Tomato yield and potassium concentrations in soil and in plant petioles as affected by potassium fertirrigation

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Santa Clara was grown on a silt clay soil with 46 mg dm-3 Mehlich 1 extractable K, to evaluate the effects of trickle-applied K rates on fruit yield and to establish K critical concentrations in soil and in plant petioles. Six potassium rates (0, 48, 119, 189, 259 and 400 kg ha-1 K) were applied in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Soil and plant K critical levels were determined at two plant growth stages (at the beginning of the second and fourth cluster flowering). Total, marketable and weighted yields increased with K rates, reaching their maximum of 86.4, 73.4, and 54.9 ton ha-1 at 198, 194, and 125 kg ha-1 K , respectively. At the first soil sampling date K critical concentrations in the soil associated with K rates for maximum marketable and weighted yields were 92 and 68 mg dm-3, respectively. Potassium critical concentrations in the dry matter of the petioles sampled by the beginning of the second and fourth cluster flowering time, associated with maximum weighted yield, were 10.30 and 7.30 dag kg-1, respectively.

Evaluation of Steel Bridges, Volumes I & II, TR-493, 2007

This report is divided into two volumes. This volume (Volume I) summarizes a structural health monitoring (SHM) system that was developed for the Iowa DOT to remotely and continuously monitor fatigue critical bridges (FCB) to aid in the detection of crack formation. The developed FCB SHM system enables bridge owners to remotely monitor FCB for gradual or sudden damage formation. The SHM system utilizes fiber bragg grating (FBG) fiber optic sensors (FOSs) to measure strains at critical locations. The strain-based SHM system is trained with measured performance data to identify typical bridge response when subjected to ambient traffic loads, and that knowledge is used to evaluate newly collected data. At specified intervals, the SHM system autonomously generates evaluation reports that summarize the current behavior of the bridge. The evaluation reports are collected and distributed to the bridge owner for interpretation and decision making. Volume II summarizes the development and demonstration of an autonomous, continuous SHM system that can be used to monitor typical girder bridges. The developed SHM system can be grouped into two main categories: an office component and a field component. The office component is a structural analysis software program that can be used to generate thresholds which are used for identifying isolated events. The field component includes hardware and field monitoring software which performs data processing and evaluation. The hardware system consists of sensors, data acquisition equipment, and a communication system backbone. The field monitoring software has been developed such that, once started, it will operate autonomously with minimal user interaction. In general, the SHM system features two key uses. First, the system can be integrated into an active bridge management system that tracks usage and structural changes. Second, the system helps owners to identify damage and deterioration.

Soil nutrient availability and its impact on fruit quality of Tahiti acid lime

The Tahiti acid lime in Brazil is mostly grown in the S��o Paulo State. The value of this crop production ranks among the ten most important fruits in the country. The Brazilian exports of Tahiti limes have increased in the last years with a corresponding increased demand for superior quality of fresh fruits, which is affected by mineral nutrients. Therefore, this study evaluated nutrient soil availability and its influence on nutritional status of trees based on the determination of leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations, fruit characteristics, and post harvest quality. Eleven commercial groves with trees older than 4-yr and differently managed were studied. Plots with six trees in each grove were sampled for soil (0-20 cm depth layer), leaf and fruit analyses with three replicates. Correlation coefficients were pair wised established for all variables. The results showed that N leaf concentration was well correlated with green color of fruit peel as measured by a color index (r = -0.71**), and which was optimum with Leaf-N around 22 g kg-1. Leaf-Ca was inversely correlated with fruit water loss after 14-day interval from harvest (r = -0.54*) demonstrating that Ca plays an important role in Tahiti fruit shelf-life. Data also suggested that increased fruit K concentration correlated with increased fruit water losses during storage (r >0.58*).

Application of nitrogen sources on grapevines and effect on yield and must composition

This study was carried out to evaluate the yield, total N content in leaves and must composition of grapes from the Cabernet Sauvignon variety subjected to the application of urea and organic compost. Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines in Ros��rio do Sul, RS, Brazil, in 2008, 2009 and 2010 were subjected to annual application of 40 kg N ha-1 in the form of organic compost and urea, and compared to unfertilized grapevines. In the 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11 crop seasons, leaves were collected for analysis of total N content. At maturation of the grapes, the yield and quality attributes of the must were evaluated. The application of N sources, especially organic compost, increased the N content in the whole leaf at full flowering. Application of organic compost and urea has little effect on grape yield and does not affect the total nutrient content in the must, nor the enological attributes.

Coneixement i gesti�� del dol patol��gic per part dels infermers/es a l'atenci�� prim��ria de Girona

Per entendre l���experi��ncia d���una p��rdua i dur a terme una intervenci�� amb una valoraci�� hol��stica del pacient amb dol, ��s ��til con��ixer que aquesta p��rdua ��s present a la vida humana i que tota persona ��s susceptible a viure-la. Cada pas que fem en el nostre cam�� perdem coses, des de persones a un objecte significatiu, fins a les coses m��s ef��meres com ��s la joventut, els somnis o les idees que ens permeten l���enfrontament a les dures ���realitats de la vida���L���objectiu d���aquest estudi ��s valorar el coneixement del concepte de dol, dol patol��gic i d��na a con��ixer quin ��s el proc��s de dol a partir de la teoria de les etapes d��� Elisabet K��bler-Ross, Parkes i Worden com els pares de les tasques d���aquest proc��s. Per altra banda pret��n, donar a con��ixer la detecci�� d���un dol per aix�� evitar la cronificaci�� d���aquest i que el pacient pugui dur a terme un bonacompanyament del dolLa metodologia es realitzar�� a partir d���un estudi d���an��lisis qualitatiu i quantitatiu, descriptiu i bivariant en els professionals d���infermeria de les ��rees b��siques de salut de la ciutat de Girona: Girona 1(CAP Santa Clara), Girona 2 (CAP Can Gibert del Pla), Girona 3 (CAP de Montilivi) i Girona 4(CAP Taial��)Per l���an��lisi estad��stica descriptiva i bivariant s���utilitzar�� el programa SPSS v20 per l���an��lisi quantitativa i el programa N-Vivo 10 per l���an��lisi qualitativa. I per l���obtenci�� dels resultats es realitzar�� una an��lisis descriptiva bivariant. Els resultats obtinguts en aquest estudi ens ajudaran a detectar necessitats relacionades amb la formaci�� i l���aprenentatge dels professionals de l���atenci�� prim��ria i la manca de recursos en relaci�� al dol

An��lise multicomponente simult��nea por espectrofotometria de absor����o molecular UV-VIS

This review presents the evolution of simultaneous multicomponent analysis by absorption spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and visual regions in terms of some qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques, otimization methods, as well as applications and modern trends.

Kunnossapito-ohjelman rakentaminen RCM - menetelm��n avulla

Ty��n tarkoituksena oli luoda UPM Kaukaan sellutehtaan kaustisointi- ja meesauunialueelle kunnossapito-ohjelma, RCM eli luotettavuuskeskeinen kunnossapitomenetelm���� k��ytt��en. Tavoitteena oli luoda ennakkohuolto-ohjelma, joka pohjautuu laitekriittisyyksiin sek�� optimoida kohdealueen laitteiden varaosien varastointia. Perustaksi ty��lle luotiin uusi kriittisyysluokittelumalli, joka perustuu PSK 6800 standardiin. Tarvittavien ennakkohuoltotoimenpiteiden m����ritt��misen apuna k��ytettiin toimenpiteiden m����ritysmatriisia. Varaosavaraston optimointia varten luotiin varaosien varastointitarpeen m����ritysmatriisi. Prosessin suorittamisessa korostui laaja ja osaava projektiryhm��, jonka avulla asioiden l��pik��ynniss�� oli tarvittavat tiedot saatavilla. Projektiryhm��ss�� oli mukana sek�� kunnossapidon ett�� k��yt��n henkil��it��. Kunnossapito-ohjelmasta muodostui eritt��in kattava. Seisokkia vaativat toimenpiteet ovat aikataulutettu siten, ett�� niit�� suoritetaan tasaisesti vuoden aikana. Uusien huoltorivien ansiosta alueen kunnossapito selkeytyy paljon.

Un mod��le syst��mique d���analyse de changement dans les organisations : le cas de l���analyse de l���implantation du projet PATH de l���OMS Europe en France

Th��se de doctorat effectu��e en cotutelle au D��partement d���administration de la sant�� Facult�� de m��decine, Universit�� de Montr��al et �� l�����cole doctorale Biologie-Sant�� Facult�� de m��decine, Universit�� de Nantes, France

Adaptive Real-time Anomaly-based Intrusion Detection using Data Mining and Machine Learning Techniques

Die zunehmende Vernetzung der Informations- und Kommunikationssysteme f��hrt zu einer weiteren Erh��hung der Komplexit��t und damit auch zu einer weiteren Zunahme von Sicherheitsl��cken. Klassische Schutzmechanismen wie Firewall-Systeme und Anti-Malware-L��sungen bieten schon lange keinen Schutz mehr vor Eindringversuchen in IT-Infrastrukturen. Als ein sehr wirkungsvolles Instrument zum Schutz gegen��ber Cyber-Attacken haben sich hierbei die Intrusion Detection Systeme (IDS) etabliert. Solche Systeme sammeln und analysieren Informationen von Netzwerkkomponenten und Rechnern, um ungew��hnliches Verhalten und Sicherheitsverletzungen automatisiert festzustellen. W��hrend signatur-basierte Ans��tze nur bereits bekannte Angriffsmuster detektieren k��nnen, sind anomalie-basierte IDS auch in der Lage, neue bisher unbekannte Angriffe (Zero-Day-Attacks) fr��hzeitig zu erkennen. Das Kernproblem von Intrusion Detection Systeme besteht jedoch in der optimalen Verarbeitung der gewaltigen Netzdaten und der Entwicklung eines in Echtzeit arbeitenden adaptiven Erkennungsmodells. Um diese Herausforderungen l��sen zu k��nnen, stellt diese Dissertation ein Framework bereit, das aus zwei Hauptteilen besteht. Der erste Teil, OptiFilter genannt, verwendet ein dynamisches "Queuing Concept", um die zahlreich anfallenden Netzdaten weiter zu verarbeiten, baut fortlaufend Netzverbindungen auf, und exportiert strukturierte Input-Daten f��r das IDS. Den zweiten Teil stellt ein adaptiver Klassifikator dar, der ein Klassifikator-Modell basierend auf "Enhanced Growing Hierarchical Self Organizing Map" (EGHSOM), ein Modell f��r Netzwerk Normalzustand (NNB) und ein "Update Model" umfasst. In dem OptiFilter werden Tcpdump und SNMP traps benutzt, um die Netzwerkpakete und Hostereignisse fortlaufend zu aggregieren. Diese aggregierten Netzwerkpackete und Hostereignisse werden weiter analysiert und in Verbindungsvektoren umgewandelt. Zur Verbesserung der Erkennungsrate des adaptiven Klassifikators wird das k��nstliche neuronale Netz GHSOM intensiv untersucht und wesentlich weiterentwickelt. In dieser Dissertation werden unterschiedliche Ans��tze vorgeschlagen und diskutiert. So wird eine classification-confidence margin threshold definiert, um die unbekannten b��sartigen Verbindungen aufzudecken, die Stabilit��t der Wachstumstopologie durch neuartige Ans��tze f��r die Initialisierung der Gewichtvektoren und durch die St��rkung der Winner Neuronen erh��ht, und ein selbst-adaptives Verfahren eingef��hrt, um das Modell st��ndig aktualisieren zu k��nnen. Dar��ber hinaus besteht die Hauptaufgabe des NNB-Modells in der weiteren Untersuchung der erkannten unbekannten Verbindungen von der EGHSOM und der ��berpr��fung, ob sie normal sind. Jedoch, ��ndern sich die Netzverkehrsdaten wegen des Concept drif Ph��nomens st��ndig, was in Echtzeit zur Erzeugung nicht station��rer Netzdaten f��hrt. Dieses Ph��nomen wird von dem Update-Modell besser kontrolliert. Das EGHSOM-Modell kann die neuen Anomalien effektiv erkennen und das NNB-Model passt die ��nderungen in Netzdaten optimal an. Bei den experimentellen Untersuchungen hat das Framework erfolgversprechende Ergebnisse gezeigt. Im ersten Experiment wurde das Framework in Offline-Betriebsmodus evaluiert. Der OptiFilter wurde mit offline-, synthetischen- und realistischen Daten ausgewertet. Der adaptive Klassifikator wurde mit dem 10-Fold Cross Validation Verfahren evaluiert, um dessen Genauigkeit abzusch��tzen. Im zweiten Experiment wurde das Framework auf einer 1 bis 10 GB Netzwerkstrecke installiert und im Online-Betriebsmodus in Echtzeit ausgewertet. Der OptiFilter hat erfolgreich die gewaltige Menge von Netzdaten in die strukturierten Verbindungsvektoren umgewandelt und der adaptive Klassifikator hat sie pr��zise klassifiziert. Die Vergleichsstudie zwischen dem entwickelten Framework und anderen bekannten IDS-Ans��tzen zeigt, dass der vorgeschlagene IDSFramework alle anderen Ans��tze ��bertrifft. Dies l��sst sich auf folgende Kernpunkte zur��ckf��hren: Bearbeitung der gesammelten Netzdaten, Erreichung der besten Performanz (wie die Gesamtgenauigkeit), Detektieren unbekannter Verbindungen und Entwicklung des in Echtzeit arbeitenden Erkennungsmodells von Eindringversuchen.

Comparison of survival rates of captive-reared and wild-bred Mauritius kestrels (Falco punctatus) in a re-introduced population

Re-introduction is a technique widely used in the conservation of threatened bird species. With advances in aviculture the use of captive-produced individuals as the release stock is becoming more commonplace, and ideally, survival of captive-produced, released individuals should be no different from their wild-bred counterparts. During the late 1980s the Critically Endangered Mauritius kestrel (Falco punctatus) was successfully re-introduced into the Bambous mountain range, Mauritius, some 30 years after its local extinction. Between 1987 and 2001 the developing population was closely monitored enabling us to construct re-sighting histories for 88 released and 284 wild-bred kestrels. We used age-structured models in the survival analysis software program MARK to determine if an individual's origin influenced its subsequent survival. Our analysis indicated no compelling evidence for reduced survival among juvenile captive-reared and released individuals, relative to their wild-bred counterparts, across the majority of cohorts and only limited evidence of a cohort-specific effect. This study illustrates that despite the lack of a formal experimental approach it is still feasible to conduct an assessment of re-introduction outcomes and techniques.

Comparison of survival rates of captive-reared and wild-bred Mauritius kestrels (falco punctatus) in a re-introduced population

Re-introduction is a technique widely used in the conservation of threatened bird species. With advances in aviculture the use of captive-produced individuals as the release stock is becoming more commonplace, and ideally, survival of captive-produced, released individuals should be no different from their wild-bred counterparts. During the late 1980s the Critically Endangered Mauritius kestrel (Falco punctatus) was successfully re-introduced into the Bambous mountain range, Mauritius, some 30 years after its local extinction. Between 1987 and 2001 the developing population was closely monitored enabling us to construct re-sighting histories for 88 released and 284 wild-bred kestrels. We used age-structured models in the survival analysis software program MARK to determine if an individual's origin influenced its subsequent survival. Our analysis indicated no compelling evidence for reduced survival among juvenile captive-reared and released individuals, relative to their wild-bred counterparts, across the majority of cohorts and only limited evidence of a cohort-specific effect. This study illustrates that despite the lack of a formal experimental approach it is still feasible to conduct an assessment of re-introduction outcomes and techniques. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pan-Arctic and regional sea ice predictability: initialization month dependence

Seasonal-to-interannual predictions of Arctic sea ice may be important for Arctic communities and industries alike. Previous studies have suggested that Arctic sea ice is potentially predictable but that the skill of predictions of the September extent minimum, initialized in early summer, may be low. The authors demonstrate that a melt season ���predictability barrier��� and two predictability reemergence mechanisms, suggested by a previous study, are robust features of five global climate models. Analysis of idealized predictions with one of these models [Hadley Centre Global Environment Model, version 1.2 (HadGEM1.2)], initialized in January, May and July, demonstrates that this predictability barrier exists in initialized forecasts as well. As a result, the skill of sea ice extent and volume forecasts are strongly start date dependent and those that are initialized in May lose skill much faster than those initialized in January or July. Thus, in an operational setting, initializing predictions of extent and volume in July has strong advantages for the prediction of the September minimum when compared to predictions initialized in May. Furthermore, a regional analysis of sea ice predictability indicates that extent is predictable for longer in the seasonal ice zones of the North Atlantic and North Pacific than in the regions dominated by perennial ice in the central Arctic and marginal seas. In a number of the Eurasian shelf seas, which are important for Arctic shipping, only the forecasts initialized in July have continuous skill during the first summer. In contrast, predictability of ice volume persists for over 2 yr in the central Arctic but less in other regions.

Forest-obligate Sabethes mosquitoes suggest palaeoecological perturbations

The origin of tropical forest diversity has been hotly debated for decades. Although specific mechanisms vary, many such explanations propose some vicariance in the distribution of species during glacial cycles and several have been supported by genetic evidence in Neotropical taxa. However, no consensus exists with regard to the extent or time frame of the vicariance events. Here, we analyse the cytochrome oxidase II mitochondrial gene of 250 Sabethes albiprivus B mosquitoes sampled from western Sao Paulo in Brazil. There was very low population structuring among collection sites (Phi(ST) = 0.03, P = 0.04). Historic demographic analyses and the contemporary geographic distribution of genetic diversity suggest that the populations sampled are not at demographic equilibrium. Three distinct mitochondrial clades were observed in the samples, one of which differed significantly in its geographic distribution relative to the other two within a small sampling area (similar to 70 x 35 km). This fact, supported by the inability of maximum likelihood analyses to achieve adequate fits to simple models for the population demography of the species, suggests a more complex history, possibly involving disjunct forest refugia. This hypothesis is supported by a genetic signal of recent population growth, which is expected if population sizes of this forest-obligate insect increased during the forest expansions that followed glacial periods. Although a time frame cannot be reliably inferred for the vicariance event leading to the three genetic clades, molecular clock estimates place this at similar to 1 Myr before present.

Correlations between chemical composition and provenance of Justino site ceramics by INAA

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), have been used for the definition of compositional groups of potteries from Justino site, Brazil, according to the chemical similarities of ceramic paste. The outliers were identified by means of robust Mahalanobis distance. The temper effect in the ceramic paste was studied by means of modified Mahalanobis filter. The results were interpreted by means of cluster, principal components, and discriminant analyses. This work provides contributions for the reconstruction of the prehistory of baixo Sao Francisco region, and for the reconstitution of the Brazilian Northeast ceramist population of general frame.

Posi����o da folha e est��dio fenol��gico do ramo para an��lise foliar do pinh��o-manso

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)