considerable efforts, this book, and the understanding that it relays, would not have been possible. Simon C Andrews and Pierre Cornelis

Thioquinolobactin, a pseudomonas siderophore with antifungal and anti-pythium activity

Under conditions of iron limitation Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17400 produces two siderophores, pyoverdine, and a second siderophore quinolobactin, which itself results from the hydrolysis of the unstable molecule 8-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-quinoline thiocarboxylic acid (thioquinolobactin). Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17400 also displays a strong in vitro antagonism against the Oomycete Pythium, which is repressed by iron, suggesting the involvement of a siderophore(s). While a pyoverdine-negative mutant retains most of its antagonism, a thioquinolobactin-negative mutant only slowed-down Pythium growth, and a double pyoverdine-, thioquinolobactin-negative mutant, which does not produce any siderophore, totally lost its antagonism against Pythium. The siderophore thioquinolobactin could be purified and identified from spent medium and showed anti-Pythium activity, but it was quickly hydrolysed to quinolobactin, which we showed has no antimicrobial activity. Analysis of antagonism-affected transposon mutants revealed that genes involved in haem biosynthesis and sulfur assimilation are important for the production of thioquinolobactin and the expression of antagonism.

Redox control of light-induced charge separation in a transition metal cluster: photochemistry of a methyl viologen-substituted [Os-3(CO)10(a-diimine)] cluster

Sub)picosecond transient absorption (TA) and time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectra of the cluster [OS3(CO)(10-) (AcPy-MV)](2+) (the clication AcPy-MV = Acpy-MV2+ = [2-pyridylacetimine-N-(2-(1'-methyl-4,4'-bipyridine-1,1'-diium-1-yl) ethyl)] (PF6)(2)) (1(2+)) reveal that photoinduced electron transfer to the electron-accepting 4,4'-bipyridine-1,1'diium (MV2+) moiety competes with the fast relaxation of the initially populated sigmapi* excited state of the cluster to the ground state and/or cleavage of an Os-Os bond. The TA spectra of cluster 12 in acetone, obtained by irradiation into its lowest-energy absorption band, show the characteristic absorptions of the one-electron-reduced MV*(+) unit at 400 and 615 nm, in accordance with population of a charge-separated (CS) state in which a cluster-core electron has been transferred to the lowest pi* orbital of the remote MV2+ unit. This assignment is confirmed by picosecond TRIR spectra that show a large shift of the pilot highest-frequency nu(CO) band of 1(2+) by ca. +40 cm(-1), reflecting the photooxidation of the cluster core. The CS state is populated via fast (4.2 x 10(11) s(-1)) and efficient (88%) oxidative quenching of the optically populated sigmapi* excited state and decays biexponentially with lifetimes of 38 and 166 ps (1:2:1 ratio) with a complete regeneration of the parent cluster. About 12% of the cluster molecules in the sigmapi* excited state form long-lived open-core biradicals. In strongly coordinating acetonitrile, however, the cluster core-to-MV2+ electron transfer in cluster 12+ results in the irreversible formation of secondary photoproducts with a photooxidized cluster core. The photochemical behavior of the [Os-3(CO)(10)(alpha-diimine-MV)](2+) (donor-acceptor) dyad can be controlled by an externally applied electronic bias. Electrochemical one-electron reduction of the MV2+ moiety prior to the irradiation reduces its electron-accepting character to such an extent that the photoinduced electron transfer to MV*+ is no longer feasible. Instead, the irradiation of reduced cluster 1(.)+ results in the reversible formation of an open-core zwitterion, the ultimate photoproduct also observed upon irradiation of related nonsubstituted clusters [Os-3(CO)(10)(alpha-diimine)] in strongly coordinating solvents such as acetonitrile.

Comunicação, informação e controle social no SUSUm estudo em dois municípios da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte/MG

Esse trabalho se propôs a estudar a comunicação e informação para o controle social no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os objetos empíricos desse estudo foram os Conselhos de saúde de dois municípios de pequeno porte, situados na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte/MG: Brumadinho e Sarzedo. Partindo do pressuposto de que qualquer forma de controle social se faz com práticas comunicacionais e informacionais, objetivou-se analisar até que ponto há um uso efetivo da comunicação e informação para o controle social: seja no interior dos conselhos na sua prática cotidiana ou, externamente, na comunicação com a sociedade. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando-se o método de análise documental, entrevista com conselheiros de saúde e observação participante. Na análise documental, foram analisados relatórios de conferências de saúde, atas e pautas das reuniões dos conselhos de saúde, com temas que se relacionavam com comunicação e informação para o controle social A entrevista com conselheiros foi realizada a partir de questionario semiestruturado a fim de obter informacoes sobre a percepcao dos conselheiros sobre o tema \comunicacao e informacao para exercicio do controle social no SUS.. A observacao participante permitiu verificar como ocorrem as relacoes comunicacionais nos espacos das reunioes dos conselhos. Os resultados da pesquisa confirmaram a nossa hipotese, de que ha poucos investimentos informacionais e comunicacionais nos conselhos de saude e isso dificulta e compromete a participacao dos conselheiros. A falta de dialogo do conselho com a sociedade acarreta o desconhecimento sobre as suas acoes e isso atribui um grau de pouca importancia do orgao pela populacao

Iron homeostasis and management of oxidative stress response in bacteria

Iron is both an essential nutrient for the growth of microorganisms, as well as a dangerous metal due to its capacity to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Fenton reaction. For these reasons, bacteria must tightly control the uptake and storage of iron in a manner that restricts the build-up of ROS. Therefore, it is not surprising to find that the control of iron homeostasis and responses to oxidative stress are coordinated. The mechanisms concerned with these processes, and the interactions involved, are the subject of this review.

An investigation on sliding wear behavior of PVD coatings

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Correlation of microcrack fracture size with fatigue cycling on non-crimp fabric/RTM6 composite in the uniaxial fatigue test

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fatigue strength of HVOF sprayed Cr(3)C(2)-25NiCr and WC-10Ni on AISI 4340 steel

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)