Dynamic evacuation analyses : independent assessments of evacuation times from the plume exposure pathway emergency planning zones of twelve nuclear power stations /

On cover: FEMA-REP-3.

Avaliação da gestão da segurança do processo na central de ciclo combinado da Tapada do Outeiro e propostas de melhoria

A Gestão da Segurança do Processo consiste na implementação de procedimentos para controlar os perigos resultantes de fabrico, manuseamento e utilização de substâncias perigosas e da utilização de sistemas sob pressão em instalações industriais, pelo que se torna numa ferramenta de Gestão muito importante na indústria. Pela pesquisa realizada, a Gestão da Segurança do Processo é um tema pouco desenvolvido no nosso país, embora esteja diretamente relacionada com a Diretivas Seveso. Como colaborador da Central de Ciclo Combinado da Tapada do Outeiro, propus-me a avaliar a Gestão da Segurança do Processo na Central. A Direção da Central apoiou o tema, reservando a confidencialidade do trabalho final devido a assuntos sensíveis do negócio. Como resultado final do Projeto temos a avaliação da Gestão da Segurança do Processo na Central de Ciclo Combinado da Tapada do Outeiro, permitindo à gestão da Central identificar oportunidades para melhorar a efetividade do cumprimento deste objetivo.

Lämmöntalteenottokattilan kehittäminen kaasumoottoreille ja teollisuuskaasuturbiineille

Tässä diplomityössä on kehitetty kustannustehokas lämmöntalteenottokattila savukaasun virtaukselle alle 150 kg/s. Kehitettävä kattila on luonnonkiertoinen ja pystyrakenteinen. Valitun kattilatyypin etuja muihin kattilatyyppeihin nähden on tarkasteltu. Erityistä huomiota kattilassa on kiinnitetty vedenkäsittelyn yksinkertaistamiseen. Tämä on saavutettu tulistinratkaisulla, jonka säätötarve on vähäinen. Tuorehöyryn lämpötilan säätöön käytettyjä säätömenetelmiä on tarkasteltu ja eri tulistinratkaisuja käyttämällä saavutettavia tuorehöyrymääriä ja säätötarvetta on tutkittu simulointiohjelmaa hyväksi käyttäen. Tulistinratkaisun lisäksi työssä on tarkasteltu syöttöveden käyttöä ulkoiseen lämmitykseen sekä lämmönsiirrinpakettien tuentaa. Lisäpolton toteutusta sekä syöttövesiventtiilin sijoittamista ja syöttövesipumpun valintaa on myös tarkasteltu. Osana työtä on lisäksi tehty kehitettyä kattilaa varten mitoitusohjelma ja mitoitettu sitä käyttäen esimerkkilaitos.

Lisäpoltolla varustetun maakaasukombivoimalaitoksen optimointi.

Voimalaitoksen sisäisellä optimoinnilla pyritään parantamaan prosessia ja lisäämään voimalaitoskonseptin kilpailukykyä energiamarkkinoilla. Tässä työssä optimoitiin lisäpoltolla varustettua, sähköteholtaan noin 125 MW:n maakaasukompivoimalaitosta. Työ on osa Fortum Engineering Oy:n konseptikehitysohjelmaa. Kaasuturbiinin savukaasun sisältämää happea voidaan hyödyntää lämmöntal-teenottokattilan savukaasukanavaan sijoitetussa lisäpoltossa. Lisäpoltolla saadaan nostettua savukaasun lämpötilaa ja lisättyä tuotetun tuorehöyryn määrää. Työssä tutkittiin lisäpolton kannattavuutta ja sen vaikutusta voimalaitoksen mitoitukseen. Lisäpolton lämpötila valitaan teknisten rajoitusten perusteella, jolloin siitä aiheutuvat investointikustannukset eivät nouse merkittäviksi. Optimointimenetelmä pohjautuu Fortum Oyj:ssä kehitetyllä voimalaitossimulaattori Solvolla laskettujen lämpötaseiden ja asiantuntija-arvioihin perustuvien investointikustannuskaavojen käyttöön. Taloudelliset lähtöarvot on valittu Itä-Euroopan markkinatilanteen mukaisiksi. Kannattavuuslaskelmat perustuvat nykyarvomenetelmään, jossa investointikustannuksille ja sähkön ja kaukolämmön myynnistä saaduille tuotoille lasketaan nykyarvo. Teknisten rajoitusten puitteissa suurimman nykyarvon antava tapaus on aina kunkin tutkittavan prosessisuureen optimitapaus. Tutkittavia prosessisuureita voivat olla esimerkiksi tuorehöyryn tila-arvot. Eräs työn tavoitteista oli selvittää lämmöntalteenottokattilan painetasojen optimaalinen lukumäärä. Lisäpoltto todettiin lämmitysvoimalaitoksella kannattavaksi ratkaisuksi kun nyt optimoitua laitosta verrattiin ilman lisäpolttoa mitoitettuun vastaavanlaiseen laitokseen. Kannattavuuslaskelmille tehtiin herkkyystarkastelut, joiden avulla tutkittiin mitoitetun konseptin herkkyyttä taloudellisten lähtöarvojen muutoksille. Herkkyysanalyysin avulla optimoitua voimalaitoskonseptia voidaan hyödyntää suuremmalla taloudellisten lähtöarvojen vaihteluvälillä.

Analysis of hybrid waste-to-energy for medium-sized cities

Urban centers have a huge demand for electricity and the growing problem of the solid waste management generated by their population, a relevant social and administrative problem. The correct disposal of the municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in cities is one of the most complex engineering problems that involves logistics, safety, environmental and energetic aspects for its adequate management. Due to a national policy of solid wastes recently promulgated, Brazilian cities are evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of incinerating the non-recyclable waste. São José dos Campos, a São Paulo State industrialized city, is considering the composting of organic waste for biogas production and mass incineration of non-recyclable waste. This paper presents a waste-to-energy system based on the integration of gas turbines to a MSW incinerator for producing thermal and electric energy as an alternative solution for the solid waste disposal in São José dos Campos, SP. A technical and economic feasibility study for the hybrid combined cycle plant is presented and revealed to be attractive when carbon credit and waste tax are included in the project income. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Simulação de ciclo combinado utilizando software comercial

In Brazil, The power generation has always depended on the rivers, in other words, there are moments that the power generation can vary, which can cause variations in energy supply and even blackout according to the level of water in the reservoirs of the hydroelectric plants. For this reason, many options has been studied, like our example, which is about a combined cycle power plant in Canas. The use of combined cycle is interesting from the point o view of energy, because its efficiency is between 50 and 60%, and from the point of view of environment, because it can burn natural gas, which is cleaner than coal, it reduces the emission of gases that influence on the greenhouse effect. This work aims to perform a technical analysis of a case study of a power plant proposed to be built in Canas by the AES/AES Tietê Group. For the analysis will be used the commercial software GateCycle 6.0.0 from GE, this software has the power of simulating power generation cycles (nuclear, combined, etc.). The energy department of UNESP has the license, which makes possible the academic use of this tool. Two combined cycles were simulated, one using one pressure level HRSG, and another one closer to the real power plant, which is a combined cycle with a three pressure level HRSG. The results were close to expected, for the combined cycle with one pressure HRSG the power was 513,9 MW and a efficiency of 53,27%, in the case with the three pressure level HRSG the power was 517,1 MW and a efficiency of 53,5%. We conclude that the software requires that the user must have the knowledge about the subjects involved in the use of GateCycle in problems resolutions

Análise termoeconômica e eficiência ecológica de uma termoelétrica com absorção química de CO2

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Cálculo y diseño de los principales equipos eléctricos de la isla de potencia de una central de ciclo combinado

El objetivo de este proyecto se centra en la definición, diseño y cálculo de las principales instalaciones eléctricas de la isla de generación, típicas de una central de ciclo combinado en configuración mono-eje. Se procederá a la definición de la arquitectura del sistema de distribución eléctrica de la planta definiendo los equipos eléctricos necesarios para la alimentación y protección de los servicios auxiliares de la isla de potencia y estableciendo una filosofía basada en la optimización del dimensionamiento de los distintos componentes del sistema. El diseño de los componentes eléctricos de la planta se hará en base a los más estrictos estándares internacionales con los que se garantiza el cumplimiento de las condiciones de seguridad, tanto de las personas como la de los propios equipos, fiabilidad y funcionalidad. El siguiente paso consistirá en adaptar los equipos definidos a los existentes en el mercado y así, evitar los sobrecostes que conlleva la adquisición de equipos no estandarizados en el mercado. Abstract The main objective of the project is the definition, analysis and sizing of the main components of the electrical system of a combined cycle power plant. This includes generation, auxiliary services and emergency systems. The design is intended to meet the International Electrotechnical Commission´s standards. These will ensure the adequate and safe operation, taking into account all operation conditions of the plant and the mechanical calculation of the thermal balance by the sizing of main mechanical equipment. An acceptable level of safety and health of workers and equipment is a mandatory requirement. The final results obtained are equipment that are able to achieve the highest level of protection for workers, assets and environment.

Life cycle GHG assessment of fossil fuel power plants with carbon capture and storage

The evaluation of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from power generation with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a critical factor in energy and policy analysis. The current paper examines life cycle emissions from three types of fossil-fuel-based power plants, namely supercritical pulverized coal (super-PC), natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), with and without CCS. Results show that, for a 90% CO2 capture efficiency, life cycle GHG emissions are reduced by 75-84% depending on what technology is used. With GHG emissions less than 170 g/kWh, IGCC technology is found to be favorable to NGCC with CCS. Sensitivity analysis reveals that, for coal power plants, varying the CO2 capture efficiency and the coal transport distance has a more pronounced effect on life cycle GHG emissions than changing the length of CO2 transport pipeline. Finally, it is concluded from the current study that while the global warming potential is reduced when MEA-based CO2 capture is employed, the increase in other air pollutants such as NOx and NH3 leads to higher eutrophication and acidification potentials.

A techno-economic assessment of the use of fast pyrolysis bio-oil from UK energy crops in the production of electricity and combined heat and power

This thesis investigates the cost of electricity generation using bio-oil produced by the fast pyrolysis of UK energy crops. The study covers cost from the farm to the generator’s terminals. The use of short rotation coppice willow and miscanthus as feedstocks was investigated. All costs and performance data have been taken from published papers, reports or web sites. Generation technologies are compared at scales where they have proved economic burning other fuels, rather than at a given size. A pyrolysis yield model was developed for a bubbling fluidised bed fast pyrolysis reactor from published data to predict bio-oil yields and pyrolysis plant energy demands. Generation using diesel engines, gas turbines in open and combined cycle (CCGT) operation and steam cycle plants was considered. The use of bio-oil storage to allow the pyrolysis and generation plants to operate independently of each other was investigated. The option of using diesel generators and open cycle gas turbines for combined heat and power was examined. The possible cost reductions that could be expected through learning if the technology is widely implemented were considered. It was found that none of the systems analysed would be viable without subsidy, but with the current Renewable Obligation Scheme CCGT plants in the 200 to 350 MWe range, super-critical coal fired boilers co-fired with bio-oil, and groups of diesel engine based CHP schemes supplied by a central pyrolysis plant would be viable. It was found that the cost would reduce with implementation and the planting of more energy crops but some subsidy would still be needed to make the plants viable.

Optimisation of environmental gas cleaning routes for solid wastes cogeneration systems. Part II - Analysis of waste incineration combined gas/steam cycle

In the first paper of this paper (Part I), conditions were presented for the gas cleaning technological route for environomic optimisation of a cogeneration system based in a thermal cycle with municipal solid waste incineration. In this second part, an environomic analysis is presented of a cogeneration system comprising a combined cycle composed of a gas cycle burning natural gas with a heat recovery steam generator with no supplementary burning and a steam cycle burning municipal solid wastes (MSW) to which will be added a pure back pressure steam turbine (another one) of pure condensation. This analysis aims to select, concerning some scenarios, the best atmospheric pollutant emission control routes (rc) according to the investment cost minimisation, operation and social damage criteria. In this study, a comparison is also performed with the results obtained in the Case Study presented in Part I. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermodynamic information system for diagnosis and prognosis of power plant operation condition

A thermodynamic information system for diagnosis and prognosis of an existing power plant was developed. The system is based on an analytic approach that informs the current thermodynamic condition of all cycle components, as well as the improvement that can be obtained in the cycle performance by the elimination of the discovered anomalies. The effects induced by components anomalies and repairs in other components efficiency, which have proven to be one of the main drawbacks in the diagnosis and prognosis analyses, are taken into consideration owing to the use of performance curves and corrected performance curves together with the thermodynamic data collected from the distributed control system. The approach used to develop the system is explained, the system implementation in a real gas turbine cogeneration combined cycle is described and the results are discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Economics of Hybrid Photovoltaic Power Plants

The global power supply stability is faced to several severe and fundamental threats, in particular steadily increasing power demand, diminishing and degrading fossil and nuclear energy resources, very harmful greenhouse gas emissions, significant energy injustice and a structurally misbalanced ecological footprint. Photovoltaic (PV) power systems are analysed in various aspects focusing on economic and technical considerations of supplemental and substitutional power supply to the constraint conventional power system. To infer the most relevant system approach for PV power plants several solar resources available for PV systems are compared. By combining the different solar resources and respective economics, two major PV systems are identified to be very competitive in almost all regions in the world. The experience curve concept is used as a key technique for the development of scenario assumptions on economic projections for the decade of the 2010s. Main drivers for cost reductions in PV systems are learning and production growth rate, thus several relevant aspects are discussed such as research and development investments, technical PV market potential, different PV technologies and the energetic sustainability of PV. Three major market segments for PV systems are identified: off-grid PV solutions, decentralised small scale on-grid PV systems (several kWp) and large scale PV power plants (tens of MWp). Mainly by application of ‘grid-parity’ and ‘fuel-parity’ concepts per country, local market and conventional power plant basis, the global economic market potential for all major PV system segments is derived. PV power plant hybridization potential of all relevant power technologies and the global power plant structure are analyzed regarding technical, economical and geographical feasibility. Key success criteria for hybrid PV power plants are discussed and comprehensively analysed for all adequate power plant technologies, i.e. oil, gas and coal fired power plants, wind power, solar thermal power (STEG) and hydro power plants. For the 2010s, detailed global demand curves are derived for hybrid PV-Fossil power plants on a per power plant, per country and per fuel type basis. The fundamental technical and economic potentials for hybrid PV-STEG, hybrid PV-Wind and hybrid PV-Hydro power plants are considered. The global resource availability for PV and wind power plants is excellent, thus knowing the competitive or complementary characteristic of hybrid PV-Wind power plants on a local basis is identified as being of utmost relevance. The complementarity of hybrid PV-Wind power plants is confirmed. As a result of that almost no reduction of the global economic PV market potential need to be expected and more complex power system designs on basis of hybrid PV-Wind power plants are feasible. The final target of implementing renewable power technologies into the global power system is a nearly 100% renewable power supply. Besides balancing facilities, storage options are needed, in particular for seasonal power storage. Renewable power methane (RPM) offers respective options. A comprehensive global and local analysis is performed for analysing a hybrid PV-Wind-RPM combined cycle gas turbine power system. Such a power system design might be competitive and could offer solutions for nearly all current energy system constraints including the heating and transportation sector and even the chemical industry. Summing up, hybrid PV power plants become very attractive and PV power systems will very likely evolve together with wind power to the major and final source of energy for mankind.

Ecological efficiency in thermoelectric power plants

This work evaluates the environmental impact resulting from the natural gas and diesel combustion in thermoelectric power plants that utilize the combined cycle technology (CC), as regarding to Brazilian conditions according to Thermopower Priority Plan JPP). In the regions where there are not natural gas the option has been the utilization of diesel and consequentily there are more emission of pollutants. The ecological efficiency concept, which evaluates by and large the environmental impact, caused by CO2, SO2, NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions. The combustion gases of the thermoelectric power plants working with natural gas (less pollutant) and diesel (more pollutant) cause problems to the environment, for their components harm the human being life, animals and directly the plants. The resulting pollution from natural gas and diesel combustion is analyzed, considering separately the CO2, SO2, NO2 and particulate matter gas emission and comparing them with the in use international standards regarding the air quality. It can be concluded that it is possible to calculate thermoelectric power plant quantitative and qualitative environment factor, and on the ecological standpoint, for plant with total power of 41441 kW, being 27 170 kW for the gas turbine and 14271 kW for the steam turbine. The natural gas used as fuel is better than the diesel, presenting ecological efficiency of 0.944 versus 0.914 for the latter, considering a thermal efficiency of 54% for the combined cycle. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.