Relationships between microbial activity and soil physical and chemical properties in native and reforested Araucaria angustifolia forests in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze is the main component of the Mixed Ombrophilous forest and, in the State of São Paulo, it is associated with a high diversity of soil organisms, essential for the maintenance of soil quality, making the conservation of this ecosystem a major and pressing challenge. The objective of this study was to identify the physical and chemical properties that are most closely correlated with dehydrogenase enzyme activity, basal respiration and microbial biomass under native (NF) and replanted (RF) Araucaria angustifolia forests in three regions of the state of São Paulo, in winter and summer. The main differentiating factors between the areas were also determined. Each forest was represented by three true replications; at each site, from around the araucaria trees, 15 soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected to evaluate the soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties. At the same points, forest litter was sampled to assess mass and chemical properties. The following microbiological properties were evaluated: microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (CO2-C), metabolic quotient (Q: CO2), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHA) as well as the physical properties (moisture, bulk density, macroporosity and total porosity), soil chemical properties [pH, organic carbon (org-C), P, Ca, K, Mg, Al, H+Al], litter dry mass, and C, N and S contents. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (TWO-WAY: ANOVA). A Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) and a Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) were also performed. In the soil under NF, the values of K, P, soil macroporosity, and litter dry mass were higher and Q: CO2 and DHA lower, regardless of the sampling period, and DHA was lower in winter. In the RF areas, the levels of moisture, porosity and Q: CO2 were higher in both sampling periods, and DHA was higher in winter. The MBC was only higher under NF in the summer, while the litter contents of C, N and S were greater in winter. In winter, CCA showed a high correlation of DHA with CO2-C, pH and H+Al, while in the summer org-C, moisture, Mg, pH and litter C were more associated with DHA and CO2-C. The CDA indicated H+Al, available P, total porosity, litter S content, and soil moisture as the most discriminating variables between NF and RF, but moisture was the most relevant, in both seasons and CO2-C only in winter. The combined analysis of CCA and CDA showed that the contribution of the microbiological variables to a differentiation of the areas was small at both samplings, which may indicate that the period after reforestation was long enough to allow an almost complete recovery of the microbial activity.

Relationship Between Edaphic Factors and Vegetation in Savannas of the Brazilian Midwest Region

The Brazilian savanna is a mosaic of phytophysiognomies influenced by edaphic and topographic factors that range from the occurrence of fires to anthropic disturbance. The goal of this study was a comparative analysis between two cerrado areas in southeastern Goiás, relating the floristic composition and structure of the vegetation to soil properties to better understand the physiognomic characteristics of the region. Twenty-five 20 × 20 m plots were used. All plants with circumference at breast height of more than 15 cm were measured. Soil samples collected at a depth of 0-20 cm were subjected to physical and chemical analyses. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to detect possible correlations between the soil properties and species abundance and distribution. The density and total basal area were 1,647 ind/ha and 15.57 m2/ha, respectively, in Ouroana. At this site, 107 species were sampled. In Montes Claros de Goiás, the density and total basal area were 781 ind/ha and 17.62 m2/ha, and 120 species were sampled. The soil texture of Ouroana was sandy and significantly different from the medium to clayey texture of Montes Claros. The soils of both areas are dystrophic, however, more fertile in Montes Claros and aluminum-toxic in Ouroana. The species of vegetation were distributed according to soil fertility levels. The CCAs grouped species according to soil properties that defined location and abundance as well as the phytophysiognomies of the studied areas.

Estabelecimento de um protocolo regenerativo para a micropropagação do abacaxizeiro

No Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal do CCA-UFSC, nos anos de 1993 a 1996, foram testadas 24 combinações de tratamentos envolvendo dois genótipos de abacaxizeiro (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), seis combinações dos fitorreguladores ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) e 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP), e os meios de cultura líquidos e geleificados, com o objetivo de estabelecer um protocolo regenerativo para a micropropagação do abacaxizeiro. A taxa de regeneração comportou-se de forma quadrática para a maioria das combinações testadas. O meio de cultura MS (Murashige & Skoog, 1962), líquido, adicionado de ANA (2,7 µM) e BAP (4,4 µM), proporcionou uma taxa média de regeneração de 19,7 brotos/explante. A magnitude do efeito genotípico exibido pelas cultivares utilizadas foi intermediária entre o efeito das combinações dos níveis de ANA e BAP (o maior) e o efeito da constituição física do meio de cultura. A melhor combinação de tratamentos foi testada em 17 acessos coletados no Estado de Santa Catarina, demonstrando-se a eficiência do protocolo regenerativo. A taxa média de regeneração foi de 15,3 brotos/explante, dos quais 40% apresentaram altura igual ou inferior a 3 cm. Brotos enraizados ou não, com altura igual ou superior a 3 cm, apresentaram valores médios de 95,5% de sobrevivência.

Cardiac and vascular hypertrophy in Fabry disease: evidence for a new mechanism independent of blood pressure and glycosphingolipid deposition.

OBJECTIVE: Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder resulting from alpha-galactosidase A deficiency. The cardiovascular findings include left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and increased intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (CCA IMT). The current study examined the possible correlation between these parameters. To corroborate these clinical findings in vitro, plasma from Fabry patients was tested for possible proliferative effect on rat vascular smooth muscle cells (vascular smooth muscle cell [VSMC]) and mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty male and 38 female patients were enrolled. LVH was found in 60% of men and 39% of women. Increased CCA IMT was equally present in males and females. There was a strong positive correlation between LV mass and CCA IMT (r2=0.27; P<0.0001). VSMC and neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferative response in vitro correlated with CCA IMT (r2=0.39; P<0.0004) and LV mass index (r2=0.19; P=0.028), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: LVH and CCA IMT occur concomitantly in Fabry suggesting common pathogenesis. The underlying cause may be a circulating growth-promoting factor whose presence has been confirmed in vitro.

Emergence of Swiss metropole and scaling properties of urban clusters

Defining the limits of an urban agglomeration is essential both for fundamental and applied studies in quantitative and theoretical geography. A simple and consistent way for defining such urban clusters is important for performing different statistical analysis and comparisons. Traditionally, agglomerations are defined using a rather qualitative approach based on various statistical measures. This definition varies generally from one country to another, and the data taken into account are different. In this paper, we explore the use of the City Clustering Algorithm (CCA) for the agglomeration definition in Switzerland. This algorithm provides a systemic and easy way to define an urban area based only on population data. The CCA allows the specification of the spatial resolution for defining the urban clusters. The results from different resolutions are compared and analysed, and the effect of filtering the data investigated. Different scales and parameters allow highlighting different phenomena. The study of Zipf's law using the visual rank-size rule shows that it is valid only for some specific urban clusters, inside a narrow range of the spatial resolution of the CCA. The scale where emergence of one main cluster occurs can also be found in the analysis using Zipf's law. The study of the urban clusters at different scales using the lacunarity measure - a complementary measure to the fractal dimension - allows to highlight the change of scale at a given range.

Combined effect of 25-OH vitamin D plasma levels and genetic vitamin D receptor (NR 1I1) variants on fibrosis progression rate in HCV patients.

BACKGROUND: Decreased vitamin D levels have been described in various forms of chronic liver disease and associated with advanced fibrosis. Whether this association is a cause or consequence of advanced fibrosis remains unclear to date. AIMS: To analyse combined effects of 25-OH vitamin D plasma levels and vitamin D receptor gene (VDR; NR1I1) polymorphisms on fibrosis progression rate in HCV patients. METHODS: 251 HCV patients underwent VDR genotyping (bat-haplotype: BsmI rs1544410 C, ApaI rs7975232 A and TaqI rs731236 A). Plasma 25-OH vitamin D levels were quantified in a subgroup of 97 patients without advanced fibrosis. The VDR haplotype and genotypes as well as plasma 25-OH vitamin D levels were associated with fibrosis progression. RESULTS: The bAt[CCA]-haplotype was significantly associated with fibrosis progression >0.101 U/year (P = 0.007; OR = 2.02) and with cirrhosis (P = 0.022; OR = 1.84). Forty-five percent of bAt[CCA]-haplotype patients were rapid fibrosers, 21.1% were cirrhotic. Likewise, ApaI rs7975232 CC genotype was significantly associated with fibrosis progression and cirrhosis. Lower plasma 25-OH vitamin D levels were significantly associated with fibrosis progression >0.101 U/year in F0-2 patients (P = 0.013). Combined analysis of both variables revealed a highly significant additive effect on fibrosis progression with 45.5% rapid fibrosers for bAt[CCA]-haplotype and 25-OH vitamin D < 20 μg/L compared with only 9.1% for the most favourable combination (P = 0.006). In multivariate analysis, the bAt-haplotype was an independent risk factor for fibrosis progression (P = 0.001; OR = 2.83). CONCLUSION: Low 25-OH vitamin D plasma levels and the unfavourable VDR bAt[CCA]-haplotype are associated with rapid fibrosis progression in chronic HCV patients. In combination, both variables exert significant additive effects on fibrosis progression.

Diversity of springtails (Hexapoda) according to a altitudinal gradient

The objective of this work was to elevate gradient effect on diversity of Collembola, in a temperate forest on the northeast slope of Iztaccíhuatl Volcano, Mexico. Four expeditions were organized from November 2003 to August 2004, at four altitudes (2,753, 3,015, 3,250 and 3,687 m a.s.l.). In each site, air temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, and terrain inclination were measured. The influence of abiotic factors on faunal composition was evaluated, at the four collecting sites, with canonical correspondence analyses (CCA). A total of 24,028 specimens were obtained, representing 12 families, 44 genera and 76 species. Mesaphorura phlorae, Proisotoma ca. tenella and Parisotoma ca. notabilis were the most abundant species. The highest diversity and evenness were recorded at 3,250 m (H' = 2.85; J' = 0.73). Canonical analyses axes 1 and 2 of the CCA explained 67.4% of the variance in species composition, with CO2 and altitude best explaining axis 1, while slope and humidity were better correlated to axis 2. The results showed that CO2 is an important factor to explain Collembola species assemblage, together with slope and humidity.

Synthetic calibrators for the analysis of total metanephrines in urine: revisiting the conditions of hydrolysis.

BACKGROUND: The quantification of total (free+sulfated) metanephrines in urine is recommended to diagnose pheochromocytoma. Urinary metanephrines include metanephrine itself, normetanephrine and methoxytyramine, mainly in the form of sulfate conjugates (60-80%). Their determination requires the hydrolysis of the sulfate ester moiety to allow electrochemical oxidation of the phenolic group. Commercially available urine calibrators and controls contain essentially free, unhydrolysable metanephrines which are not representative of native urines. The lack of appropriate calibrators may lead to uncertainty regarding the completion of the hydrolysis of sulfated metanephrines, resulting in incorrect quantification. METHODS: We used chemically synthesized sulfated metanephrines to establish whether the procedure most frequently recommended for commercial kits (pH 1.0 for 30 min over a boiling water bath) ensures their complete hydrolysis. RESULTS: We found that sulfated metanephrines differ in their optimum pH to obtain complete hydrolysis. Highest yields and minimal variance were established for incubation at pH 0.7-0.9 during 20 min. CONCLUSION: Urinary pH should be carefully controlled to ensure an efficient and reproducible hydrolysis of sulfated metanephrines. Synthetic sulfated metanephrines represent the optimal material for calibrators and proficiency testing to improve inter-laboratory accuracy.

Desempenho de sementes de sapoti (Achras sapota L.) submetidas a diferentes tratamentos pré-germinativos

O sapotizeiro (Achras sapota L.) é cultivado principalmente para a produção de frutos, encontrando-se entre os mais apreciados pela população das áreas onde cresce. Sua propagação pode dar-se através de enxertia ou diretamente por sementes, dando origem aos chamados pés-francos. Considerando o fato de que muitas das espécies florestais e frutíferas apresentam o fenômeno de dormência, e diante da necessidade de se intensificar estudos que melhor expliquem tal processo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes tratamentos pré-germinativos em sementes de sapoti, visando a acelerar e uniformizar a germinação de suas sementes. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Fitotecnia, CCA/UFPB, Areia-PB, sendo utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: imersão em água a 60°C por 1, 2 e 3 minutos; corte lateral (ao embrião) com e sem embebição em água por 24 horas; corte distal (ao embrião) com e sem embebição em água por 24 horas; corte lateral+distal (ao embrião) com e sem embebição em água por 24 horas e a testemunha (ausência de tratamento). Efetuados os tratamentos, foi realizada a semeadura em bandejas contendo areia lavada e autoclavada, utilizando-se de quatro repetições de 25 sementes. As características avaliadas foram: percentagem e índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento de raiz e de hipocótilo e peso de matéria seca de planta. O delineamento experimental foi o Inteiramente Casualizado, e os contrastes entre as médias foram realizados através do teste de Duncan, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. As sementes de sapoti exibiram maior emergência (81%) e índice de velocidade de emergência (0,58) quando submetidas ao corte lateral, sem embebição. O corte das sementes seguido de embebição por 24 horas não foi eficiente para acelerar a emergência e o índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas de sapoti. A imersão em água a 60°C, independentemente do tempo utilizado, não deve ser recomendada como tratamento pré-germinativo para sementes de sapoti.

Risk factor impact on blood flow velocities and clinical outcomes of stented cervical and intracranial stenoses: preliminary observations.

OBJECTIVES: The role of angioplasty/stenting procedures, neurointerventionist experience, vascular risk factors, medical treatment and blood flow velocities were analysed to identify possible causes of intra-stent restenosis (ISR) following stenting of cervical and/or intracranial arteries, assuming progressive atherosclerosis to be the shared mechanism in both territories. Patients. 26 cerebrovascular patients subjected to stenting of severe (≥85%) symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid stenoses or moderate-to-severe (≥50%) intracranial or vertebral stenoses were included. METHODS: Clinical, radiological and ultrasonographic follow-up data were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: Overall, stenting of the internal carotid artery (ICA) induced significant reductions in peak systolic velocities at 2 years (96±31cm/s vs. 358.2±24.9cm/s at baseline). The procedure-related ischemic complications rate was 7.4% (one hemispheric stroke and one TIA). The rate of ISR≤50% was 8% in the ICA at 2 years; was 50% in the common carotid artery (CCA) at 1 year, with concomitant distal ICA stenosis in 75% of CCA stenting, but all ISR were asymptomatic. Patients with ISR of the ICA were significantly younger (56.8±4.5 vs. 71.3±3.6 years, P=0.042) and had significantly more risk factors (5.5±0.9 vs. 3±0.3, P=0.012). No ISR≥70% was detected. CONCLUSIONS: ISR is relatively infrequent and, when present, it is mild and asymptomatic. Restenosis is more frequent in younger patients and those with several risk factors, and it may also be related to stenting of previous carotid endarterectomy.

Caracterização morfológica de microenxertia em macieira

A microenxertia pode ser uma alternativa eficiente para a propagação de plantas de elevada qualidade genética e fitossanitária, em um reduzido período de tempo e sob condições controladas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a microenxertia em plantas micropropagadas sob efeito dos fitorreguladores AIB e BAP, nas combinações de Gala/M9 e Gala/Marubakaido. Para a combinação Gala/Marubakaido, foi constatado o menor número de folhas para o tratamento com 2,2 µM de AIB, e para os demais tratamentos não houve diferença significativa. Após a aclimatização, a sobrevivência dos microenxertos foi de 92,5% para combinação Gala/Marubakaido e 88,5% para Gala/M9. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Bioquímica e Morfogênese Vegetal (CCA - UFSC).

Podridão peduncular e qualidade de mangas 'Tommy atkins' procedentes do mercado atacadista de Campina Grande-PB

O Brasil destaca-se no cenário mundial como um dos maiores produtores de manga (Mangifera indica L.). No entanto, perdas significativas são observadas em todas as etapas da cadeia produtiva, sobretudo na comercialização varejista, sendo estas correlacionadas em quase sua totalidade à incidência de doenças fúngicas. Neste sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a incidência natural de Lasiodiplodia theobromae, agente causal da podridão peduncular, e aspectos da qualidade pós-colheita de mangas 'Tommy Atkins', comercializadas no mercado atacadista da Empresa Paraibana de Abastecimento e Serviços Agrícolas (EMPASA) de Campina Grande-PB. Para a determinação da incidência natural da doença, coletaram-se 40 frutos no estádio de maturação 'de vez', de quatro diferentes estabelecimentos de comercialização, que foram encaminhados ao Laboratório de Fitopatologia (CCA/UFPB). Após sanificação, os frutos foram mantidos sob condições ambientes (28 ± 2 ºC e UR 75 ± 6%) por oito dias, determinando-se o aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas e sinais do patógeno. As características de qualidade foram determinadas através da coleta de 10 frutos de cada estabelecimento de comercialização da EMPASA. Os frutos foram transportados ao Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pós-Colheita (CCA/UFPB), onde foram avaliados quanto aos teores de Sólidos Solúveis (SS), Acidez Titulável (AT), Relação SS/AT e pH. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias, comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. A manga comercializada no mercado atacadista da EMPASA de Campina Grande apresentou baixo conteúdo de SS e elevada AT, caracterizando fruto no início da maturação. Os frutos apresentaram 88,9% de incidência natural de podridão peduncular no oitavo dia de armazenamento, o que compromete a qualidade do produto no varejo, constituindo-se em uma causa das elevadas perdas pós-colheita.

Efeito da aplicação de pó de basalto no desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia)

A produção de mudas de fruteiras nativas é um importante passo para a preservação das espécies, exploração comercial sustentável e geração de emprego. Neste contexto, os fertilizantes alternativos, como pó de rocha, propiciam a obtenção de um substrato com maior fertilidade, rico em nutrientes, com redução de custos em mão de obra e com a reposição de adubação. O objetivo no presente trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. McVaugh) em função de doses de pó de basalto. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação pertencente ao CCA/UFRR. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, em esquema fatorial (5x2+1), sendo seis doses de pó de basalto (0; 0,42;1,04; 2,08; 4,17 e 8,33 g kg-1), duas granulometrias (0,05 e 0,10 mm f) e uma testemunha. Vasos de polietileno de 14 litros foram as unidades experimentais e utilizou-se um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico textura média. A incubação do solo nos vasos teve duração de 120 dias e, após esse período, fez-se o transplante das plântulas. Após seis meses do plantio, foram determinados altura, diâmetro do colo, número de ramos e biomassa seca da parte aérea e de raiz das mudas. A partir destes dados, foram calculados os índices morfológicos. Os tratamentos sem pó de basalto (0 g kg-1) e a dose de 0,42 g kg-1 produziram mudas de menor qualidade em ambas as granulometrias testadas. As melhores mudas de camu-camu foram obtidas aplicando-se 4,17 e 8,33 g kg-1 de pó de basalto com a granulometria de 0,05 mm.

Biological variation of established and novel biomarkers for atherosclerosis: Results from a prospective, parallel-group cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers are a promising tool for the management of patients with atherosclerosis, but their variation is largely unknown. We assessed within-subject and between-subject biological variation of biomarkers in peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients and healthy controls, and defined which biomarkers have a favorable variation profile for future studies. METHODS: Prospective, parallel-group cohort study, including 62 patients with stable PAD (79% men, 65±7years) and 18 healthy control subjects (44% men, 57±7years). Blood samples were taken at baseline, and after 3-, 6-, and 12-months. We calculated within-subject (CVI) and between-subject (CVG) coefficients of variation and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Mean levels of D-dimer, hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-9, MMP-3, S100A8/A9, PAI-1, sICAM-1, and sP-selectin levels were higher in PAD patients than in healthy controls (P≤.05 for all). CVI and CVG of the different biomarkers varied considerably in both groups. An ICC≥0.5 (indicating moderate-to-good reliability) was found for hs-CRP, D-Dimer, E-selectin, IL-10, MCP-1, MMP-3, oxLDL, sICAM-1 and sP-selectin in both groups, for sVCAM in healthy controls and for MMP-9, PAI-1 and sCD40L in PAD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Single biomarker measurements are of limited utility due to large within-subject variation, both in PAD patients and healthy subjects. D-dimer, hs-CRP, MMP-9, MMP-3, PAI-1, sP-selectin and sICAM-1 are biomarkers with both higher mean levels in PAD patients and a favorable variation profile making them most suitable for future studies.

La coordinación muscular del cuádriceps en pacientes con el síndrome del dolor femoropatelar.

Introducción: el síndrome del dolor femoropatelar es un conjunto de signos y síntomas común entre adolescentes y adultos jóvenes caracterizada por un dolor retropatelar o peripatelar en actividades tales como subir o bajar escaleras. Su etiología y métodos de tratamiento han sido ampliamente estudiados en la literatura. Se piensa que es una patología multifactorial y el tratamiento que más se prescribe es la terapia física haciendo hincapié en el fortalecimiento del cuádriceps, aunque su eficacia es aún confusa. Objetivos: esta revisión tiene como objetivo obtener información sobre la posible relación del cuádriceps como causa o consecuencia del síndrome femoropatelar y evidenciar si el tratamiento basado en el fortalecimiento de dicho músculo es efectivo para reducir los síntomas en pacientes con esta patología. Metodología: en la búsqueda bibliográfica se han revisado las bases de datos Pubmed, Cochrane y ScienceDirect de las cuales se han extraído un total de veintiún artículos siguiendo los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Las palabras clave han sido en inglés y no han sido aceptados artículos con fecha de publicación anterior al año 2003. Resultados: se han encontrado diversidad de resultados donde el trabajo del cuádriceps y sus modalidades siguen sin estar claras respecto a sus beneficios en pacientes con síndrome del dolor femoropatelar. Aun así en la literatura revisada se observa cómo hay autores que apoyan totalmente el trabajo del cuádriceps basándose en la reducción del dolor y mejora de la funcionalidad y otros, en cambio, discrepan en algunos resultados. Conclusiones: el retardo en la activación del vasto medial oblicuo respecto al vasto lateral y la posible atrofia del vasto medial son apoyados en la literatura revisada aunque aún faltan estudios para averiguar si son causa o consecuencia del síndrome del dolor femoropatelar. La terapia física y el fortalecimiento del cuádriceps sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección para este síndrome. Respecto a las modalidades de ejercicios, tanto los ejercicios en CCC y en CCA son mencionados como beneficios para esta patología aunque no existen estudios concisos que hagan decantarse por uno de ellos. En cambio, en la realización de los ejercicios con carga o sin carga se observa que losdos tipos de ejercicios son igual de beneficiosos aunque los ejercicios con carga provocan un mayor reclutamiento en el vasto medial oblicuo.