A C-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bond stabilized polypeptide chain reversal motif at the C terminus of helices in proteins

The serendipitous observation of a C-H...O hydrogen bond mediated polypeptide chain reversal in synthetic peptide helices has led to a search for the occurrence of a similar motif in protein structures. From a dataset of 634 proteins, 1304 helices terminating in a Schellman motif have been examined. The C-H...O interaction between the T - 4 (CH)-H-alpha and T + 1 C=O group (C...O 3.5 Angstrom) becomes possible only when the T + 1 residue adopts an extended beta conformation (T is defined as the helix terminating residue adopting an alpha(L) conformation). In all, 111 examples of this chain reversal motif have been identified and the compositional and conformational. preferences at positions T - 4, T, and T + 1 determined. A marked preference for residues like Set, Glu and Gln is observed at T - 4 position with the motif being further stabilized by the formation of a side-chain-backbone O...H-N hydrogen bond involving the side-chain of residue T - 4 and the N-H group of residue T + 3. In as many as 57 examples, the segment following the helix was extended with three to four successive residues in beta conformation. In a majority of these cases, the succeeding beta strand lies approximately antiparallel with the helix, suggesting that the backbone C-H...O interactions may provide a means of registering helices and strands in an antiparallel orientation. Two examples were identified in which extended registry was detected with two sets of C-H...O hydrogen bonds between (T - 4) (CH)-H-alpha...C=O (T + 1) and (T - 8) (CH)-H-alpha...C=O (T + 3). 0 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Structure and Bonding in Stannadiphospholes and their Dianions SnC(2)P(2)R(2)(m) (R=H, tBu m=0,-2): A Comparative Study with C(5)H(5)(+) and C(5)H(5)(-) Analogues

The potential energy surfaces of both neutral and dianionic SnC(2)P(2)R(2) (R=H, tBu) ring systems have been explored at the B3PW91/LANL2DZ (Sn) and 6-311 + G* (other atoms) level. In the neutral isomers the global minimum is a nido structure in which a 1,2-diphosphocyclobutadiene ring (1,2-DPCB) is capped by the Sn. Interestingly, the structure established by Xray diffraction analysis, for R=tBu, is a 1,3-DPCB ring capped by Sn and it is 2.4 kcal mol(-1) higher in energy than the 1,2-DPCB ring isomer. This is possibly related to the kinetic stability of the 1,3-DPCB ring, which might originate from the synthetic precursor ZrCp(2)tBu(2)C(2)P(2). In the case of the dianionic isomers we observe only a 6 pi-electron aromatic structure as the global minimum, similarly to the cases of our previously reported results with other types of heterodiphospholes.([1,4,19]) The existence of large numbers of cluster-type isomers in neutral and 6 pi-planar structures in the dianions SnC(2)P(2)R(2)(2-) (R=H, tBu) is due to 3D aromaticity in neutral clusters and to 2D pi aromaticity of the dianionic rings. Relative energies of positional isomers mainly depend on: 1) the valency and coordination number of the Sn centre, 2) individual bond strengths, and 3) the steric effect of tBu groups. A comparison of neutral stannadiphospholes with other structurally related C(5)H(5)(+) analogues indicates that Sn might be a better isolobal analogue to P(+) than to BH or CH(+). The variation in global minima in these C(5)H(5)(+) analogues is due to characteristic features such as 1) the different valencies of C, B, P and Sn, 2) the electron deficiency of B, 3) weaker p pi-p pi bonding by P and Sn atoms, and 4) the tendency of electropositive elements to donate electrons to nido clusters. Unlike the C5H5+ systems, all C(5)H(5)(-) analogues have 6 pi-planar aromatic structures as global minima. The differences in the relative ordering of the positional isomers and ligating properties are significant and depend on 1) the nature of the pi orbitals involved, and 2) effective overlap of orbitals.

Influence of Si-C bond density on the properties of a-Si(1-x)C(x) thin films

Amorphous silicon carbide (a-Si(1-x)C(x)) films were deposited on silicon (100) and quartz substrates by pulsed DC reactive magnetron sputtering of silicon in methane (CH(4))-Argon (Ar) atmosphere. The influence of substrate temperature and target power on the composition, carbon bonding configuration, band gap, refractive index and hardness of a-SiC films has been investigated. Increase in substrate temperature results in slightly decreasing the carbon concentration in the films but favors silicon-carbon (Si-C) bonding. Also lower target powers were favorable towards Si-C bonding. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results agree with the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-vis spectroscopy results. Increase in substrate temperature resulted in increased hardness of the thin films from 13 to 17 GPa and the corresponding bandgap varied from 2.1 to 1.8 eV. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The substrate dependent competitive formation of cyclobutanones and cyclopentanones in an intramolecular rhodium carbenoid CH insertion reaction: enantiospecific total synthesis of silphiperfol-6-ene

The enantiospecific total synthesis of silphiperfol-6-ene has been accomplished starting from the readily available monoterpene (R)-limonene, employing a rhodium carbenoid insertion into the CH bond of a tertiary methyl group. A substrate dependent competitive insertion of the rhodium carbenoid in the gamma- and beta-CH bonds to form cyclopentanone and cyclobutanones, respectively, has been described. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An easily prepared palladium-hydrogel nanocomposite catalyst for C-C coupling reactions

Supported metallic nanoparticles are important composite materials owing to their enormous potential for applications in various fields. In this work, palladium nanoparticles were prepared in situ in a calcium-cholate (Ca-Ch) hydrogel by reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride. The hydrogel matrix appeared to assist the controlled growth as well as stabilization of palladium nanoparticles. The palladium nanoparticle/Ca-Ch hydrogel hybrid was characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, the PdNP/Ca-Ch hybrid xerogel was shown to act as an active catalyst for the Suzuki reaction under aqueous aerobic conditions. The PdNP/Ca-Ch xerogel retains its catalytic activities on storage for several months.

CH-RES-TOCSY: Enantiomers spectral resolution and measurement of heteronuclear residual dipolar couplings

A new 2D NMR technique cited as CH-RES-TOCSY, for complete unraveling the spectra of enantiomers and for the measurement of structurally important C-HRDC sis reported. The spectral overlap and complexity of peaks were reduced by the blend of selective excitation and homo-decoupling. Differential values of C-H RDCs of enantiomers (R and S) are exploited to separate the enantiomeric peaks. The complete unraveling of the spectra of both the enantiomers is achieved by incorporating a TOCSY mixing blockprior to signal acquisition. The additional application of the method is demonstrated for the assignment of symmetric isomers. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluación de dosis de fósforo y potasio en el cultivo de la soya (Glycine max (L) Merr), variedad CEA-CH-86, su efecto sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento y su análisis económico

El presente trabajo se realizó con la finalidad de determinar el efecto de diferentes dosis de fósforo y potasio (10 kg/ha de fósforo – 30 kg/ha de potasio; 20 kg/ha de fósforo – 40 kg/ha de potasio; 30 kg/ha de fósforo – 50 kg/ha de potasio; 40 kg/ha de fósforo – 60 kg/ha de potasio) y un tratamiento testigo (sin aplicación de fósforo y potasio) sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de la soya ( Glycine max (L) Merr.) variedad CEA- CH-86, bajo las condiciones ecológicas de la finca La Concepción, ubicada en el municipio de Nagarote departamento de León. El ensayo se estableció en la siembra de postrera del 2003, utilizándose un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se encontró que los componentes del crecimiento (altura, diámetro y hojas por planta) presentaron diferencias significativ as a los 50 y 70 días después de la siembra, y para las variables correspondientes a los componentes del rendimiento y sus principales componentes solamente se encontraron diferencias no significativas para el número de granos por vainas. Los resultados del análisis de varianza indicaron que cuando se aplicó 30 kg/ha de fósforo – 50 kg/ha de potasio se obtuvo el mayor rendimiento (1 930 kg/ha), el mayor beneficio neto (1 361.37 C$ / ha) y la mas alta tasa de retorno marginal (197.10 por ciento).

Ancillary ligand effects : from zirconium(IV)-catalyzed homogeneous propylene polymerization to platinum(II)-mediated C-H bond activation

A series of C_s- and C₁-symmetric doubly-linked ansa-metallocenes of the general formula {1,1'-SiMe₂-2,2'-E-('ƞ⁵-C₅H₂-4-R¹)-(ƞ⁵-C₅H-3',5'-(CHMe₂)₂)}ZrC₂ (E = SiMe₂ (1), SiPh₂ (2), SiMe₂ -SiMe₂ (3); R¹ = H, CHMe₂, C₅H₉, C₆H₁₁, C₆H₅) has been prepared. When activated by methylaluminoxane, these are active propylene polymerization catalysts. 1 and 2 produce syndiotactic polypropylenes, and 3 produces isotactic polypropylenes. Site epimerization is the major pathway for stereoerror formation for 1 and 2. In addition, the polymer chain has slightly stronger steric interaction with the diphenylsilylene linker than with the dimethylsilylene linker. This results in more frequent site epimerization and reduced syndiospecificity for 2 compared to 1.

C₁-Symmetric ansa-zirconocenes [1,1 '-SiMe₂-(C₅H₄)-(3-R-C₅H₃)]ZrCl₂ (4), [1,1 '-SiMe₂-(C₅H₄)-(2,4-R₂-C₅H₂)]ZrCl₂ (5) and [1,1 '-SiMe₂-2,2 '-(SiMe₂-SiMe₂)-(C₅H₃)-( 4-R-C₅H₂)]ZrCl₂ (6) have been prepared to probe the origin of isospecificity in 3. While 4 and 3 produce polymers with similar isospecificity, 5 and 6 give mostly hemi-isotactic-like polymers. It is proposed that the facile site epimerization via an associative pathway allows rapid equilibration of the polymer chain between the isospecific and aspecific insertion sites. This results in more frequent insertion from the isospecific site, which has a lower kinetic barrier for chain propagation. On the other hand, site epimerization for 5 and 6 is slow. This leads to mostly alternating insertion from the isospecific and aspecific sites, and consequently, a hemi-isotactic-like polymers. In comparison, site epimerization is even slower for 3, but enchainment from the aspecific site has an extremely high kinetic barrier for monomer coordination. Therefore, enchainment occurs preferentially from the isospecific site to produce isotactic polymers.

A series of cationic complexes [(ArN=CR-CR=NAr)PtMe(L)]⁺[BF₄]⁺ (Ar = aryl; R = H, CH<sub>3; L = water, trifluoroethanol) has been prepared. They react smoothly with benzene at approximately room temperature in trifluoroethanol solvent to yield methane and the corresponding phenyl Pt(II) cations, via Pt(IV)-methyl-phenyl-hydride intermediates. The reaction products of methyl-substituted benzenes suggest an inherent reactivity preference for aromatic over benzylic C-H bond activation, which can however be overridden by steric effects. For the reaction of benzene with cationic Pt(II) complexes, in which the diimine ligands bear 3,5-disubstituted aryl groups at the nitrogen atoms, the rate-determining step is C-H bond activation. For the more sterically crowded analogs with 2,6-dimethyl-substituted aryl groups, benzene coordination becomes rate-determining. The more electron-rich the ligand, as reflected by the CO stretching frequency in the IR spectrum of the corresponding cationic carbonyl complex, the faster the rate of C-H bond activation. This finding, however, does not reflect the actual C-H bond activation process, but rather reflects only the relative ease of solvent molecules displacing water molecules to initiate the reaction. That is, the change in rates is mostly due to a ground state effect. Several lines of evidence suggest that associative substitution pathways operate to get the hydrocarbon substrate into, and out of, the coordination sphere; i.e., that benzene substitution proceeds by a solvent- (TFE-) assisted associative pathway.

Influência do ch�� verde sobre a reatividade vascular em mulheres obesas

O Ch�� Verde, derivado das folhas da planta Camellia sinensis, rico em flavonóides, cuja maior concentração é de Epigalocatequina gallato (EGCG), possui efeito termogênico, além de promover a oxidação da gordura corporal, tendo potencial interesse para o tratamento da obesidade, que atinge prevalência alarmante em diversos países no mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi a avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos e investigação da função endotelial em mulheres com Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) entre 30kg/m2 e 40kg/m2, na faixa de 30 e 50 anos, antes e após 03 meses de consumo de ch�� verde (600mL/dia, equivalente a 114,42mg de EGCG). Todas as 60 pacientes voluntárias foram submetidas à análise das medidas antropométricas (Peso, Altura, Índice de Massa Corporal, Circunferência de Cintura, Circunferência de Quadril, Relação Cintura-Quadril, Pressão Arterial, à análise da bioquímica de rotina (Glicemia e Insulina de jejum, Triglicerídeos, Colesterol Total, HDL-Colesterol, LDL-Colesterol, Teste Oral de Tolerância à Glicose, Hemograma Completo, Proteína C-Reativa), à análise da bioquímica específica para estresse oxidativo e inflamação (Interleucinas 1 e 6, Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa, LDL-Oxidado, VCAM Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule, ICAM Intercellular Adhesion Molecule, e E-Selectina) e à Pletismografia de Oclusão Venosa (variação de fluxo médio máximo durante a Hiperemia Reativa/Fluxo Basal 1 (VQ Hiper) e fluxo após administração de 0,4mg de Nitroglicerina Sublingual/Fluxo Basal 2 (VQ Nitro)). Após os 3 meses (3M) de tratamento houve redução no peso corporal (86,35[83,00-94,25] vs 3M = 86,00[81,50-92,00] Kg, P < 0,05); no IMC (34,02[32,05-35,62] vs 3M = 33,13[32,28-35,05] kg/m2, P < 0,05); na circunferência de cintura (99[93-107] vs 3M = 98[91-105]cm, P < 0,001); na circunferência de quadril (115[110-119] vs 3M = 114[110-117] cm, P < 0,001); na relação cintura-quadril (0,89[0,84-0,93] vs 3M = 0,88[0,83-0,93], P < 0,001); e, na pressão arterial diastólica (75[73-82] vs 3M = 69[67-72] mmHg, P < 0,001); e, melhora significativa no fluxo sanguíneo da VQ Hiper (4,57[3,54-5,01] vs 3M = 5,83[4,46-6,56], P < 0,001); e da VQ Nitro (1,26[1,13-1,38] vs 3M = 1,41[1,25-1,50], P < 0,001). Com o uso do ch�� verde, 600mL/dia, contendo 114,42mg de EGCG, durante 3 meses observamos a redução de 3% no IMC e a redução da circunferência de cintura e de circunferência de quadril em 1cm; a não modificação do padrão bioquímico, incluindo os marcadores de inflamação e de estresse oxidativo; e, o aumento das vasodilatações endotélio-dependente e endotélio-independente, visualizadas por Pletismografia de Oclusão Venosa Não-Invasiva.

Avaliação do efeito do ch�� verde sobre a pressão arterial, função endotelial, perfil metabólico, atividade inflamatória e adiposidade corporal em mulheres pré-hipertensas obesas

As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morte nos países ocidentais. Alguns estudos sugerem que o ch�� verde tem efeito benéfico sobre diferentes fatores de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, outros estudos não mostraram essa associação. Objetiva avaliar em mulheres pré-hipertensas obesas o efeito do consumo de ch�� verde sobre: a pressão arterial, a função endotelial, o perfil metabólico, a atividade inflamatória e a adiposidade corporal. Estudos clínico, randomizado, cruzado, duplo-cego e placebo-controlado. Durante 4 semanas as mulheres foram orientadas a ingerir 3 cápsulas de extrato de ch�� verde por dia (500mg extrato ch�� verde/cápsula) passando por 2 semanas de washout e posteriormente ingeriam por mais 4 semanas o placebo. As mulheres que iniciaram o estudo tomando placebo posteriormente utilizaram o ch�� verde. Ou seja, todas as pacientes receberam ch�� verde e placebo por um mesmo período. No início e final de cada tratamento foram analisadas as variáveis. Foram avaliadas 20 mulheres pré-hipertensas, obesidade grau I e II, idade entre 25 e 59 anos. O local do estudo foi o Laboratório da Disciplina de Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental Clinex. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As variáveis estudadas foram a pressão arterial, índice de hipertemia reativa (avaliada com Endo-PAT2000), proteína C reativa, interleucina-6, fator de necrose tumoral-α, molécula de adesão intercelular e molécula de adesão vascular celular, inibidor de ativador do plasminogênio, fator de crescimento endotelial vascular, E-selectina, adiponectina, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicérides, glicemia, insulina, HOMA, índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura, circunferência de quadril, relação cintura quadril e percentual de gordura corporal. Como resultados, na avaliação da pressão arterial pela monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial, observou-se redução significativa da pressão arterial sistólica de 24 horas (pré 130,31,7 mmHg vs. pós 127,02,0 mmHg; p= 0,02), pressão arterial sistólica diurna (pré 134,01,7 mmHg vs. pós 130,72,0 mmHg; p= 0,04) e pressão arterial sistólica noturna (pré 122,21,8 mmHg vs. pós 118,42,2 mmHg; p= 0,02), após o consumo do ch�� verde, em comparação ao uso do placebo. Após o consumo do ch�� verde foi observado aumento, embora estatisticamente não significativo, no índice de hiperemia reativa (pré 1,980,10 vs. pós 2,220,14), além de redução expressiva na concentração da molécula de adesão intercelular (pré 91,88,0 ng/ml vs. pós 85,85,6 ng/ml) e do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (pré 195,846,2 pg/ml vs. pós 158,638,7 pg/ml), porém sem significância estatística. As demais variáveis avaliadas não se modificaram de forma significativa após o consumo do ch�� verde, em comparação ao placebo. Foi observada forte correlação entre redução de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica de 24hs, avaliada pela monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial, e o aumento do índice de hipertemia reativa (r= -0,47; r= -0,50, respectivamente). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que o ch�� verde tem efeito benéfico sobre a pressão arterial e possivelmente sobre a função endotelial.

稻属C染色体组物种的群体遗传学和物种形成研究

植物近缘物种系统发育和物种形成过程一直以来都是植物进化生物学研究中最基本的问题之一，是人们理解自然界物种多样性产生和变化的前提。近缘物种间通常形态相似，遗传和分子水平的分化很小且常受诸如渐渗杂交、谱系分选、种内重组等微观进化事件的影响，导致植物近缘物种间系统发育和物种形成过程研究极为困难。在过去十多年中，生物技术的革新和理论方法的发展极大地推动了进化生物学研究，促进了人们对一些重要模式生物与其近缘种间的系统发育关系和物种分化过程的认识，如人、果蝇、线虫、拟南芥和玉米等。然而，迄今在植物中，许多重要类群及其近缘种的系统发育和物种形成过程研究仍不多见，包括在具有特殊重要性的栽培作物中，如稻属（Oryza L.）。由于属内包含有重要粮食作物水稻，稻属向来都是禾本科内备受关注的一个类群。本研究中，我们通过多基因序列的方法，探讨了稻属C染色体组三个近缘二倍体物种的系统发育和物种形成过程，主要研究结果如下。 为选择适宜的实验策略和保证序列数据的真实性，我们利用不同聚合酶扩增自交的栽培稻Oryza sativa ssp. japonica和异交的O. longistaminata不同类型的基因片段，采用克隆测序的方法，评估聚合酶链式扩增反应（PCR）中产生的非真实变异的状况。我们使用exTaq、exTaq和Pfu混和酶和PfuUltraTM酶三种不同聚合酶扩增了Adh1、GPA1和Waxy三个基因片段。在检测到的非真实变异中，PCR 错误的类型主要为单碱基变异和不同等位基因间重组，其中以单碱基变异为主，且突变类型以转换占绝大多数。比较不同酶扩增错误的结果表明，高保真PfuUltraTM酶对PCR反应错误有显著的改善，在扩增产物的单克隆中几乎检测不到PCR噪音，错误率仅为0.0001%，而exTaq和混和酶的错误率分别为0.096%和0.073%。从不同物种比较结果来看，exTaq酶和Pfu酶混用时在自交的O. sativa ssp. japonica内对PCR错误也表现明显的改善，但在异交的O. longistaminata中改善效应不太明显。在三个不同基因位点上，PCR扩增错误出现频率随扩增区域增长而变大。在PfuUltraTM酶的扩增产物中发现重组最少，exTaq和混和酶重组较多，且混和酶对重组改善效果不明显。基于不同聚合酶扩增错误对比研究结果，我们认为，由于能保证序列变异的真实性且不遗漏等位基因，核基因的克隆测序较宜于分离杂合个体中不同的等位基因。 基于随机挑取4个叶绿体和10个核基因位点，利用12份Oryza officinalis、8份O. eichingeri和4份O. rhizomatis材料，对稻属C染色体组三个近缘二倍体物种的系统发育关系作了深入分析。利用不同的系统发育分析方法对单基因位点序列和合并序列数据作了分析，结果表明，稻属C染色体组三个近缘种间呈多歧分支。因此，三个二倍体C染色体组物种可能经快速辐射分化形成。在不同核基因和叶绿体基因的系统发育树中各分支枝长均很短，也表明C染色体组的三个物种可能在较短时期内分化出。不同基因间拓扑结构不一致主要受谱系随机分选的影响。此外，C染色体组不同物种间的种间渐渗和不同等位基因重组对系统发育树的冲突也有影响。值得注意的是，C染色体组三个物种的辐射分化不排除由于相邻两次物种形成事件间隔时间太近、目前数据量不够而无法分辨的可能。在本研究中，我们发现，对于系统发育重建困难的类群，利用等位基因构建物种谱系树有助于挖掘不同基因间结果不一致的因素。 基于10个随机选取的核基因序列数据，利用物种水平的取样方式和群体遗传学分析方法，我们研究了稻属C染色体组三个近缘物种O. officinalis、O. eichingeri和O. rhizomatis的核苷酸多态性，并根据多态性水平和式样，推测了三个近缘种分化的历史。结果表明，在C染色体组的三个近缘种中，仅分布于斯里兰卡的O. rhizomatis的核苷酸多态性水平相对最低（θsil = 0.0038），而间断分布于非洲和斯里兰卡的O. eichingeri最高（θsil = 0.0057）。与被子植物其他类群相比，稻属C染色体组三个物种的核苷酸多态性水平显得较低，O. eichingeri的核苷酸多态性仅约为玉米及其近缘野生种的23-46%和拟南芥的35%。C染色体组内三个野生种相对较低的核苷酸多态性水平可能起因于其较小的祖先有效群体。物种形成模型分析表明，O. officinalis和其近缘种从最近共同祖先分化开后可能经历了居群缩减的历史，且自最近共同祖先分开后，三个物种彼此间并无显著的基因交流。基于分子钟粗略估算了C染色体三个物种分化时间，结果表明，三个物种彼此在很短的时期内分开，约0.63-0.68 Myr。同时，O. eichingeri在非洲和斯里兰卡两个地理宗的分异时间约为0.37 Myr，且推测斯里兰卡的O. eichingeri主要由西非经长距离扩散传播到斯里兰卡。

水稻OsGF14-c基因功能的初步分析

GF14是一类在高等植物的基本代谢﹑信号转导﹑抗逆以及转录调节等多种生理生化途径中发挥重要作用的基因。这类基因是14-3-3基因家族的成员，由于启动子结构中具有一个保守的G-Box元件而得名。我们根据该类基因的保守序列合成特异性探针，从水稻中花10号花的cDNA文库中筛选到一个基因，通过全长测序以及同源比较，发现它的核酸序列与NCBI数据库中注册的水稻GF14-c基因有高达99%的同源性，并在其上游启动子区也发现了一个保守的G-Box元件，从而确定该基因是水稻的GF14-c基因，我们把它命名为OsGF14-c。OsGF14-c的cDNA全长1154bp，编码256个氨基酸。序列分析表明该基因与酵母同源基因BMH2有71%的同源性，构建真核表达载体pdYES2，借助LiAC转化法将pdYES2导入BMH2缺陷型酵母菌株GG3000，筛选获得了补偿BMH2功能的重组酵母菌株PYGG。OsGF14-c基因的启动子区域具有一个典型的﹑高等植物特有的顺式作用元件G-Box元件，提示该基因可能与转录因子相互作用，洋葱表皮瞬时表达实验验证了OsGF14-c是核定位的。构建原核表达载体pGF-c2转化大肠杆菌XL1-Blue，筛选获得了表达GF14c-MBP融合蛋白的重组菌株，利用直链淀粉亲和层析纯化了OsGF14c-MBP融合蛋白。为了研究该基因在水稻的生长发育过程中所起的作用，我们以OsGF14-c基因的全长cDNA序列构建反义表达载体载体p35sCAMVF，并分别以OsGF14-c cDNA序列的特异区段以及保守区段构建了RNAi表达载体US和UT。将p35sCAMVF﹑US和UT借助农杆菌介导的转化分别导入水稻愈伤组织,培养成苗并进行遗传学分析。我们的工作对今后深入研究OsGF14-c基因的功能奠定了一定的基础。

内蒙古高原成熟和退化羊草草原群落物种功能特性与土壤微生物量C、N、P对氮素添加响应

氮素是大多数陆地生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子。由于人类的工业和农业生产活动不断加剧，导致全球性氮沉降增加，使大多数生态系统氮素的可获得性增强。从而降低或消除了氮素对生态系统的限制作用，加速了生态系统生物地球化学过程，对物种多样性和生态系统结构与功能产生了显著的影响。但由于成土母质、气候条件、地形地貌、植被组成等的差异，不同生态系统类型对氮素增加的响应也不尽相同。欧洲和北美一些发达国家地区对于草地生态系统对于全球性氮沉降增加响应进行了较全面的研究，对于分布广泛的欧亚大陆草原研究相对不足。 本文研究选择对于欧亚大陆草原较具代表性的成熟羊草草原群落及该群落的退化类型为研究对象，从1999年开始，在这两类群落中选取地形相对平缓均一，植被组成一致的地段设置了施肥小区并进行持续氮素添加实验。本文研究了成熟和退化羊草草原群落物种功能特性与土壤微生物量C、N、P对氮素添加响应。 羊草群落中6种主要植物的地上生物量、种群密度、比叶面积、叶氮和叶绿素含量对于氮素添加响应以及各指标之间相关关系的分析表明：比叶面积、基于质量的叶片含氮量和叶绿素含量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b的比值等叶片水平上物种功能特性间的相互作用，共同影响和决定了种群密度和地上生物量对氮素添加的响应。羊草通过提高比叶面积、叶片叶绿素含量和含氮量、种群密度及个体生物量等多重调节功能对氮素添加做出响应。西伯利亚羽茅主要通过提高比叶面积、单位质量叶片的叶绿素含量和含氮量，以及株丛生物量，使其在群落占据优势。大针茅和冰草在提高比叶面积、叶片叶绿素含量和含氮量的调节能力相对较低，种群密度沿氮素添加梯度显著降低。黄囊苔草只能通过提高叶片叶绿素含量和含氮量对氮素添加做出响应，其叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值沿氮素添加梯度逐渐降低，种群密度和地上生物量也显著降低。糙隐子草的叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值沿氮素添加梯度显著降低，但由于糙隐子草具有较高的SLA，且对叶绿素、叶片含氮量的调节能力较强，氮素添加处理没有对其种群密度和地上生物量产生显著的影响。上述结果支持Tilman的光资源竞争假说和Knops等的物种替代假说。 成熟和退化羊草群落土壤微生物量、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮、pH以及凋落物碳、氮、磷含量的测定结果表明：（1）成熟羊草群落表层土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量均随氮素添加量的增加而降低;退化羊草群落表层土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量沿氮素梯度表现出先增加而后降低的趋势;相关分析的结果显示各群落土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷均与土壤pH呈显著的正相关。（2）微生物量碳、氮、磷含量均随土层深度的增加而下将;而对照的微生物量碳、氮、磷含量则与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。（3）年度间降水量差异对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷具有较大影响。综合上述研究结果，我们认为成熟羊草群落土壤微生物生长不受氮素限制，但退化群落不同;氮素添加导致的土壤酸化作用可能是两类群落表层土壤微生物量下降的主要因素，且这种影响主要集中在0-10cm的表层土壤;表层土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷对氮素添加的响应可能还受到其它因子（如生长季降水量）的影响;深层土壤微生物量较低主要是由于土壤有机质含量较低的缘故。