[Carta Marina] - [Yleiskuva - Overview]

Roma : A. Lafreri 1572

Heavier smoking may lead to a relative increase in waist circumference: evidence for a causal relationship from a Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis. The CARTA consortium.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate, using a Mendelian randomisation approach, whether heavier smoking is associated with a range of regional adiposity phenotypes, in particular those related to abdominal adiposity. DESIGN: Mendelian randomisation meta-analyses using a genetic variant (rs16969968/rs1051730 in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene region) as a proxy for smoking heaviness, of the associations of smoking heaviness with a range of adiposity phenotypes. PARTICIPANTS: 148 731 current, former and never-smokers of European ancestry aged ≥16 years from 29 studies in the consortium for Causal Analysis Research in Tobacco and Alcohol (CARTA). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Waist and hip circumferences, and waist-hip ratio. RESULTS: The data included up to 66 809 never-smokers, 43 009 former smokers and 38 913 current daily cigarette smokers. Among current smokers, for each extra minor allele, the geometric mean was lower for waist circumference by -0.40% (95% CI -0.57% to -0.22%), with effects on hip circumference, waist-hip ratio and body mass index (BMI) being -0.31% (95% CI -0.42% to -0.19), -0.08% (-0.19% to 0.03%) and -0.74% (-0.96% to -0.51%), respectively. In contrast, among never-smokers, these effects were higher by 0.23% (0.09% to 0.36%), 0.17% (0.08% to 0.26%), 0.07% (-0.01% to 0.15%) and 0.35% (0.18% to 0.52%), respectively. When adjusting the three central adiposity measures for BMI, the effects among current smokers changed direction and were higher by 0.14% (0.05% to 0.22%) for waist circumference, 0.02% (-0.05% to 0.08%) for hip circumference and 0.10% (0.02% to 0.19%) for waist-hip ratio, for each extra minor allele. CONCLUSIONS: For a given BMI, a gene variant associated with increased cigarette consumption was associated with increased waist circumference. Smoking in an effort to control weight may lead to accumulation of central adiposity.

La Eficacia entre particulares de la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea

Con la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Lisboa, el día 1 de Diciembre de 2009, la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales adquiere el mismo valor jurídico que los Tratados, pasando así a ser un instrumento jurídicamente vinculante e invocable, en un principio, por los particulares ante los Tribunales. El objetivo de este estudio será analizar, teniendo en cuenta las consecuencias del ámbito de aplicación de la Carta, si existe o no una tendencia aperturista por parte del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea hacia un reconocimiento de la eficacia entre particulares de la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea.

Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate: A Mendelian Randomization Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data on 141 317 participants (62 666 never, 40 669 former, 37 982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomization meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the Mendelian randomization analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses among current smokers, 1 cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 bpm; 95% confidence interval 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate and slightly higher diastolic blood pressure (0.05 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.02; 0.08) and systolic blood pressure (0.08 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.03; 0.13). However, in Mendelian randomization analyses among current smokers, although each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 bpm/allele; 95% confidence interval 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 bpm higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day. CONCLUSIONS: This Mendelian randomization meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.

Carta a la ciencia de un pintor desvergonzado

La ciencia y el arte se han situado en extremos opuestos, la una sela considera fruto de la inteligencia y el otro de una oscura intuición quesólo disfrutan algunos escogidos. Pero esto no es así, tenemos una solainteligencia que siempre actúa bajo los mismos principios.Ignoramos el pensamiento de Velázquez, Rubens o Van Dyck y estedesconocimiento no nos disculpa de la falta de claridad de conceptosque intervienen en la representación. La pintura y la escultura hanolvidado definir los conceptos, porque lo único importante siempre hasido la obra.Esta falta de información sólo puede ser resuelta por losprofesionales y edificar un discurso coherente, propio de nuestro oficio yelaborado por sus expertos, es un paso ineludible.La dificultad de la pintura no está en el tema, ni en la composición,ni siquiera en los colores; la dificultad está en conocer qué es la realidady cómo puede ser representada y este es un problema de conceptos, donde la habilidad manual y los sentimientos tienen muy poca importancia.