El corregidor.

El trabajo ha sido realizado por 3 profesores en el C.P. 'Pan y Guindas' de Palencia, CNC 'Valdavia' de Buenavista de Valdavia en Palencia y el C.P. de Buenos Aires de Palencia. El objetivo ha sido el conocimiento de Castilla y León en los siguientes campos: físico, político, artístico, económico, turístico, histórico. Ha generado unos materiales pedagógicos que dan lugar a un juego estructurado por niveles de conocimiento. El trabajo no ha sido publicado..

The effect of talker age and gender on speech perception of pediatric hearing aid users

Even though pediatric hearing aid (HA) users listen most often to female talkers, clinically-used speech tests primarily consist of adult male talkers' speech. Potential effects of age and/or gender of the talker on speech perception of pediatric HA users were examined using two speech tests, hVd-vowel identification and CNC word recognition, and using speech materials spoken by four talker types (adult males, adult females, 10-12 year old girls, and 5-7 year old girls). For the nine pediatric HA users tested, word scores for the male talker's speech were higher than those for the female talkers, indicating that talker type can affect word recognition scores and that clinical tests may over-estimate everyday speech communication abilities of pediatric HA users.

Molecular structure of 2,5-dihydropyrrole (C4NH7), obtained by gas-phase electron diffraction and theoretical calculations

The structure of 2,5-dihydropyrrole (C4NH7) has been determined by gas-phase electron diffraction (GED), augmented by the results from ab initio calculations employing third-order Moller-Plesset (MP3) level of theory and the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. Several theoretical calculations were performed. From theoretical calculations using MP3/6-311+G(d,p) evidence was obtained for the presence of an axial (63%) (N-H bond axial to the CNC plane) and an equatorial conformer (37%) (N-H bond equatorial to the CNC plane). The five-membered ring was found to be puckered with the CNC plane inclined at 21.8 (38)° to the plane of the four carbon atoms.

High-strength, healable, supramolecular polymer nanocomposites

A supramolecular polymer blend, formed via π-π interactions between a π-electron rich pyrenyl endcapped oligomer and a chain-folding oligomer containing pairs of π-electron poor naphthalene-diimide (NDI) units, has been reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to afford a healable nanocomposite material. Nanocomposites with varying weight percentage of CNCs (from 1.25 to 20.0 wt.%) within the healable supramolecular polymeric matrix have been prepared via solvent casting followed by compression molding, and their mechanical properties and healing behavior have been evaluated. It is found that homogeneously dispersed films can be formed with CNCs at less than 10 wt.%. Above 10 wt.% CNC heterogeneous nanocomposites were obtained. All the nanocomposites formed could be re-healed upon exposure to elevated temperatures although, for the homogeneous films, it was found that the healing rate was reduced with increasing CNC content. The best combination of healing efficiency and mechanical properties was obtained with the 7.5 wt.% CNC nanocomposite which exhibited a tensile modulus enhanced by as much as a factor of 20 over the matrix material alone and could be fully re-healed at 85 °C within 30 minutes. Thus it is demonstrated that supramolecular nanocomposites can afford greatly enhanced mechanical properties relative to the unreinforced polymer, while still allowing efficient thermal healing.

Association between FTO variant and change in body weight and its interaction with dietary factors: the DiOGenes study

Although FTO is an established obesity-susceptibility locus, it remains unknown whether it influences weight change in adult life and whether diet attenuates this association. Therefore, we investigated the association of FTO-rs9939609 with changes in weight and waist circumference (WC) during 6.8 years follow-up in a large-scale prospective study and examined whether these associations were modified by dietary energy percentage from fat, protein, carbohydrate, or glycemic index (GI). This study comprised data from five countries of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and was designed as a case-cohort study for weight gain. Analyses included 11,091 individuals, of whom 5,584 were cases (age (SD), 47.6 (7.5) years), defined as those with the greatest unexplained annual weight gain during follow-up and 5,507 were noncases (48.0 (7.3) years), who were compared in our case-noncase (CNC) analyses. Furthermore, 6,566 individuals (47.9 (7.3) years) selected from the total sample (all noncases and 1,059 cases) formed the random subcohort (RSC), used for continuous trait analyses. Interactions were tested by including interaction terms in the models. In the RSC-analyses, FTO-rs9939609 was associated with BMI (β (SE), 0.17 (0.08) kg·m(-2)/allele; P = 0.034) and WC (0.47 (0.21) cm/allele; P = 0.026) at baseline, but not with weight change (5.55 (12.5) g·year(-1)/allele; P = 0.66) during follow up. In the CNC-analysis, FTO-rs9939609 was associated with increased risk of being a weight-gainer (OR: 1.1; P = 0.045). We observed no interaction between FTO-rs9939609 and dietary fat, protein and carbohydrate, and GI on BMI and WC at baseline or on change in weight and WC. FTO-rs9939609 is associated with BMI and WC at baseline, but association with weight gain is weak and only observed for extreme gain. Dietary factors did not influence the associations.

Dispositivos visuais como apoio para a troca rápida de ferramentas : a experiência de uma metalúrgica

Este trabalho visa avaliar a contribuição do uso de dispositivos visuais no combate às perdas durante o processo de setup, dentro do conceito de troca rápida de ferramentas. O estudo foi realizado em uma metalúrgica, focando o setor de usinagem composto por tornos CNC (Controle Numérico Computadorizado). As melhorias relativas aos dispositivos visuais foram implantadas a fim de organizar o setor de tornos e reduzir o tempo de setup dessas máquinas. O processo de implantação iniciou a partir de um diagnóstico da situação existente quanto à troca de ferramentas, realizado por meio dos seguintes procedimentos: descrição dos processos de produção; levantamento da percepção dos funcionários quanto às melhorias necessárias; percepções da pesquisadora. Com base nesse diagnóstico, foi realizado um estudo para a priorização máquinas onde as melhorias seriam implementadas. Através do registro dos tempos de setup antes e após o período de implantação das melhorias, verificou-se que os tempos aumentaram em três máquinas e reduziram em três. Embora existam diferenças de desempenho entre as máquinas, algumas falhas no processo de implantação ficaram evidentes: falta de aderência aos padrões de setup, visto que os trabalhadores não separavam tempo interno e externo; treinamento insuficiente sobre a TRF e seus benefícios; falta de reuniões periódicas e negligência do estágio estratégico de preparação para a TRF, visto que não foram estabelecidas metas claras de desempenho nem um plano global de implantação.

Aplicação de um sistema robótico utilizando recursos de sistemas CAD/CAM para o processo de fresamento

Sistemas produtivos industriais podem combinar, em células de manufatura, diferentes características de automação de processos permitindo interfaceamento e possibilitando a flexibilização e otimização da manufatura. Nos processos de fabricação, as dificuldades para a execução de processos de usinagem convencional ou mesmo através de comando numérico, quando se dispõe de máquinas adequadas para a fabricação de peças de geometrias complexas, podem limitar a criatividade, bem como dificultar o desenvolvimento do processo produtivo de forma otimizada. As dificuldades encontradas vão desde fixação das peças, necessidades de dispositivos especiais, restrições nos volumes de trabalho de máquinas CNC e mesmo a geração de trajetórias complexas para máquinas com limitações de eixos. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia alternativa para usinagem, especialmente fresamento, com desenvolvimento de um algoritmo capaz de, através da utilização de recursos de sistemas CAD/CAM, traduzir arquivos gráficos para uma linguagem de programação utilizada em robôs. Na aplicação utilizam-se recursos dos sistemas CAD/CAM para gerar, numa primeira etapa, o código de programação para máquinas-ferramenta de comando numérico e posterior adaptação, para aplicação em sistemas robóticos. Informações de caminhos de ferramenta para usinagem em máquinas CNC são convertidos, através de uma interface computacional, em trajetórias a serem seguidas por uma ferramenta guiada por um manipulador de robô industrial. Os parâmetros de processo são também adequados as restrições dos sistemas robotizados. A viabilidade do sistema proposto é confirmada através de testes realizados em modelos de superfícies complexas, onde o objetivo do referido trabalho foi alcançado.

Respostas estratégicas dos sindicatos patronais do comércio de bens, serviços e turismo do Brasil às pressões institucionais

O foco deste trabalho é identificar as respostas estratégicas que os sindicatos patronais do comércio de bens, serviços e turismo apresentam quando submetidos às pressões institucionais a que estão sujeitos. Foi utilizada a tipologia proposta por Oliver (1991), que considera cinco tipos de respostas, de concordância passiva a manipulação ativa. Foram pesquisados 75 sindicatos por meio da aplicação de um questionário que avaliou quais as pressões a que estão sujeitos esses sindicatos, quais as principais instituições fontes das pressões e quais as respostas apresentadas. Por meio de mapas de associação foram relacionadas as respostas apresentadas com a tipologia proposta por Oliver (1991). Os resultados indicam que os sindicatos patronais pesquisados não têm grande poder de barganha, apresentando, como principal resposta, a conciliação associada à tática de balanceamento. Outro fator importante identificado, mesmo que em menor escala, é o uso de resposta de manipulação com a tática de influência, forma de atuação bem mais ativa que, se incentivada, pode gerar maior força e representatividade para os sindicatos patronais. As implicações deste trabalho voltam-se para os programas de fortalecimento das entidades sindicais empreendidos pela Confederação Nacional do Comércio de Bens, Serviços e Turismo (CNC), que devem se adaptar para possibilitar uma capacidade de resposta mais ativa dos sindicatos patronais que fazem parte de seu escopo.

Application of the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) Technique in the Plunge Cylindrical Grinding Operation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

STUDY of THE TURNING NICKEL BASE ALLOY PYROMET (R) 31V (SAE HEV8)

Considering the constant technological developments in the aeronautical, space, automotive, shipbuilding, nuclear and petrochemical fields, among others, the use of materials with high strength mechanical capabilities at high temperatures has been increasingly used. Among the materials that meet the mechanical strength and corrosion properties at temperatures around 815 degrees C one can find the nickel base alloy Pyromet 31V (SAE HEV8). This alloy is commonly applied in the manufacturing of high power diesel engines exhaust valves where it is required high resistance to sulphide, corrosion and good resistance to creep. However, due to its high mechanical strength and low thermal conductivity its machinability is made difficult, creating major challenges in the analysis of the best combinations among machining parameters and cutting tools to be used. Its low thermal conductivity results in a concentration of heat at high temperatures in the interfaces of workpiece-tool and tool-chip, consequently accelerating the tools wearing and increasing production costs. This work aimed to study the machinability, using the carbide coated and uncoated tools, of the hot-rolled Pyromet 31V alloy with hardness between 41.5 and 42.5 HRC. The nickel base alloy used consists essentially of the following components: 56.5% Ni, 22.5% Cr, 2,2% Ti, 0,04% C, 1,2% Al, 0.85% Nb and the rest of iron. Through the turning of this alloy we able to analyze the working mechanisms of wear on tools and evaluate the roughness provided on the cutting parameters used. The tests were performed on a CNC lathe machine using the coated carbide tool TNMG 160408-23 Class 1005 (ISO S15) and uncoated tools TNMG 160408-23 Class H13A (ISO S15). Cutting fluid was used so abundantly and cutting speeds were fixed in 75 and 90 m/min. to feed rates that ranged from 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 and 0.21 mm/rev, and cutting depth of 0.8mm. The results of the comparison between uncoated tools and coated ones presented a machined length of just 30% to the first in relation to the performance of the second. The coated tools has obtained its best result for both 75 and 90 m/min. with feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev, unlike the uncoated tool which obtained its better results to 0.12 mm/rev.

Surface Integrity Analysis when Milling Ultrafine-grained Steels

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Possible association between Carney complex and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 phenotypes

Complexo de Carney (CNC) e neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 1 (MEN1) são formas de neoplasias endócrinas múltiplas de herança autossômica dominante. O diagnóstico do CNC ocorre quando dois critérios maiores (lentiginose, doença nodular pigmentosa primária das adrenais, mixomas cardíacos e cutâneos, acromegalia, neoplasia testicular, carcinoma de tireóide) são observados e/ou um critério maior associado a um critério suplementar (familiar afetado, mutação do gene PRKAR1A) ocorre. Por outro lado, o diagnóstico de MEN1 dá-se pela detecção de dois ou mais tumores localizados na glândula hipofisária, paratireóide e/ou células pancreáticas. O presente caso descreve um homem de 55 anos, com diagnóstico de acromegalia, hiperparatireoidismo primário e carcinoma papilífero de tireóide, exibindo critérios diagnósticos para as duas condições descritas. Embora possa ter ocorrido apenas uma associação esporádica, ou a acromegalia per se tenha predisposto ao carcinoma papilífero, novos mecanismos moleculares podem estar envolvidos.

Effects of milling condition on the surface integrity of hot forged steel

This paper presents a study on the influence of milling condition on workpiece surface integrity focusing on hardness and roughness. The experimental work was carried out on a CNC machining center considering roughing and finishing operations. A 25 mm diameter endmill with two cemented carbide inserts coated with TiN layer were used for end milling operation. Low carbon alloyed steel Cr-Mo forged at 1200 degrees C was used as workpiece on the tests. Two kinds of workpiece conditions were considered, i.e. cur cooled after hot forging and normalized at 950 degrees C for 2 h. The results showed that finishing operation was able to significantly decrease the roughness by at least 46% without changing the hardness. on the other hand, roughing operation caused an increase in hardness statistically significant by about 6%. The machined surface presented deformed regions within feed marks, which directly affected the roughness. Surface finish behavior seems to correlate to the chip ratio given the decrease of 25% for roughing condition, which damaged the chip formation. The material removal rate for finishing operation 41% greater than roughing condition demonstrated to be favorable to the heat dissipation and minimized the effect on material hardness.

Mechanistic approach to predict real machining time for milling free-form geometries applying high feed rate

An accurate estimate of machining time is very important for predicting delivery time, manufacturing costs, and also to help production process planning. Most commercial CAM software systems estimate the machining time in milling operations simply by dividing the entire tool path length by the programmed feed rate. This time estimate differs drastically from the real process time because the feed rate is not always constant due to machine and computer numerical controlled (CNC) limitations. This study presents a practical mechanistic method for milling time estimation when machining free-form geometries. The method considers a variable called machine response time (MRT) which characterizes the real CNC machine's capacity to move in high feed rates in free-form geometries. MRT is a global performance feature which can be obtained for any type of CNC machine configuration by carrying out a simple test. For validating the methodology, a workpiece was used to generate NC programs for five different types of CNC machines. A practical industrial case study was also carried out to validate the method. The results indicated that MRT, and consequently, the real machining time, depends on the CNC machine's potential: furthermore, the greater MRT, the larger the difference between predicted milling time and real milling time. The proposed method achieved an error range from 0.3% to 12% of the real machining time, whereas the CAM estimation achieved from 211% to 1244% error. The MRT-based process is also suggested as an instrument for helping in machine tool benchmarking.

Spin-orbit coupling for tidally evolving super-Earths

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)