In vitro activity of photoactivated disinfection using a diode laser in infected root canals

OBJECTIVE To investigate the lethal activity of photoactivated disinfection (PAD) on Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and mixed populations of aerobic or anaerobic bacteria in infected root canals using a diode laser after the application of a photosensitizer (PS). MATERIALS AND METHODS First, the bactericidal activity of a low power diode laser (200 mW) against E. faecalis ATCC 29212 pre-treated with a PS (toluidine blue) for 2 min were examined after different irradiation times (30 s, 60 s and 90 s). The bactericidal activity in the presence of human serum or human serum albumin (HSA) was also examined. Second, root canals were infected with E. faecalis or with mixed aerobic or anaerobic microbial populations for 3 days and then irrigated with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite and exposed to PAD for 60 s. RESULTS Photosensitization followed by laser irradiation for 60 s was sufficient to kill E. faecalis. Bacteria suspended in human serum (25% v/v) were totally eradicated after 30 s of irradiation. The addition of HSA (25 mg/ml or 50 mg/ml) to bacterial suspensions increased the antimicrobial efficacy of PAD after an irradiation time of 30 s, but no longer. The bactericidal effect of sodium hypochlorite was only enhanced by PAD during the early stages of treatment. PAD did not enhance the activity of sodium hypochlorite against a mixture of anaerobic bacteria. CONCLUSIONS The bactericidal activity of PAD appears to be enhanced by serum proteins in vitro, but is limited to bacteria present within the root canal.

Canals Ilustrada : historia de las personas venerables y Varones Ilustres que han avido (sic) naturales de la Universidad de Canals en el Reyno de Valencia

Sign.: [calderon]-2[calderon]4, 3[calderon]2, A-G4, H3

Uso de la pita y vista del aqüeducto de Canals [Material gráfico]

Inscripción en la parte sup.: "Pag. 225"

Irrigation canals in a semi-arid agricultural landscape surrounded by wetlands: Their role as a habitat for birds during the breeding season

Traditional water supply systems in semi-arid agrarian ecosystems, mainly irrigation canals, contribute to the diversity of the landscape and influence the composition of species. To evaluate their effect on bird communities in the breeding season, we selected a rural area in southeastern Spain, where an intricate and extensive network of irrigation canals and cultivated areas is located between two wetlands declared as Natural Parks. Birds were counted at representative points distributed throughout the canal network at which we recorded several variables related to the physical features, the vertical and horizontal structure of associated vegetation, reed development (Phragmites australis) and land use in the neighboring areas. We detected 37 bird species, most of which were also breeding in the wetlands nearby. We used Hierarchical Partitioning analyses to identify the variables most strongly related to the probability of the presence of selected species and species richness. Vegetation cover and height close to the canals, together with reed development, were the most important types of variables explaining species presence and richness. We found that current management practices for reeds in canals are not well-suited for biodiversity conservation. We therefore propose alternatives that could be implemented in the area in cooperation with stakeholders.

The prediction of tidal flows in canals and estuaries /

Mode of access: Internet.

A treatise on the law of waters, and of sewers : including the law relating to rights in the sea, and rights in rivers, canals, dock companies, fisheries, mills, watercourses, &c. /

Includes bibliographical footnotes and index.

A treatise of the law of waters; including the law relating to rights in the sea, and rights concerning rivers, canals, dock companies, fisheries, mills, water-courses, &c. with a note concerning the rights of the Crown to the land between high and low water mark.

"The law of sewers has been separately published in a second edition, and is, therefore, withdrawn from this second edition of the Law of waters."--2d prelim. leaf.

An analytical model to predict ship transit capacities of sea-level canals /

See errata at end of item for cover, foreward, pages 26 and 29, and Form 1473.

Canals & inland navigation,

Reprinted (by permission) from "The Engineer."

The law relating to traffic on railways and canals,

Mode of access: Internet.

A project for canals of irrigation and navigation from the River Soane in south Behar; with plans and estimates.

Mode of access: Internet.

Annual report ... on the canals of the state ... and on the trade and tonnage of the canals ...

Report on trade and tonnage covers the "season," usually May to November.

Measuring seepage loss in irrigation canals : (tentative procedures for ponding and seepage meter tests) /

Mode of access: Internet.