Étude fonctionnelle et génétique d'une population de lymphocytes T CD4-CD8- impliquée dans la résistance au diabète auto-immun chez la souris

Le diabète auto-immun résulte de la destruction des cellules bêta pancréatiques sécrétrices d’insuline par les lymphocytes T du système immunitaire. Il s’ensuit une déficience hormonale qui peut être comblée par des injections quotidiennes d’insuline d’origine exogène, toutefois il demeure à ce jour impossible de guérir les patients atteints de la maladie. De façon générale, un système immunitaire sain reconnaît une multitude d’antigènes différents et assure ainsi notre défense à l’égard de différents pathogènes ou encore de cellules tumorales. Il arrive cependant que, pour des raisons génétiques et/ou environnementales, les lymphocytes T puissent s’activer de façon aberrante suite à la reconnaissance d’antigènes provenant du soi. C’est ce bris de tolérance qui mène au développement de pathologies auto-immunes telles que le diabète auto-immun. Afin de limiter l’auto-immunité, des mécanismes de sélection stricts permettent d’éliminer la majorité des lymphocytes T présentant une forte affinité envers des antigènes du soi lors de leur développement dans le thymus. Certains de ces lymphocytes réussissent toutefois à échapper à l’apoptose et migrent en périphérie afin d’y circuler en quête d’un antigène spécifiquement reconnu. Il est alors primordial que des mécanismes périphériques assurent le maintien de la tolérance immunitaire en faisant obstacle à l’activation et à la prolifération des lymphocytes T auto-réactifs. L’une des avenues afin d’inhiber le développement de réponses immunitaires aberrantes est la génération de lymphocytes T régulateurs. Ces cellules, d’origine thymique ou périphérique, peuvent arborer différents phénotypes et agissent via de multiples mécanismes afin d’inactiver et/ou éliminer les cellules impliquées dans l’apparition de pathologies auto-immunes. L’utilisation de modèles murins transgéniques a permis la mise en évidence d’une population peu caractérisée de lymphocytes T au potentiel régulateur. En effet, la proportion de ces cellules T n’exprimant pas les corécepteurs CD4 et CD8 (double négatives, DN) a été inversement corrélée à la prédisposition à l’auto-immunité chez ces ii souris. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de démontrer la fonction immuno-régulatrice des lymphocytes T DN, tout en investiguant les facteurs génétiques responsables du maintien de cette population cellulaire. Nous avons observé que les lymphocytes T DN exercent une activité cytotoxique à l’égard des lymphocytes B de façon spécifique à l’antigène, via la libération de granules cytolytiques contenant du granzyme B et de la perforine. Par ailleurs, nous avons établi qu’un unique transfert adoptif de ces cellules est suffisant afin d’inhiber le développement du diabète auto-immun chez des hôtes transgéniques prédisposés à la maladie. Le recours à des souris déficientes pour l’expression du gène CD47 a permis de constater que la voie de signalisation CD47-Sirp est essentielle dans le maintien de la proportion des lymphocytes T DN. De plus, le locus murin de prédisposition au diabète auto-immun Idd13, qui contient le gène Sirp, a été identifié pour son rôle dans la régulation de la proportion de ces cellules. Finalement, une analyse génétique a révélé que d’autres intervalles génétiques sont impliqués dans le contrôle de la population des lymphocytes T DN. Parmi ceux-ci, un locus situé en région proximale du chromosome 12 a été validé grâce à la création de souris congéniques. Grâce aux résultats présentés dans cette thèse, notre compréhension de la biologie ainsi que de la régulation des lymphocytes T DN est approfondie. Ces connaissances constituent un pas important vers la création de thérapies cellulaires novatrices permettant de prévenir et de guérir diverses pathologies auto-immunes.

Étude du mécanisme par lequel la thérapie à l'IL7 induit l'expansion homéostatique des lymphocytes T CD4+

Dans les cas de lymphopénie, les lymphocytes T résiduels prolifèrent exagérément dans un phénomène appelé «expansion homéostatique périphérique» (HPE), qui est efficace pour la régénération des T CD8+, mais inefficace pour les T CD4+. L’interleukine-7 (IL7) est une cytokine homéostatique utilisée afin d’augmenter les comptes lymphocytaires T des patients lymphopéniques. Toutefois, la raison de l’expansion préférentielle des lymphocytes T CD8+ par l’IL7 demeure toujours inconnue. Nous montrons que cette expansion est due au fait que l’IL7 induit une prolifération efficace des T CD8+ périphériques (CD8+PERI) ainsi que des émigrants thymiques CD8+ (CD8+RTEs). Par contre, l’effet prolifératif de l’IL7 est restreint presqu’uniquement aux CD4+RTEs même si les CD4+PERI survivent mieux que les CD4+RTEs. De plus faibles doses d’IL7 sont nécessaires aux CD4+RTEs afin de phosphoryler STAT5 ou de proliférer comparativement aux CD4+PERI et nous démontrons que les contacts TCR/CMHII sont nécessaires à la prolifération induite par l’IL7 des CD4+RTEs en périphérie. De fait, augmenter au Flt3 ligand le nombre de cellules dendritiques périphériques d’une souris donneuse, avant de transférer ses TPERI dans des souris receveuses traitées à l’IL7 induit une prolifération significative des CD4+PERI. Nos résultats indiquent donc que l’abondance des contacts TCR/CMHII reçus dans le thymus semble contrôler la sensibilité à l’IL7 des CD4+RTEs. Finalement, l’observation que les CD8+PERI et CD8+RTEs prolifèrent pareillement pendant la thérapie à l’IL7, alors que la prolifération des T CD4+ est largement restreinte aux RTEs expliquerait pourquoi, dans les cas de lymphopénie, la régénération des T CD4+ est aussi dépendante de la thymopoïèse.

Caractérisation des lymphocytes T CD4+CD8+ dans le contexte de la sclérose en plaques

Une petite population de lymphocytes T exprimant les deux corécepteurs CD4 et CD8 et appelée double positive (DP), a été détectée dans le sang périphérique de donneurs sains et de patients atteints de diverses pathologies dont la sclérose en plaques (SEP). Nous avons émis l’hypothèse qu’il s’agissait de lymphocytes T hautement activés pouvant contribuer à l’inflammation chronique présente dans la SEP. Nous avons comparé les cellules T DP obtenues du sang de donneurs sains et de patients atteints de la SEP et non traités. La fréquence des cellules DP était similaire chez les patients et les donneurs sains. La proportion de lymphocytes T DP qui exprimaient les chaines du récepteur de l’interleukine-15 (IL-15) était plus élevée que pour les autres populations lymphocytaires. Des mesures d’induction de la phosphorylation du STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) ont démontré que les cellules DP ont répondu à des doses plus faibles et pour de plus longues périodes à l’IL-15 comparativement aux autres lymphocytes T. Le pourcentage de lymphocytes T DP ayant la capacité de produire l’interféron-gamma et des enzymes lytiques était élevé chez les témoins sains mais ces niveaux étaient significativement réduits chez les patients atteints de la SEP. La caractérisation phénotypique de cellules DP a suggéré que ces cellules ont des propriétés similaires aux lymphocytes T activés. Bien qu’il ne s’agisse que d’une caractérisation partielle, il semble que les lymphocytes T DP perdent une partie de leurs propriétés chez les patients atteints de la SEP.

RTKN2 induces NF-KappaB dependent resistance to intrinsic apoptosis in HEK cells and REgulates BCL-2 genes in human CD4+ lymphocytes

The gene for Rhotekin 2 (RTKN2) was originally identified in a promyelocytic cell line resistant to oxysterol-induced apoptosis. It is differentially expressed in freshly isolated CD4+ T-cells compared with other hematopoietic cells and is down-regulated following activation of the T-cell receptor. However, very little is known about the function of RTKN2 other than its homology to Rho-GTPase effector, rhotekin, and the possibility that they may have similar roles. Here we show that stable expression of RTKN2 in HEK cells enhanced survival in response to intrinsic apoptotic agents; 25-hydroxy cholesterol and camptothecin, but not the extrinsic agent, TNFα. Inhibitors of NF-KappaB, but not MAPK, reversed the resistance and mitochondrial pro-apoptotic genes, Bax and Bim, were down regulated. In these cells, there was no evidence of RTKN2 binding to the GTPases, RhoA or Rac2. Consistent with the role of RTKN2 in HEK over-expressing cells, suppression of RTKN2 in primary human CD4+ T-cells reduced viability and increased sensitivity to 25-OHC. The expression of the pro-apoptotic genes, Bax and Bim were increased while BCL-2 was decreased. In both cell models RTKN2 played a role in the process of intrinsic apoptosis and this was dependent on either NF-KappaB signaling or expression of downstream BCL-2 genes. As RTKN2 is a highly expressed in CD4+ T-cells it may play a role as a key signaling switch for regulation of genes involved in T-cell survival.

Detection of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the intestine of broiler chicks treated with lactobacillus spp. and challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis

The expression of immune response as a leukocytic infiltrate by CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the epithelium and in the intestinal lamina propria of chicks fed Lactobacillus spp or cecal microflora (CM) and experimentally challenged or not with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) was studied using immunohistochemistry. Three hundred and twenty day-of-hatch broiler chicks were divided into four groups of 80 birds each and orally received L. reuteri, L. salivarius, L. acidophilus, or CM. Each group was subdivided into four subgroups of 20 birds each, classified as follows: a subgroup did not receive any oral treatment (negative control), subgroup treated with L. spp or CM, subgroup treated with L. spp or CM and challenged with SE, and subgroup only challenged with SE (positive control). The results show that the oral treatment with L. reuteri, L. salivarius, L. acidophilus, or CM and challenge or not with SE stimulated bird immune response as determined by the leukocytic infiltrate by CD8+ lymphocytes followed by CD4+ in the epithelium and in the lamina propria of the duodenum, jejunum, and cecum of chicks up to 12 days of age. CD8+ lymphocyte number was significantly higher in the intestine of chicks receiving CM and challenged with SE. The duodenum, followed by the jejunum, were the segments in which the immune response, as shown by T, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, was stimulated with the greatest intensity.

HIV-1-related Hodgkin lymphoma in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: incidence and evolution of CD4⁺ T-cell lymphocytes

The risk of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is increased in patients infected with HIV-1. We studied the incidence and outcomes of HL, and compared CD4⁺ T-cell trajectories in HL patients and controls matched for duration of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). A total of 40 168 adult HIV-1-infected patients (median age, 36 years; 70% male; median CD4 cell count, 234 cells/μL) from 16 European cohorts were observed during 159 133 person-years; 78 patients developed HL. The incidence was 49.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.3-61.2) per 100,000 person-years, and similar on cART and not on cART (P = .96). The risk of HL declined as the most recent (time-updated) CD4 count increased: the adjusted hazard ratio comparing more than 350 with less than 50 cells/μL was 0.27 (95% CI, 0.08-0.86). Sixty-one HL cases diagnosed on cART were matched to 1652 controls: during the year before diagnosis, cases lost 98 CD4 cells (95% CI, -159 to -36 cells), whereas controls gained 35 cells (95% CI, 24-46 cells; P < .0001). The incidence of HL is not reduced by cART, and patients whose CD4 cell counts decline despite suppression of HIV-1 replication on cART may harbor HL.

Differential pattern and prognostic significance of CD4+, FOXP3+ and IL-17+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in ductal and lobular breast cancers

Background Clinical relevance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer is controversial. Here, we used a tumor microarray including a large series of ductal and lobular breast cancers with long term follow up data, to analyze clinical impact of TIL expressing specific phenotypes and distribution of TILs within different tumor compartments and in different histological subtypes. Methods A tissue microarray (TMA) including 894 ductal and 164 lobular breast cancers was stained with antibodies recognizing CD4, FOXP3, and IL-17 by standard immunohistochemical techniques. Lymphocyte counts were correlated with clinico-pathological parameters and survival. Results CD4+ lymphocytes were more prevalent than FOXP3+ TILs whereas IL-17+ TILs were rare. Increased numbers of total CD4+ and FOXP3+ TIL were observed in ductal, as compared with lobular carcinomas. High grade (G3) and estrogen receptor (ER) negative ductal carcinomas displayed significantly (p < 0.001) higher CD4+ and FOXP3+ lymphocyte infiltration while her2/neu over-expression in ductal carcinomas was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with higher FOXP3+ TIL counts. In contrast, lymphocyte infiltration was not linked to any clinico-pathological parameters in lobular cancers. In univariate but not in multivariate analysis CD4+ infiltration was associated with significantly shorter survival in patients bearing ductal, but not lobular cancers. However, a FOXP3+/CD4+ ratio > 1 was associated with improved overall survival even in multivariate analysis (p = 0.033). Conclusions Ductal and lobular breast cancers appear to be infiltrated by different lymphocyte subpopulations. In ductal cancers increased CD4+ and FOXP3+ TIL numbers are associated with more aggressive tumor features. In survival analysis, absolute numbers of TILs do not represent major prognostic indicators in ductal and lobular breast cancer. Remarkably however, a ratio > 1 of total FOXP3+/CD4+ TILs in ductal carcinoma appears to represent an independent favorable prognostic factor.

Primary cutaneous CD4+ small-/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma: a cutaneous nodular proliferation of pleomorphic T lymphocytes of undetermined significance? A study of 136 cases

Patients with skin nodules characterized by the infiltrate of pleomorphic small/medium T lymphocytes are currently classified as "primary cutaneous CD4+ small-/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma" (SMPTCL) or as T-cell pseudolymphoma. The distinction is often arbitrary, and patients with similar clinicopathologic features have been included in both groups. We studied 136 patients (male:female = 1:1; median age: 53 years, age range: 3-90 years) with cutaneous lesions that could be classified as small-/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma according to current diagnostic criteria. All but 3 patients presented with solitary nodules located mostly on the head and neck area (75%). Histopathologic features were characterized by nonepidermotropic, nodular, or diffuse infiltrates of small- to medium-sized pleomorphic T lymphocytes. A monoclonal rearrangement of the T-cell receptor-gamma gene was found in 60% of tested cases. Follow-up data available for 45 patients revealed that 41 of them were alive without lymphoma after a median time of 63 months (range: 1-357 months), whereas 4 were alive with cutaneous disease (range: 2-16 months). The incongruity between the indolent clinical course and the worrying histopathologic and molecular features poses difficulties in classifying these cases unambiguously as benign or malignant, and it may be better to refer to them with a descriptive term such as "cutaneous nodular proliferation of pleomorphic T lymphocytes of undetermined significance," rather than forcing them into one or the other category. On the other hand, irrespective of the name given to these equivocal cutaneous lymphoid proliferations, published data support a nonaggressive therapeutic strategy, particularly for patients presenting with solitary lesions.

In vivo tissue distribution of CD4 lymphocytes in mice determined by radioimmunoscintigraphy with an 111In-labeled anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody.

The tissue distribution of CD4 lymphocytes in normal C57/BL mice and CD4 knockout mice was determined by biodistribution measurements and gamma camera imaging with an 111In-labeled rat IgG2b monoclonal antibody directed against the murine CD-4 antigen. In normal mice high concentrations of antibody accumulated in the spleen and lymph nodes. At 45 hr after injection, the concentration of radiolabel in the spleen and lymph nodes of normal mice were 10- to 20-fold greater than in the corresponding tissue of the CD4 knockout mice and nonlymphoid tissues of both types of mice. At 24 and 45 hr, gamma camera images showed high concentrations of radiolabeled antibody in lymph node and spleen of normal but not knockout mice. These results indicate that radioimmunoscintigraphy with 111In-anti-CD4 is an excellent method for studying tissue distribution of CD lymphocytes in mice. Using an equivalent anti-human CD antibody, this method might be useful for studying the pathophysiology of conditions in which these cells play a critical role and for monitoring therapies for these disorders.

Th1 CD4+ lymphocytes delete activated macrophages through the Fas/APO-1 antigen pathway.

The Fas/APO-1 cytotoxic pathway plays an important role in the regulation of peripheral immunity. Recent evidence indicates that this regulatory function operates through deletion of activated T and B lymphocytes by CD4+ T cells expressing the Fas ligand. Because macrophages play a key role in peripheral immunity, we asked whether Fas was involved in T-cell-macrophage interactions. Two-color flow cytometry revealed that Fas receptor (FasR) was expressed on resting murine peritoneal macrophages. FasR expression was upregulated after activation of macrophages with cytokines or lipopolysaccharide, although only tumor necrosis factor-alpha rendered macrophages sensitive to anti-FasR antibody-mediated death. To determine the consequence of antigen presentation by macrophages to CD4+ T cells, macrophages were pulsed with antigen and then incubated with either Th1 or Th2 cell lines or clones. Th1, but not Th2, T cells induced lysis of 60-80% of normal macrophages, whereas macrophages obtained from mice with mutations in the FasR were totally resistant to Th1-mediated cytotoxicity. Macrophage cytotoxicity depended upon specific antigen recognition by T cells and was major histocompatibility complex restricted. These findings indicate that, in addition to deletion of activated lymphocytes, Fas plays an important role in deletion of activated macrophages after antigen presentation to Th1 CD4+ T cells. Failure to delete macrophages that constitutively present self-antigens may contribute to the expression of autoimmunity in mice deficient in FasR (lpr) or Fas ligand (gld).

Cross-reactive recognition of human and primate cytomegalovirus sequences by human CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for glycoprotein B and H

Although the importance of CD4(+) T cell responses to human cytonnegalovirus (HCMV) has recently been recognized in transplant and immunosuppressed patients, the precise specificity and nature of this response has remained largely unresolved. In the present study we have isolated CD4(+) CTL which recognize epitopes from HCMV glycoproteins gB and gH in association with two different HLA-DR antigens, DRA1*0101/DRB1*0701 (DR7) and DRA1*0101/DRB1*1101 (DR11). Comparison of amino acid sequences of HICMV isolates revealed that the gB and gH epitope sequences recognized by human CD4(+) T cells were not only conserved in clinical isolates from HCMV but also in CMV isolates from higher primates (chimpanzee, rhesus and baboon). Interestingly, these epitope sequences from chimpanzee, rhesus and baboon CMV are efficiently recognized by human CD4(+) CTL. More importantly, we show that gB-specific T cells from humans can also efficiently lyse pepticle-sensitized Patr-DR7(+) cells from chimpanzees. These findings suggest that conserved gB and gH epitopes should be considered while designing a prophylactic vaccine against HCMV. In addition, they also provide a functional basis for the conservation of MHC class 11 lineages between humans and Old World primates and open the possibility for the use of such primate models in vaccine development against HCMV.

Rôle des tachykinines dans la modulation de l'apoptose des lymphocytes T CD4+ induite par l'activation de Fas

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Rôle des tachykinines dans la modulation de l'apoptose des lymphocytes T CD4+ induite par l'activation de Fas

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Myeloma-induced alloreactive T cells arising in myeloma-infiltrated bones include double-positive CD8+CD4+ T cells : evidence from myeloma-bearing mouse model

The graft-versus-myeloma (GVM) effect represents a powerful form of immune attack exerted by alloreactive T cells against multiple myeloma cells, which leads to clinical responses in multiple myeloma transplant recipients. Whether myeloma cells are themselves able to induce alloreactive T cells capable of the GVM effect is not defined. Using adoptive transfer of T naive cells into myeloma-bearing mice (established by transplantation of human RPMI8226-TGL myeloma cells into CD122(+) cell-depleted NOD/SCID hosts), we found that myeloma cells induced alloreactive T cells that suppressed myeloma growth and prolonged survival of T cell recipients. Myeloma-induced alloreactive T cells arising in the myeloma-infiltrated bones exerted cytotoxic activity against resident myeloma cells, but limited activity against control myeloma cells obtained from myeloma-bearing mice that did not receive T naive cells. These myeloma-induced alloreactive T cells were derived through multiple CD8(+) T cell divisions and enriched in double-positive (DP) T cells coexpressing the CD8alphaalpha and CD4 coreceptors. MHC class I expression on myeloma cells and contact with T cells were required for CD8(+) T cell divisions and DP-T cell development. DP-T cells present in myeloma-infiltrated bones contained a higher proportion of cells expressing cytotoxic mediators IFN-gamma and/or perforin compared with single-positive CD8(+) T cells, acquired the capacity to degranulate as measured by CD107 expression, and contributed to an elevated perforin level seen in the myeloma-infiltrated bones. These observations suggest that myeloma-induced alloreactive T cells arising in myeloma-infiltrated bones are enriched with DP-T cells equipped with cytotoxic effector functions that are likely to be involved in the GVM effect.

Antigen-specific CD4 cells assist CD8 T-effector cells in eliminating keratinocytes

Keratinocytes expressing tumor or viral antigens can be eliminated by antigen-primed CD8 cytotoxic T cells. CD4 T-helper cells help induction of CD8 cytotoxic T cells from naive precursors and generation of CD8 T-cell memory. In this study, we show, unexpectedly, that CD4 cells are also required to assist primed CD8 effector T cells in rejection of skin expressing human growth hormone, a neo-self-antigen, in keratinocytes. The requirement for CD4 cells can be substituted by CD40 costimulation. Rejection of skin expressing ovalbumin (OVA), a non-self-antigen, by primed CD8 cytotoxic T cells can in contrast occur without help from antigen-specific CD4 T cells. However, rejection of OVA expressing keratinocytes is helped by antigen-specific CD4 T cells if only low numbers of primed or naive OVA-specific CD8 T cells are available. Effective immunotherapy directed at antigens expressed in squamous cancer may therefore be facilitated by induction of tumor antigen-specific CD4 helper T cells, as well as cytotoxic CD8 T cells.