Gestió de multes de Tràfic

Aquest treball consisteix en l'elaboració del disseny i la implementació d'un sistema de bases de dades relacional. Aquest sistema ha de ser una eina de treball per a un ajuntament, concretament per a l'àrea de multes de trànsit.

Programari creador i consultor de genealogia familiar

Aquest projecte es centre en el disseny d’ un programari creador iconsultor de genealogia familiar. Es tracta d'un programari per a ús individual, no col.lectiu, i sense ànimde lucre, on les dades més importants són les dels familiars. Qualsevol usuari pot crear diversesfamílies (en un mateix sistema) i associar-hi familiars. Es poden introduir molts tipus de dadespersonals, a més de poder vincular-hi els arxius i events que es desitgin. Un event és unaconteixament en la vida d'una o diverses persones. D'aquesta manera l'usuari pot agregar moltstipus d'esdeveniments diferents als familiars i també hi ha la opció, que diferencia l'aplicació demoltes altres ja existents, d'agregar esdeveniments als events. També cal destacar que a cadafamiliar, arxiu i event pot associar-se un lloc (poblacio, regió i estat) i d'aquesta forma la informaciótotal que es pot generar, encara és encara més completa. La possibilitat de crear llocs nous és forçaàmplia. Finalment l'usuari podrà associar els diferents familiars segons parentesc i d'aquesta formaobtenir un arbre genealògic de tota la família. Un dels aspectes més treballats a l'aplicació, ha estat que totes les dades anteriorment esmentades, poguessin ser visualitzades fàcil i ràpidament per l'usuari final. La navegació entrepantalles i les diferents opcions, han estat pensades i dissenyades, perquè l'usuari final no tingui cap dificultat, sigui quin sigui el seu nivell. D'aquesta manera, a més de la gestió possible de dades de familiars, arxius, events i llocs; la utilització de le mateixes i la creació de multitud de vistes i cerques diferents, ajuden a que el programari sigui força complet

Modelatge basat en exemples de carrers d’una ciutat

L’objectiu d’aquest projecte és el desenvolupament d’una eina de generació de xarxes de carrers a partir d’exemples. L’eina ha de permetre generar una xarxa de carrers nova que sigui semblant a l’existent en un mapa vectorial donat. A més, també es pretén unir aquesta aplicació amb l’urbanEngine per tal de poder generar vistes en 3D sobre aquestes xarxes de carrers, a més d’ampliar les opcions de l’urbanEngine a l’hora de crear ciutats

Embedding objects into Matlab/Simulink for process supervision

This paper introduces how artificial intelligence technologies can be integrated into a known computer aided control system design (CACSD) framework, Matlab/Simulink, using an object oriented approach. The aim is to build a framework to aid supervisory systems analysis, design and implementation. The idea is to take advantage of an existing CACSD framework, Matlab/Simulink, so that engineers can proceed: first to design a control system, and then to design a straightforward supervisory system of the control system in the same framework. Thus, expert systems and qualitative reasoning tools are incorporated into this popular CACSD framework to develop a computer aided supervisory system design (CASSD) framework. Object-variables an introduced into Matlab/Simulink for sharing information between tools

Developing a Simple and Rapid Test for Monitoring the Heat Evolution of Concrete Mixtures for Both Laboratory and Field Applications, January 2006

Various test methods exist for measuring heat of cement hydration; however, most current methods require expensive equipment, complex testing procedures, and/or extensive time, thus not being suitable for field application. The objectives of this research are to identify, develop, and evaluate a standard test procedure for characterization and quality control of pavement concrete mixtures using a calorimetry technique. This research project has three phases. Phase I was designed to identify the user needs, including performance requirements and precision and bias limits, and to synthesize existing test methods for monitoring the heat of hydration, including device types, configurations, test procedures, measurements, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and accuracy. Phase II was designed to conduct experimental work to evaluate the calorimetry equipment recommended from the Phase I study and to develop a standard test procedure for using the equipment and interpreting the test results. Phase II also includes the development of models and computer programs for prediction of concrete pavement performance based on the characteristics of heat evolution curves. Phase III was designed to study for further development of a much simpler, inexpensive calorimeter for field concrete. In this report, the results from the Phase I study are presented, the plan for the Phase II study is described, and the recommendations for Phase III study are outlined. Phase I has been completed through three major activities: (1) collecting input and advice from the members of the project Technical Working Group (TWG), (2) conducting a literature survey, and (3) performing trials at the CP Tech Center’s research lab. The research results indicate that in addition to predicting maturity/strength, concrete heat evolution test results can also be used for (1) forecasting concrete setting time, (2) specifying curing period, (3) estimating risk of thermal cracking, (4) assessing pavement sawing/finishing time, (5) characterizing cement features, (6) identifying incompatibility of cementitious materials, (7) verifying concrete mix proportions, and (8) selecting materials and/or mix designs for given environmental conditions. Besides concrete materials and mix proportions, the configuration of the calorimeter device, sample size, mixing procedure, and testing environment (temperature) also have significant influences on features of concrete heat evolution process. The research team has found that although various calorimeter tests have been conducted for assorted purposes and the potential uses of calorimeter tests are clear, there is no consensus on how to utilize the heat evolution curves to characterize concrete materials and how to effectively relate the characteristics of heat evolution curves to concrete pavement performance. The goal of the Phase II study is to close these gaps.

Computer-aided procedure for optimization of layer thickness uniformity in thermal evaporation physical vapor deposition chambers for lens coating

A computer-aided method to improve the thickness uniformity attainable when coating multiple substrates inside a thermal evaporation physical vapor deposition unit is presented. The study is developed for the classical spherical (dome-shaped) calotte and also for a plane sector reversible holder setup. This second arrangement is very useful for coating both sides of the substrate, such as antireflection multilayers on lenses. The design of static correcting shutters for both kinds of configurations is also discussed. Some results of using the method are presented as an illustration.

Benchmarking therapeutic drug monitoring software: A systematic evaluation of available computer tools

Introduction: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aims at optimizing treatment by individualizing dosage regimen based on measurement of blood concentrations. Maintaining concentrations within a target range requires pharmacokinetic and clinical capabilities. Bayesian calculation represents a gold standard in TDM approach but requires computing assistance. In the last decades computer programs have been developed to assist clinicians in this assignment. The aim of this benchmarking was to assess and compare computer tools designed to support TDM clinical activities.¦Method: Literature and Internet search was performed to identify software. All programs were tested on common personal computer. Each program was scored against a standardized grid covering pharmacokinetic relevance, user-friendliness, computing aspects, interfacing, and storage. A weighting factor was applied to each criterion of the grid to consider its relative importance. To assess the robustness of the software, six representative clinical vignettes were also processed through all of them.¦Results: 12 software tools were identified, tested and ranked. It represents a comprehensive review of the available software's characteristics. Numbers of drugs handled vary widely and 8 programs offer the ability to the user to add its own drug model. 10 computer programs are able to compute Bayesian dosage adaptation based on a blood concentration (a posteriori adjustment) while 9 are also able to suggest a priori dosage regimen (prior to any blood concentration measurement), based on individual patient covariates, such as age, gender, weight. Among those applying Bayesian analysis, one uses the non-parametric approach. The top 2 software emerging from this benchmark are MwPharm and TCIWorks. Other programs evaluated have also a good potential but are less sophisticated (e.g. in terms of storage or report generation) or less user-friendly.¦Conclusion: Whereas 2 integrated programs are at the top of the ranked listed, such complex tools would possibly not fit all institutions, and each software tool must be regarded with respect to individual needs of hospitals or clinicians. Interest in computing tool to support therapeutic monitoring is still growing. Although developers put efforts into it the last years, there is still room for improvement, especially in terms of institutional information system interfacing, user-friendliness, capacity of data storage and report generation.

Development of EDMI Calibration Baseline, HR-241, 1984

Electronic distance measuring instruments (EDMI) are used by surveyors in routine length measurements. The constant and scale factors of the instrument tend to change due to usage, transportation, and aging of crystals. Calibration baselines are established to enable surveyors to check the instruments and determine any changes in the values of constant and scale factors. The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has developed guidelines for establishing these baselines. In 1981 an EDMI baseline at ISU was established according to NGS guidelines. In October 1982, the NGS measured the distances between monuments. Computer programs for reducing observed distances were developed. Mathematical model and computer programs for determining constant and scale factors were developed. A method was developed to detect any movements of the monuments. Periodic measurements of the baseline were made. No significant movement of the monuments was detected.

R functions for quantifying nonindependence in standard dyadic and SRM designs

Interdependence is the main feature of dyadic relationships and, in recent years, various statistical procedures have been proposed for quantifying and testing this social attribute in different dyadic designs. The purpose of this paper is to develop several functions for this kind of statistical tests in an R package, known as nonindependence, for use by applied social researchers. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is also developed to facilitate the use of the functions included in this package. Examples drawn from psychological research and simulated data are used to illustrate how the software works.

A Computer Based Information System for County Equipment Cost Records, Final Report, HR-173, 1975

This appendix is divided into three sections. The first section contains abstracts of each of the eight computer programs in the system, instructions for keypunching the three input documents, and computer operating instructions pertaining to each program. The second section contains system flowcharts for the entire system as well as program flowcharts for each program. The last section contains PL/l program listings of each program.

Development of Object-Oriented Design and Specifications for Iowa DOT and Urban Standards: Phase I, TR-487, 2004

Currently, individuals including designers, contractors, and owners learn about the project requirements by studying a combination of paper and electronic copies of the construction documents including the drawings, specifications (standard and supplemental), road and bridge standard drawings, design criteria, contracts, addenda, and change orders. This can be a tedious process since one needs to go back and forth between the various documents (paper or electronic) to obtain information about the entire project. Object-oriented computer-aided design (OO-CAD) is an innovative technology that can bring a change to this process by graphical portrayal of information. OO-CAD allows users to point and click on portions of an object-oriented drawing that are then linked to relevant databases of information (e.g., specifications, procurement status, and shop drawings). The vision of this study is to turn paper-based design standards and construction specifications into an object-oriented design and specification (OODAS) system or a visual electronic reference library (ERL). Individuals can use the system through a handheld wireless book-size laptop that includes all of the necessary software for operating in a 3D environment. All parties involved in transportation projects can access all of the standards and requirements simultaneously using a 3D graphical interface. By using this system, users will have all of the design elements and all of the specifications readily available without concerns of omissions. A prototype object-oriented model was created and demonstrated to potential users representing counties, cities, and the state. Findings suggest that a system like this could improve productivity to find information by as much as 75% and provide a greater sense of confidence that all relevant information had been identified. It was also apparent that this system would be used by more people in construction than in design. There was also concern related to the cost to develop and maintain the complete system. The future direction should focus on a project-based system that can help the contractors and DOT inspectors find information (e.g., road standards, specifications, instructional memorandums) more rapidly as it pertains to a specific project.

Electronic Reference Library Phase I Report, 1999

This report describes the first phase in a project to develop an electronic reference library (ERL) to help Iowa transportation officials efficiently access information in critical and heavily used documents. These documents include Standard Specifications for Bridge and Highway Construction (hereinafter called Standard Specifications), design manuals, standard drawings, the Construction Manual, and Material Instruction Memoranda (hereinafter called Material IMs). Additional items that could be included to enhance the ERL include phone books, letting dates, Internet links, computer programs distributed by the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT), and local specifications, such as the Urban Standard Specifications of Public Improvements. All cross-references should be hyper linked, and a search engine should be provided. Revisions noted in the General Supplemental Specifications (hereinafter called the Supplemental Specifications) should be incorporated into the text of the Standard Specifications. The Standard Specifications should refer to related sections of other documents, and there should be reciprocal hyper links in those other documents. These features would speed research on critical issues and save staff time. A master plan and a pilot version were both developed in this first phase of the ERL.

Field Testing of Integral Abutments, Interim Report, HR-399, 1998

Integral abutment bridges are constructed without an expansion joint in the superstructure of the bridge; therefore, the bridge girders, deck, abutment diaphragms, and abutments are monolithically constructed. The abutment piles in an integral abutment bridge are vertically orientated, and they are embedded into the pile cap. When this type of a bridge experiences thermal expansion or contraction, horizontal displacements are induced at the top of the abutment piles. The flexibility of the abutment piles eliminates the need to provide an expansion joint at the inside face to the abutments: Integral abutment bridge construction has been used in Iowa and other states for many years. This research is evaluating the performance of integral abutment bridges by investigating thermally induced displacements, strains, and temperatures in two Iowa bridges. Each bridge has a skewed alignment, contains five prestressed concrete girders that support a 30-ft wide roadway for three spans, and involves a water crossing. The bridges will be monitored for about two years. For each bridge, an instrumentation package includes measurement devices and hardware and software support systems. The measurement devices are displacement transducers, strain gages, and thermocouples. The hardware and software systems include a data-logger; multiplexers; directline telephone service and computer terminal modem; direct-line electrical power; lap-top computer; and an assortment of computer programs for monitoring, transmitting, and management of the data. Instrumentation has been installed on a bridge located in Guthrie County, and similar instrumentation is currently being installed on a bridge located in Story County. Preliminary test results for the bridge located in Guthrie County have revealed that temperature changes of the bridge deck and girders induce both longitudinal and transverse displacements of the abutments and significant flexural strains in the abutment piles. For an average temperature range of 73° F for the superstructure concrete in the bridge located in Guthrie County, the change in the bridge length was about 1 118 in. and the maximum, strong-axis, flexural-strain range for one of the abutment piles was about 400 micro-strains, which corresponds to a stress range of about 11,600 psi.

Development of a 3D very high-resolution seismic reflection system for lacustrine settings - a case study over a thrust fault zone in Lake Geneva

Un système efficace de sismique tridimensionnelle (3-D) haute-résolution adapté à des cibles lacustres de petite échelle a été développé. Dans le Lac Léman, près de la ville de Lausanne, en Suisse, des investigations récentes en deux dimension (2-D) ont mis en évidence une zone de faille complexe qui a été choisie pour tester notre système. Les structures observées incluent une couche mince (<40 m) de sédiments quaternaires sub-horizontaux, discordants sur des couches tertiaires de molasse pentées vers le sud-est. On observe aussi la zone de faille de « La Paudèze » qui sépare les unités de la Molasse du Plateau de la Molasse Subalpine. Deux campagnes 3-D complètes, d?environ d?un kilomètre carré, ont été réalisées sur ce site de test. La campagne pilote (campagne I), effectuée en 1999 pendant 8 jours, a couvert 80 profils en utilisant une seule flûte. Pendant la campagne II (9 jours en 2001), le nouveau système trois-flûtes, bien paramétrés pour notre objectif, a permis l?acquisition de données de très haute qualité sur 180 lignes CMP. Les améliorations principales incluent un système de navigation et de déclenchement de tirs grâce à un nouveau logiciel. Celui-ci comprend un contrôle qualité de la navigation du bateau en temps réel utilisant un GPS différentiel (dGPS) à bord et une station de référence près du bord du lac. De cette façon, les tirs peuvent être déclenchés tous les 5 mètres avec une erreur maximale non-cumulative de 25 centimètres. Tandis que pour la campagne I la position des récepteurs de la flûte 48-traces a dû être déduite à partir des positions du bateau, pour la campagne II elle ont pu être calculées précisément (erreur <20 cm) grâce aux trois antennes dGPS supplémentaires placées sur des flotteurs attachés à l?extrémité de chaque flûte 24-traces. Il est maintenant possible de déterminer la dérive éventuelle de l?extrémité des flûtes (75 m) causée par des courants latéraux ou de petites variations de trajet du bateau. De plus, la construction de deux bras télescopiques maintenant les trois flûtes à une distance de 7.5 m les uns des autres, qui est la même distance que celle entre les lignes naviguées de la campagne II. En combinaison avec un espacement de récepteurs de 2.5 m, la dimension de chaque «bin» de données 3-D de la campagne II est de 1.25 m en ligne et 3.75 m latéralement. L?espacement plus grand en direction « in-line » par rapport à la direction «cross-line» est justifié par l?orientation structurale de la zone de faille perpendiculaire à la direction «in-line». L?incertitude sur la navigation et le positionnement pendant la campagne I et le «binning» imprécis qui en résulte, se retrouve dans les données sous forme d?une certaine discontinuité des réflecteurs. L?utilisation d?un canon à air à doublechambre (qui permet d?atténuer l?effet bulle) a pu réduire l?aliasing observé dans les sections migrées en 3-D. Celui-ci était dû à la combinaison du contenu relativement haute fréquence (<2000 Hz) du canon à eau (utilisé à 140 bars et à 0.3 m de profondeur) et d?un pas d?échantillonnage latéral insuffisant. Le Mini G.I 15/15 a été utilisé à 80 bars et à 1 m de profondeur, est mieux adapté à la complexité de la cible, une zone faillée ayant des réflecteurs pentés jusqu?à 30°. Bien que ses fréquences ne dépassent pas les 650 Hz, cette source combine une pénétration du signal non-aliasé jusqu?à 300 m dans le sol (par rapport au 145 m pour le canon à eau) pour une résolution verticale maximale de 1.1 m. Tandis que la campagne I a été acquise par groupes de plusieurs lignes de directions alternées, l?optimisation du temps d?acquisition du nouveau système à trois flûtes permet l?acquisition en géométrie parallèle, ce qui est préférable lorsqu?on utilise une configuration asymétrique (une source et un dispositif de récepteurs). Si on ne procède pas ainsi, les stacks sont différents selon la direction. Toutefois, la configuration de flûtes, plus courtes que pour la compagne I, a réduit la couverture nominale, la ramenant de 12 à 6. Une séquence classique de traitement 3-D a été adaptée à l?échantillonnage à haute fréquence et elle a été complétée par deux programmes qui transforment le format non-conventionnel de nos données de navigation en un format standard de l?industrie. Dans l?ordre, le traitement comprend l?incorporation de la géométrie, suivi de l?édition des traces, de l?harmonisation des «bins» (pour compenser l?inhomogénéité de la couverture due à la dérive du bateau et de la flûte), de la correction de la divergence sphérique, du filtrage passe-bande, de l?analyse de vitesse, de la correction DMO en 3-D, du stack et enfin de la migration 3-D en temps. D?analyses de vitesse détaillées ont été effectuées sur les données de couverture 12, une ligne sur deux et tous les 50 CMP, soit un nombre total de 600 spectres de semblance. Selon cette analyse, les vitesses d?intervalles varient de 1450-1650 m/s dans les sédiments non-consolidés et de 1650-3000 m/s dans les sédiments consolidés. Le fait que l?on puisse interpréter plusieurs horizons et surfaces de faille dans le cube, montre le potentiel de cette technique pour une interprétation tectonique et géologique à petite échelle en trois dimensions. On distingue cinq faciès sismiques principaux et leurs géométries 3-D détaillées sur des sections verticales et horizontales: les sédiments lacustres (Holocène), les sédiments glacio-lacustres (Pléistocène), la Molasse du Plateau, la Molasse Subalpine de la zone de faille (chevauchement) et la Molasse Subalpine au sud de cette zone. Les couches de la Molasse du Plateau et de la Molasse Subalpine ont respectivement un pendage de ~8° et ~20°. La zone de faille comprend de nombreuses structures très déformées de pendage d?environ 30°. Des tests préliminaires avec un algorithme de migration 3-D en profondeur avant sommation et à amplitudes préservées démontrent que la qualité excellente des données de la campagne II permet l?application de telles techniques à des campagnes haute-résolution. La méthode de sismique marine 3-D était utilisée jusqu?à présent quasi-exclusivement par l?industrie pétrolière. Son adaptation à une échelle plus petite géographiquement mais aussi financièrement a ouvert la voie d?appliquer cette technique à des objectifs d?environnement et du génie civil.<br/><br/>An efficient high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) seismic reflection system for small-scale targets in lacustrine settings was developed. In Lake Geneva, near the city of Lausanne, Switzerland, past high-resolution two-dimensional (2-D) investigations revealed a complex fault zone (the Paudèze thrust zone), which was subsequently chosen for testing our system. Observed structures include a thin (<40 m) layer of subhorizontal Quaternary sediments that unconformably overlie southeast-dipping Tertiary Molasse beds and the Paudèze thrust zone, which separates Plateau and Subalpine Molasse units. Two complete 3-D surveys have been conducted over this same test site, covering an area of about 1 km2. In 1999, a pilot survey (Survey I), comprising 80 profiles, was carried out in 8 days with a single-streamer configuration. In 2001, a second survey (Survey II) used a newly developed three-streamer system with optimized design parameters, which provided an exceptionally high-quality data set of 180 common midpoint (CMP) lines in 9 days. The main improvements include a navigation and shot-triggering system with in-house navigation software that automatically fires the gun in combination with real-time control on navigation quality using differential GPS (dGPS) onboard and a reference base near the lake shore. Shots were triggered at 5-m intervals with a maximum non-cumulative error of 25 cm. Whereas the single 48-channel streamer system of Survey I requires extrapolation of receiver positions from the boat position, for Survey II they could be accurately calculated (error <20 cm) with the aid of three additional dGPS antennas mounted on rafts attached to the end of each of the 24- channel streamers. Towed at a distance of 75 m behind the vessel, they allow the determination of feathering due to cross-line currents or small course variations. Furthermore, two retractable booms hold the three streamers at a distance of 7.5 m from each other, which is the same distance as the sail line interval for Survey I. With a receiver spacing of 2.5 m, the bin dimension of the 3-D data of Survey II is 1.25 m in in-line direction and 3.75 m in cross-line direction. The greater cross-line versus in-line spacing is justified by the known structural trend of the fault zone perpendicular to the in-line direction. The data from Survey I showed some reflection discontinuity as a result of insufficiently accurate navigation and positioning and subsequent binning errors. Observed aliasing in the 3-D migration was due to insufficient lateral sampling combined with the relatively high frequency (<2000 Hz) content of the water gun source (operated at 140 bars and 0.3 m depth). These results motivated the use of a double-chamber bubble-canceling air gun for Survey II. A 15 / 15 Mini G.I air gun operated at 80 bars and 1 m depth, proved to be better adapted for imaging the complexly faulted target area, which has reflectors dipping up to 30°. Although its frequencies do not exceed 650 Hz, this air gun combines a penetration of non-aliased signal to depths of 300 m below the water bottom (versus 145 m for the water gun) with a maximum vertical resolution of 1.1 m. While Survey I was shot in patches of alternating directions, the optimized surveying time of the new threestreamer system allowed acquisition in parallel geometry, which is preferable when using an asymmetric configuration (single source and receiver array). Otherwise, resulting stacks are different for the opposite directions. However, the shorter streamer configuration of Survey II reduced the nominal fold from 12 to 6. A 3-D conventional processing flow was adapted to the high sampling rates and was complemented by two computer programs that format the unconventional navigation data to industry standards. Processing included trace editing, geometry assignment, bin harmonization (to compensate for uneven fold due to boat/streamer drift), spherical divergence correction, bandpass filtering, velocity analysis, 3-D DMO correction, stack and 3-D time migration. A detailed semblance velocity analysis was performed on the 12-fold data set for every second in-line and every 50th CMP, i.e. on a total of 600 spectra. According to this velocity analysis, interval velocities range from 1450-1650 m/s for the unconsolidated sediments and from 1650-3000 m/s for the consolidated sediments. Delineation of several horizons and fault surfaces reveal the potential for small-scale geologic and tectonic interpretation in three dimensions. Five major seismic facies and their detailed 3-D geometries can be distinguished in vertical and horizontal sections: lacustrine sediments (Holocene) , glaciolacustrine sediments (Pleistocene), Plateau Molasse, Subalpine Molasse and its thrust fault zone. Dips of beds within Plateau and Subalpine Molasse are ~8° and ~20°, respectively. Within the fault zone, many highly deformed structures with dips around 30° are visible. Preliminary tests with 3-D preserved-amplitude prestack depth migration demonstrate that the excellent data quality of Survey II allows application of such sophisticated techniques even to high-resolution seismic surveys. In general, the adaptation of the 3-D marine seismic reflection method, which to date has almost exclusively been used by the oil exploration industry, to a smaller geographical as well as financial scale has helped pave the way for applying this technique to environmental and engineering purposes.<br/><br/>La sismique réflexion est une méthode d?investigation du sous-sol avec un très grand pouvoir de résolution. Elle consiste à envoyer des vibrations dans le sol et à recueillir les ondes qui se réfléchissent sur les discontinuités géologiques à différentes profondeurs et remontent ensuite à la surface où elles sont enregistrées. Les signaux ainsi recueillis donnent non seulement des informations sur la nature des couches en présence et leur géométrie, mais ils permettent aussi de faire une interprétation géologique du sous-sol. Par exemple, dans le cas de roches sédimentaires, les profils de sismique réflexion permettent de déterminer leur mode de dépôt, leurs éventuelles déformations ou cassures et donc leur histoire tectonique. La sismique réflexion est la méthode principale de l?exploration pétrolière. Pendant longtemps on a réalisé des profils de sismique réflexion le long de profils qui fournissent une image du sous-sol en deux dimensions. Les images ainsi obtenues ne sont que partiellement exactes, puisqu?elles ne tiennent pas compte de l?aspect tridimensionnel des structures géologiques. Depuis quelques dizaines d?années, la sismique en trois dimensions (3-D) a apporté un souffle nouveau à l?étude du sous-sol. Si elle est aujourd?hui parfaitement maîtrisée pour l?imagerie des grandes structures géologiques tant dans le domaine terrestre que le domaine océanique, son adaptation à l?échelle lacustre ou fluviale n?a encore fait l?objet que de rares études. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à développer un système d?acquisition sismique similaire à celui utilisé pour la prospection pétrolière en mer, mais adapté aux lacs. Il est donc de dimension moindre, de mise en oeuvre plus légère et surtout d?une résolution des images finales beaucoup plus élevée. Alors que l?industrie pétrolière se limite souvent à une résolution de l?ordre de la dizaine de mètres, l?instrument qui a été mis au point dans le cadre de ce travail permet de voir des détails de l?ordre du mètre. Le nouveau système repose sur la possibilité d?enregistrer simultanément les réflexions sismiques sur trois câbles sismiques (ou flûtes) de 24 traces chacun. Pour obtenir des données 3-D, il est essentiel de positionner les instruments sur l?eau (source et récepteurs des ondes sismiques) avec une grande précision. Un logiciel a été spécialement développé pour le contrôle de la navigation et le déclenchement des tirs de la source sismique en utilisant des récepteurs GPS différentiel (dGPS) sur le bateau et à l?extrémité de chaque flûte. Ceci permet de positionner les instruments avec une précision de l?ordre de 20 cm. Pour tester notre système, nous avons choisi une zone sur le Lac Léman, près de la ville de Lausanne, où passe la faille de « La Paudèze » qui sépare les unités de la Molasse du Plateau et de la Molasse Subalpine. Deux campagnes de mesures de sismique 3-D y ont été réalisées sur une zone d?environ 1 km2. Les enregistrements sismiques ont ensuite été traités pour les transformer en images interprétables. Nous avons appliqué une séquence de traitement 3-D spécialement adaptée à nos données, notamment en ce qui concerne le positionnement. Après traitement, les données font apparaître différents faciès sismiques principaux correspondant notamment aux sédiments lacustres (Holocène), aux sédiments glacio-lacustres (Pléistocène), à la Molasse du Plateau, à la Molasse Subalpine de la zone de faille et la Molasse Subalpine au sud de cette zone. La géométrie 3-D détaillée des failles est visible sur les sections sismiques verticales et horizontales. L?excellente qualité des données et l?interprétation de plusieurs horizons et surfaces de faille montrent le potentiel de cette technique pour les investigations à petite échelle en trois dimensions ce qui ouvre des voies à son application dans les domaines de l?environnement et du génie civil.

Automated formulation of optimisation models for steel beam structures

Over 70% of the total costs of an end product are consequences of decisions that are made during the design process. A search for optimal cross-sections will often have only a marginal effect on the amount of material used if the geometry of a structure is fixed and if the cross-sectional characteristics of its elements are property designed by conventional methods. In recent years, optimalgeometry has become a central area of research in the automated design of structures. It is generally accepted that no single optimisation algorithm is suitable for all engineering design problems. An appropriate algorithm, therefore, mustbe selected individually for each optimisation situation. Modelling is the mosttime consuming phase in the optimisation of steel and metal structures. In thisresearch, the goal was to develop a method and computer program, which reduces the modelling and optimisation time for structural design. The program needed anoptimisation algorithm that is suitable for various engineering design problems. Because Finite Element modelling is commonly used in the design of steel and metal structures, the interaction between a finite element tool and optimisation tool needed a practical solution. The developed method and computer programs were tested with standard optimisation tests and practical design optimisation cases. Three generations of computer programs are developed. The programs combine anoptimisation problem modelling tool and FE-modelling program using three alternate methdos. The modelling and optimisation was demonstrated in the design of a new boom construction and steel structures of flat and ridge roofs. This thesis demonstrates that the most time consuming modelling time is significantly reduced. Modelling errors are reduced and the results are more reliable. A new selection rule for the evolution algorithm, which eliminates the need for constraint weight factors is tested with optimisation cases of the steel structures that include hundreds of constraints. It is seen that the tested algorithm can be used nearly as a black box without parameter settings and penalty factors of the constraints.