Identification of a core promoter and a novel isoform of the human TSCI gene transcript and structural comparison with mouse homolog

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder with loci on chromosome 9q34.12 (TSC1) and chromosome 16p13.3 (TSC2). Genes for both loci have been isolated and characterized. The promoters of both genes have not been characterized so far and little is known about the regulation of these genes. This study reports the characterization of the human TSC1 promoter region for the first time. We have identified a novel alternative isoform in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the TSC1 gene transcript involving exon 1. Alternative isoforms in the 5' UTR of the mouse Tsc1 gene transcript involving exon I and exon 2 have also been identified. We have identified three upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in the 5' UTR of the TSC1/Tsc1 gene. A comparative study of the 5' UTR of TSC1/Tsc1 gene has revealed that there is a high degree of similarity not only in the sequence but also in the splicing pattern of both human and mouse TSC1 genes. We have used PCR methodology to isolate approximately 1.6 kb genomic DNA 5' to the TSC1 cDNA. This sequence has directed a high level of expression of luciferase activity in both HeLa and HepG2 cells. Successive 5' and 3' deletion analysis has suggested that a -587 bp region, from position +77 to -510 from the transcription start site (TSS), contains the promoter activity. Interestingly, this region contains no consensus TATA box or CAAT box. However, a 521-bp fragment surrounding the TSS exhibits the characteristics of a CpG island which overlaps with the promoter region. The identification of the TSC1 promoter region will help in designing a suitable strategy to identify mutations in this region in patients who do not show any mutations in the coding regions. It will also help to study the regulation of the TSC1 gene and its role in tumorigenesis. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Multilevel inverter structure with cascaded two level and three level inverters for IM drive with CMV elimination and DC link capacitor voltage balancing

Common mode voltage (CMV) variations in PWM inverter-fed drives generate unwanted shaft and bearing current resulting in early motor failure. Multilevel inverters reduce this problem to some extent, with higher number of levels. But the complexity of the power circuit increases with an increase in the number of inverter voltage levels. In this paper a five-level inverter structure is proposed for open-end winding induction motor (IM) drives, by cascading only two conventional two-level and three-level inverters, with the elimination of the common mode voltage over the entire modulation range. The DC link power supply requirement is also optimized by means of DC link capacitor voltage balancing, with PWM control, using only inverter switching state redundancies. The proposed power circuit gives a simple power bus structure.

Highly fluorescent GFPm2+-based genome integration-proficient promoter probe vector to study Mycobacterium tuberculosis promoters in infected macrophages

Study of activity of cloned promoters in slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis during long-term growth conditions in vitro or inside macrophages, requires a genome-integration proficient promoter probe vector, which can be stably maintained even without antibiotics, carrying a substrate-independent, easily scorable and highly sensitive reporter gene. In order to meet this requirement, we constructed pAKMN2, which contains mycobacterial codon-optimized gfpm2+ gene, coding for GFPm2+ of highest fluorescence reported till date, mycobacteriophage L5 attP-int sequence for genome integration, and a multiple cloning site. pAKMN2 showed stable integration and expression of GFPm2+ from M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis genome. Expression of GFPm2+, driven by the cloned minimal promoters of M. tuberculosis cell division gene, ftsZ (MtftsZ), could be detected in the M. tuberculosis/pAKMN2-promoter integrants, growing at exponential phase in defined medium in vitro and inside macrophages. Stable expression from genome-integrated format even without antibiotic, and high sensitivity of detection by flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging, in spite of single copy integration, make pAKMN2 useful for the study of cloned promoters of any mycobacterial species under long-term in vitro growth or stress conditions, or inside macrophages.

Identification and characterization of starvation induced msdgc-1 promoter involved in the c-di-GMP turnover

C-di-GMP Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine monophosphate], a second messenger is involved in intracellular communication in the bacterial species. As a result several multi-cellular behaviors in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are directly linked to the intracellular level of c-di-GMP. The cellular concentration of c-di-GMP is maintained by two opposing activities, diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE-A). In Mycobacterium smegmatis, a single bifunctional protein MSDGC-1 is responsible for the cellular concentration of c-di-GMP. A better understanding of the regulation of c-di-GMP at the genetic level is necessary to control the function of above two activities. In this work, we have characterized the promoter element present in msdgc-1 along with the + 1 transcription start site and identified the sigma factors that regulate the transcription of msdgc-1. Interestingly, msdgc-1 utilizes SigA during the initial phase of growth, whereas near the stationary phase SigB containing RNA polymerase takes over the expression of msdgc-1. We report here that the promoter activity of msdgc-1 increases during starvation or depletion of carbon source like glucose or glycerol. When msdgc-1 is deleted, the numbers of viable cells are similar to 10 times higher in the stationary phase in comparison to that of the wild type. We propose here that msdgc-1 is involved in the regulation of cell population density. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DNA STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND ARCHITECTURE OF PROMOTER REGIONS PLAY A ROLE IN GENE RESPONSIVENESS OF S. CEREVISIAE

Gene expression is the most fundamental biological process, which is essential for phenotypic variation. It is regulated by various external (environment and evolution) and internal (genetic) factors. The level of gene expression depends on promoter architecture, along with other external factors. Presence of sequence motifs, such as transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and TATA-box, or DNA methylation in vertebrates has been implicated in the regulation of expression of some genes in eukaryotes, but a large number of genes lack these sequences. On the other hand, several experimental and computational studies have shown that promoter sequences possess some special structural properties, such as low stability, less bendability, low nucleosome occupancy, and more curvature, which are prevalent across all organisms. These structural features may play role in transcription initiation and regulation of gene expression. We have studied the relationship between the structural features of promoter DNA, promoter directionality and gene expression variability in S. cerevisiae. This relationship has been analyzed for seven different measures of gene expression variability, along with two different regulatory effect measures. We find that a few of the variability measures of gene expression are linked to DNA structural properties, nucleosome occupancy, TATA-box presence, and bidirectionality of promoter regions. Interestingly, gene responsiveness is most intimately correlated with DNA structural features and promoter architecture.

Two-step Synthesis of MoS2 Nanotubes using Shock Waves with Lead as Growth Promoter

A new two-step procedure for the synthesis of MoS2 nanotubes using lead as a growth promoter is reported. In the first step, molybdenum suboxide nanowhiskers containing a small amount of lead atoms were created by exposing a pressed MoS2+Pb mixture to highly compressed shock-heated argon gas, with estimated temperatures exceeding 9900 K. In the second step, these molybdenum suboxide nanowhiskers served as templates for the sulfidization of the oxide into MoS2 nanotubes (by using H2S gas in a reducing atmosphere at 820 degrees C). Unlike the case of WS2 nanotubes, the synthesis of a pure phase of MoS2 nanotubes from molybdenum oxide has proven challenging, due mostly to the volatile nature of the latter at the high requisite reaction temperatures (>800 degrees C). In contrast, the nature and apparent reaction mechanism of the method reported herein are amenable to future scale-up. The high-temperature shockwave system should also facilitate the synthesis of new nanostructures from other layered materials.

Evidence that TSC2 acts as a transcription factor and binds to and represses the promoter of Epiregulin

The TSC2 gene, mutated in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), encodes a 200 kDa protein TSC2 (tuberin). The importance of TSC2 in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation is irrefutable. TSC2 in complex with TSC1 negatively regulates the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) via RHEB in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and in turn regulates cell proliferation. It shows nuclear as well as cytoplasmic localization. However, its nuclear function remains elusive. In order to identify the nuclear function of TSC2, a whole-genome expression profiling of TSC2 overexpressing cells was performed, and the results showed differential regulation of 266 genes. Interestingly, transcription was found to be the most populated functional category. EREG (Epiregulin), a member of the epidermal growth factor family, was found to be the most downregulated gene in the microarray analysis. Previous reports have documented elevated levels of EREG in TSC lesions, making its regulatory aspects intriguing. Using the luciferase reporter, ChIP and EMSA techniques, we show that TSC2 binds to the EREG promoter between -352 bp and -303 bp and negatively regulates its expression. This is the first evidence for the role of TSC2 as a transcription factor and of TSC2 binding to the promoter of any gene.

In vivo regulation of the Vi antigen in Salmonella and induction of immune responses with an in vivo-inducible promoter.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the agent of typhoid fever in humans, expresses the surface Vi polysaccharide antigen that contributes to virulence. However, Vi expression can also be detrimental to some key steps of S. Typhi infectivity, for example, invasion, and Vi is the target of protective immune responses. We used a strain of S. Typhimurium carrying the whole Salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (SPI-7) to monitor in vivo Vi expression within phagocytic cells of mice at different times after systemic infection. We also tested whether it is possible to modulate Vi expression via the use of in vivo-inducible promoters and whether this would trigger anti-Vi antibodies through the use of Vi-expressing live bacteria. Our results show that Vi expression in the liver and spleen is downregulated with the progression of infection and that the Vi-negative population of bacteria becomes prevalent by day 4 postinfection. Furthermore, we showed that replacing the natural tviA promoter with the promoter of the SPI-2 gene ssaG resulted in sustained Vi expression in the tissues. Intravenous or oral infection of mice with a strain of S. Typhimurium expressing Vi under the control of the ssaG promoter triggered detectable levels of all IgG subclasses specific for Vi. Our work highlights that Vi is downregulated in vivo and provides proof of principle that it is possible to generate a live attenuated vaccine that induces Vi-specific antibodies after single oral administration.

The promoter of cell growth- and RNA protection-associated SND1 gene is activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in human hepatoma cells

Background: Staphyloccocal nuclease domain-containing protein 1 (SND1) is involved in the regulation of gene expression and RNA protection. While numerous studies have established that SND1 protein expression is modulated by cellular stresses associated with tumor growth, hypoxia, inflammation, heat- shock and oxidative conditions, little is known about the factors responsible for SND1 expression. Here, we have approached this question by analyzing the transcriptional response of human SND1 gene to pharmacological endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in liver cancer cells. Results: We provide first evidence that SND1 promoter activity is increased in human liver cancer cells upon exposure to thapsigargin or tunicamycin or by ectopic expression of ATF6, a crucial transcription factor in the unfolded protein response triggered by ER stress. Deletion analysis of the 5'-flanking region of SND1 promoter identified maximal activation in fragment (-934, +221), which contains most of the predicted ER stress response elements in proximal promoter. Quantitative real- time PCR revealed a near 3 fold increase in SND1 mRNA expression by either of the stress- inducers; whereas SND1 protein was maximally upregulated (3.4-fold) in cells exposed to tunicamycin, a protein glycosylation inhibitor. Conclusion: Promoter activity of the cell growth- and RNA-protection associated SND1 gene is up-regulated by ER stress in human hepatoma cells.

Features and trend of loss of promoter-associated CpG islands in the human and mouse genomes

CpG islands (CGIs) are often considered as gene markers, but the number of CGIs varies among mammalian genomes that have similar numbers of genes. In this study, we investigated the distribution of CGIs in the promoter regions of 3,197 human-mouse ortholo