Mice lacking the gene encoding tissue-type plasminogen activator show a selective interference with late-phase long-term potentiation in both Schaffer collateral and mossy fiber pathways.

The gene encoding tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is an immediate response gene, downstream from CREB-1 and other constitutively expressed transcription factors, which is induced in the hippocampus during the late phase of long-term potentiation (L-LTP). Mice in which the t-PA gene has been ablated (t-PA-/-) showed no gross anatomical, electrophysiological, sensory, or motor abnormalities but manifest a selective reduction in L-LTP in hippocampal slices in both the Schaffer collateral-CA1 and mossy fiber-CA3 pathways. t-PA-/- mice also exhibit reduced potentiation by cAMP analogs and D1/D5 agonists. By contrast, hippocampal-dependent learning and memory were not affected in these mice, whereas performance was impaired on two-way active avoidance, a striatum-dependent task. These results provide genetic evidence that t-PA is a downstream effector gene important for L-LTP and show that modest impairment of L-LTP in CA1 and CA3 does not result in hippocampus-dependent behavioral phenotypes.

Collateral and Credit Rationing. The role of collateral in explaining and remediating the limited flow of credit to households and SMEs. ECRI Policy Brief No. 7, February 2014

European-wide data concerning both companies and households indicate that the credit rationing phenomenon, which has been predicted by theory, does in fact occur to a significant degree in the European credit market. Among SMEs, micro companies are most vulnerable and the current economic crisis has only made these concerns more pressing. Top-down use of the monetary transmission mechanism alone is insufficient to counter the problem. The other solution consists of a bottom-up, microeconomic stimulation of lending transactions, by focusing on collateral and guarantees. The data confirm the high importance that lenders – especially individual households and micro companies – attach to collateral and guarantees when making their lending decisions. As a consequence, we would argue that those parts of the law governing security interests and guarantees should be one of the primary targets for government policy aimed at improving credit flows, especially in avoiding a conflict between consumer protection measures and laws on surety and guarantees. This policy brief firstly aims to give an overview of the problem of credit rationing and to show that low-income households and SMEs are most concerned by the phenomenon. Focusing solely on loans as a way of financing and on the issues related to access to finance by micro and small companies as well households, it then sketches possible solutions focused on guarantees. This paper brings together data from the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption survey (HFCS), Eurostat, and both the latest wave of the extended biennial EC/ECB Survey on the access to finance of SMEs (EC/ECB SAFE 2013) and the latest wave of the smaller semi-annual ECB SAFE Survey, covering the period between October 2012 and March 2013.

Eurosystem collateral policy and framework: Was it unduly changed? Bruegel Policy Contribution 2014/14, 17 November 2014

All Eurosystem credit operations, including the important open market operations, need to be based on adequate collateral. Liquidity is provided to banks against collateral at market prices subject to a haircut. The Eurosystem adapted its collateral framework during the crisis to accept lower-rated assets as collateral. Higher haircuts are applied to insure against liquidity risk as well as the greater volatility of prices of lower-rated assets. The adaptation of the collateral framework was necessary to provide sufficient liquidity to banks in the euro area periphery in particular. In crisis countries, special emergency liquidity assistance was provided. More than 80 percent of the European Central Bank’s liquidity (Main Refinancing Operations and Long Term Refinancing Operations) is provided to banks in five countries (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain). The changes in the collateral framework were necessary for the ECB to fulfil its treaty-based mandate of providing liquidity to solvent banks and safeguarding financial stability. The ECB did not take on board excessive risks.

Exploration of collateral data potentially applicable to Great Lakes hydrography and fisheries.

Series from list provided by U-M Great Lakes Research Division.

Exploration of collateral data potentially applicable to Great Lakes hydrography and fisheries : phase I final report /

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract No. 14-19-008-9381.

A treatise on the law of pledges : including collateral securities /

Mode of access: Internet.

1910. Census of Missouri. Collateral and comparative census figures collated from thirteenth decennial census statistics of the United States.

Mode of access: Internet.

A record of the Hart family of Philadelphia : with a genealogy of the family, from its first settlement in America ; augmented by notes of the collateral branches, 1735-1920 /

Reproduced from typescript.

Cyclopaedia of practical receipts and collateral information in the arts, manufactures, professions, and trades ... designed as a ... supplement to the pharmacopoeia and general book of reference ...

Paged continously.

A dictionary of terms used in medicine and the collateral sciences

Mode of access: Internet.

A Theoretical and practical treatise on the manufacture of sulphuric acid and alkali : with the collateral branches /

Vol. 2-3 have title: The manufacture of sulphuric acid and alkali, with the collateral branches; a theoretical and practical treatise.

The seventh vial; or, The time of trouble begun, as shown in the Great War, the dethronement of the Pope, and other collateral events,

University Microfilms International, 1977.

Observations of the naturalhistory of the swallowtribe : with collateral statement of facts relative to their migration, and to their brvmal torpidity : and a copivs table of reference to avthors : illustrated by figures of five species, engraved on wood, by Willis : to which is added, A general catalogue of British birds, with the provincial names for each, &c. &c. &c. /

Original (?) blue paper front cover with printed label, Forster on the swallow, bound in.

A dictionary of medical terminology, dental surgery and the collateral sciences.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of Richard and Francina (Hart) Phillips and their descendants : including a brief account of their ancestry, collateral lines, and items of interest /

Mode of access: Internet.