Coût bioenergetique des modes de déplacements irréguliers en sport

The objective of this thesis was to quantify the physiological responses such as O2 uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate ([LA]) to some types of activities associated with intermittent sports in athletes. Our hypothesis is that the introduction of accelerations and decelerations with or without directional changes results in a significative increase of the oxygen consumption, heart rate and blood lactate. The purpose of the first study was to measure and compare the VO2 and the HR of 6 on-court tennis drills at both high and low displacement speeds. These drills were done with and without striking the ball, over full and half-width court, in attack or in defense mode, using backhand or forehand strokes. Results show that playing an attacking style requires 6.5% more energy than playing a defensive style (p < 0.01) and the backhand stroke required 7% more VO2 at low speed than forehand stroke (p < 0.05) while the additional cost of striking the ball lies between 3.5 and 3.0 mL kg-1 min-1. Finally, while striking the ball, the energy expanded during a shuttle displacement on half-width court is 14% higher than running on full-width court. Studies #2 and #3 focused on different modes of displacement observed in irregular sports. The objective of the second study was to measure and compare VO2, HR and [LA] responses to randomly performed multiple fractioned runs with directional changes (SR) and without directional changes (FR) to those of in-line running (IR) at speeds corresponding to 60, 70 and 80% of the subject’s maximal aerobic speed (MAS). All results show that IR’s VO2 was significantly lower than SR’s and FR’s (p<0.05). SR’s VO2 was greater than FR’s only at speeds corresponding to 80%MAS. On the other hand, HR was similar in SR and FR but significantly higher than IR’s (p<0.05). [LA] varied between 4.2 ± 0.8 and 6.6 ± 0.9 mmol L-1 without significant differences between the 3 displacement modes. Finally, the third study’s objective was to measure and compare VO2 , HR and [LA] responses during directional changes at different angles and at different submaximal running speeds corresponding to 60, 70 and 80% MAS. Subjects randomly performed 4 running protocols 1) a 20-m shuttle running course (180°) (SR), 2) an 8-shaped running course with 90-degree turns every 20 m (90R), 3) a Zigzag running course (ZZR) with multiple close directional changes (~ 5 m) at different angle values of 91.8°, 90° and 38.6°, 4) an In-line run (IR) for comparison purposes. Results show that IR’s was lower (p<0.001) than for 90R’s, SR’s and ZZR’s at all intensities. VO2 obtained at 60 and 70%MAS was 48.7 and 38.1% higher during ZZR when compared to IR while and depending on the intensity, during 90R and SR was between 15.5 and 19.6% higher than during IR. Also, ZZR’s VO2 was 26.1 and 19.5% higher than 90R’s, 26.1 and 15.5% higher than SR’s at 60 and 70%MAS. SR’s and 90R’s VO2 were similar. Changing direction at a 90° angle and at 180° angle seem similar when compared to continuous in-line running. [LA] levels were similar in all modalities. Overall, the studies presented in this thesis allow the quantification of the specific energetic demands of certain types of displacement modes in comparison with conventional forward running. Also, our results confirm that the energy cost varies and increase with the introduction of accelerations and decelerations with and without directional changes.

Correlacion entre lactato arterial y venoso central en niños con sepsis en estado critico

Este estudio fue conducido para evaluar la correlación entre lactato arterial y venoso central en niños con sepsis y choque séptico de una unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico. Se incluyeron 42 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 1 mes y 17 años 364 días con diagnóstico de sepsis y choque séptico que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo en un hospital universitario de referencia. Se registró el valor del lactato obtenido de una muestra de sangre arterial y de sangre venosa central tomadas simultáneamente y dentro de las primeras 24 horas del ingreso a la unidad. Por medio de la prueba de Rho de Spearman se encontró una correlación de 0,872 (p<0,001) y se ajustó al uso de medicamentos, vasoactivos, edad y peso (modelo de regresión no paramétrico quantílico), manteniéndose una correlación fuerte y significativa.

El uso de sangre fresca total en cardiopatías congénitas complejas

Objetivos: Describir si el uso de sangre fresca total (SFT) intraoperatoria en pacientes llevados a procedimientos RACHS 3 y 4 en la Fundación Cardioinfantil, disminuye el sangrado postoperatorio y el volumen de transfusión de elementos sanguíneos, en comparación a aquellos en quienes no se usa SFT. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte histórica, tomando una población menor de 1 año expuesta a la sangre fresca total y comparándola con una población de similares características, llevadas a procedimientos de riesgo similar no expuesta. Los análisis se realizaron mediante pruebas estándar para variables continuas y discretas. Un valor de p menor a 0.05 fue aceptado como signficativo. Resultados: 46 pacientes expuestos a SFT y se compararon con 50 pacientes no expuestos. La principal diferencia entre los grupos fue la edad, siendo mayor en el grupo de no expuestos (3.8 años vs 0.9; p<0.001). El volumen de sangrado postoperatorio fue similar, sin embargo los pacientes expuestos a SFT recibieron mayor volumen de transfusiones, sin ser una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (155cc vs 203cc, P=0.9). No hubo diferencia significativa en complicaciones o mortalidad. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio no se encontró una disminución en el volumen de sangrado postoperatorio en los pacientes menores de 1 año, sometidos a cirugías catalogadas como RACHS 3 y 4, expuestos a SFT, sin embargo se necesitan estudios clínicos controlados que respondan definitivamente a la pregunta.

DESCRIPCIÓN DEL ESTADO ÁCIDO BASE POR MODELO DE STEWART EN PACIENTES POSTOPERATORIO DE TRASPLANTE HEPÁTICO

Introducción: Los pacientes en postoperatorio de trasplante hepático presentan múltiples cambios hemodinámicos y alteraciones hidroelectrolíticas que generan cambios en el estado ácido base. El presente trabajo, busca describir el comportamiento ácido base en pacientes pos trasplante hepático, a través del análisis del modelo de Stewart, enfocado en la búsqueda etiológica de cada trastorno y planteando posibles formas de optimizar el manejo en Cuidado Intensivo (CI). Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo histórico de los gases arteriales de los pacientes en post operatorio de trasplante hepático por cualquier causa, interpretados por método de Stewart. Se realizó con el universo de pacientes ingresados en el año 2014 en la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Resultados: Ingresaron en total 24 pacientes al estudio, entre el 1 de enero al 31 de septiembre de 2014. La mediana de pH fue de 7.36 con un valor mínimo de 7.05 y el máximo de 7.49. El 41% de los pacientes al ingreso a cuidado intensivo tenían lactato normal (menor a 2), y el 88% tenían niveles de albumina bajos. El trastorno electrolítico más común fue hipercloremia (58%), seguido de hipomagnesemia (25%). Conclusiones. El análisis de gases arteriales por el modelo de Stewart permite realizar un diagnóstico de un trastorno específico y adicionalmente, permite buscar la etiología del trastorno. Esta serie de casos mostró que el 95% de los pacientes tenían algún trastorno metabólico al ingreso, siendo el más frecuente la acidosis metabólica (66%).

Test performance indicators from a single soccer specific fitness test differentiate between highly trained and recreationally active soccer players

Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a single soccer specific fitness test (SSFT) could differentiate between highly trained and recreationally active soccer players in selected test performance indicators. Methods. Subjects: 13 Academy Scholars (AS) from a professional soccer club and 10 Recreational Players (RP) agreed to participate in this study. Test 1-(V)over dotO(2) max was estimated from a progressive shuttle run test to exhaustion. Test 2-The SSFT was controlled by an automated procedure and alternated between walking, sprinting, jogging and cruise running speeds. Three activity blocks (1A, 2A and 3A) were separated by 3 min rest periods in which blood lactate samples were drawn. The 3 blocks of activity (Part A) were followed by 10 min of exercise at speeds alternating between jogging and cruise running (Part B). Results. Estimated (V)over dotO(2) max did not significantly differ between groups, although a trend for a higher aerobic capacity was evident in AS (p<0.09). Exercising heart rates did not differ between AS and RP, however, recovery heart rates taken from the 3 min rest periods were significantly lower in AS compared with RP following blocks 1A (124.65 b(.)min(-1) +/-7.73 and 133.98 b(.)min(-1) +/-6.63), (p<0.05) and 3A (129.91 b.min(-1) +/-10.21 and 138.85 b.min(-1) +/-8.70), (p<0.01). Blood lactate concentrations were significantly elevated in AS in comparison to RP following blocks 2A (6.91 mmol(.)l(-1) +/-2.67 and 4.74 mmol(.)l(-1) +/-1.28) and 3A (7.18 mmol(.)l(-1) +/-2.97 and 4.88 mmol(.)l(-1) +/-1.50), (p<0.05). AS sustained significantly faster average sprint times in block 3A compared with RP (3.18 sec +/-0.12 and 3.31 sec +/-0.12), (p<0.05). Conclusion. The results of this study show that highly trained soccer players are able to sustain, and more quickly recover from, high intensity intermittent exercise.

Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in the Development of Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Fatigue and Changes in Biochemical Markers Related to Postexercise Recovery

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized crossover double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate if low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can affect biceps muscle performance, fatigue development, and biochemical markers of postexercise recovery. BACKGROUND: Cell and animal studies have suggested that LLLT can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in muscle tissue. But it remains uncertain whether these findings can translate into humans in sport and exercise situations. METHODS: Nine healthy male volleyball players participated in the study. They received either active LLLT (cluster probe with 5 laser diodes; A = 810 nm; 200 mW power output; 30 seconds of irradiation, applied in 2 locations over the biceps of the nondominant arm; 60 J of total energy) or placebo LLLT using an identical cluster probe. The intervention or placebo were applied 3 minutes before the performance of exercise. All subjects performed voluntary elbow flexion repetitions with a workload of 75% of their maximal voluntary contraction force until exhaustion. RESULTS: Active LLLT increased the number of repetitions by 14.5% (mean +/- SD, 39.6 +/- 4.3 versus 34.6 +/- 5.6; P = .037) and the elapsed time before exhaustion by 8.0% (P = .034), when compared to the placebo treatment. The biochemical markers also indicated that recovery may be positively affected by LLLT, as indicated by postexercise blood lactate levels (P<.01), creatine kinase activity (P = .017), and C-reactive protein levels (P = .047), showing a faster recovery with LLLT application prior to the exercise. CONCLUSION: We conclude that pre-exercise irradiation of the biceps with an LLLT dose of 6 J per application location, applied in 2 locations, increased endurance for repeated elbow flexion against resistance and decreased postexercise levels of blood lactate, creatine kinase, and C-reactive protein. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Performance enhancement, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(8):524-532. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3294

Effect of low-level laser therapy (GaAs 904 nm) in skeletal muscle fatigue and biochemical markers of muscle damage in rats

We wanted to test if pre-exercise muscle irradiation with 904 nm laser affects the development of fatigue, blood lactate levels and creatine kinase (CK) activity in a rat model with tetanic contractions. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups receiving either one of four different laser doses (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 J) or a no-treatment control group. Laser irradiation was performed immediately before the first contraction for treated groups. Electrical stimulation was used to induce six tetanic tibial anterior muscle contractions with 10 min intervals between them. Contractions were stopped when the muscle force fell to 50% of the peak value for each contraction; blood samples were taken before the first and immediately after the sixth contraction. The relative peak forces for the sixth contraction were significantly better (P < 0.05) in the two laser groups irradiated with highest doses [151.27% (SD +/- A 18.82) for 1.0 J, 144.84% (SD +/- A 34.47) for 3.0 J and 82.25% (SD +/- A 11.69) for the control group]. Similar significant (P < 0.05) increases in mean performed work during the sixth contraction for the 1.0 and 3.0 J groups were also observed. Blood lactate levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the control group in all irradiated groups. All irradiated groups except the 3.0 J group had significantly lower post-exercise CK activity than the control group. We conclude that pre-exercise irradiation with a laser dose of 1.0 J and 904 nm wavelength significantly delays muscle fatigue and decreases post-exercise blood lactate and CK in this rat model.

Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy applied before high-intensity exercises on skeletal muscle recovery in athletes

Our aim was to investigate the immediate effects of bilateral, 830 nm, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on high-intensity exercise and biochemical markers of skeletal muscle recovery, in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial set in a sports physiotherapy clinic. Twenty male athletes (nine professional volleyball players and eleven adolescent soccer players) participated. Active LLLT (830 nm wavelength, 100 mW, spot size 0.0028 cm(2), 3-4 J per point) or an identical placebo LLLT was delivered to five points in the rectus femoris muscle (bilaterally). The main outcome measures were the work performed in the Wingate test: 30 s of maximum cycling with a load of 7.5% of body weight, and the measurement of blood lactate (BL) and creatine kinase (CK) levels before and after exercise. There was no significant difference in the work performed during the Wingate test (P > 0.05) between subjects given active LLLT and those given placebo LLLT. For volleyball athletes, the change in CK levels from before to after the exercise test was significantly lower (P = 0.0133) for those given active LLLT (2.52 U l(-1) +/- 7.04 U l(-1)) than for those given placebo LLLT (28.49 U l(-1) +/- 22.62 U l(-1)). For the soccer athletes, the change in blood lactate levels from before exercise to 15 min after exercise was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the group subjected to active LLLT (8.55 mmol l(-1) +/- 2.14 mmol l(-1)) than in the group subjected to placebo LLLT (10.52 mmol l(-1) +/- 1.82 mmol l(-1)). LLLT irradiation before the Wingate test seemed to inhibit an expected post-exercise increase in CK level and to accelerate post-exercise lactate removal without affecting test performance. These findings suggest that LLLT may be of benefit in accelerating post-exercise recovery.

Effect of Cluster Multi-Diode Light Emitting Diode Therapy (LEDT) on Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Fatigue and Skeletal Muscle Recovery in Humans

Background and Objectives: There are some indications that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may delay the development of skeletal muscle fatigue during high-intensity exercise. There have also been claims that LED cluster probes may be effective for this application however there are differences between LED and laser sources like spot size, spectral width, power output, etc. In this study we wanted to test if light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) can alter muscle performance, fatigue development and biochemical markers for skeletal muscle recovery in an experimental model of biceps humeri muscle contractions. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Ten male professional volleyball players (23.6 [SD +/- 5.6] years old) entered a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover trial. Active cluster LEDT (69 LEDs with wavelengths 660/850 nm, 10/30 mW, 30 seconds total irradiation time, 41.7J of total energy irradiated) or an identical placebo LEDT was delivered under double-blinded conditions to the middle of biceps humeri muscle immediately before exercise. All subjects performed voluntary biceps humeri contractions with a workload of 75% of their maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) until exhaustion. Results: Active LEDT increased the number of biceps humeri contractions by 12.9% (38.60 [SD +/- 9.03] vs. 34.20 [SD +/- 8.68], P = 0.021) and extended the elapsed time to perform contractions by 11.6% (P = 0.036) versus placebo. In addition, post-exercise levels of biochemical markers decreased significantly with active LEDT: Blood Lactate (P = 0.042), Creatine Kinase (P = 0.035), and C-Reative Protein levels (P = 0.030), when compared to placebo LEDT. Conclusion: We conclude that this particular procedure and dose of LEDT immediately before exhaustive biceps humeri contractions, causes a slight delay in the development of skeletal muscle fatigue, decreases post-exercise blood lactate levels and inhibits the release of Creatine Kinase and C-Reative Protein. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:572-577, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy in exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in humans

This study aimed to investigate the effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on skeletal muscle fatigue. Ten healthy male professional volleyball players entered a crossover randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Active LLLT (830 nm wavelength, 100 mW output, spot size 0.0028 cm(2), 200 s total irradiation time) or an identical placebo LLLT was delivered to four points on the biceps humeri muscle immediately before exercises. All subjects performed voluntary biceps humeri contractions with a load of 75% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force until exhaustion. After active LLLT the mean number of repetitions was significantly higher than after placebo irradiation [mean difference 4.5, standard deviation (SD) +/- 6.0, P = 0.042], the blood lactate levels increased after exercises, but there was no significant difference between the treatments. We concluded that 830 nm LLLT can delay the onset of skeletal muscle fatigue in high-intensity exercises, in spite of increased blood lactate levels.

Comparison between cold water immersion therapy (CWIT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) in short-term skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise in athletes-preliminary results

In the last years, phototherapy has becoming a promising tool to improve skeletal muscle recovery after exercise, however, it was not compared with other modalities commonly used with this aim. In the present study we compared the short-term effects of cold water immersion therapy (CWIT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) with placebo LEDT on biochemical markers related to skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial was performed with six male young futsal athletes. They were treated with CWIT (5A degrees C of temperature [SD +/- 1A degrees]), active LEDT (69 LEDs with wavelengths 660/850 nm, 10/30 mW of output power, 30 s of irradiation time per point, and 41.7 J of total energy irradiated per point, total of ten points irradiated) or an identical placebo LEDT 5 min after each of three Wingate cycle tests. Pre-exercise, post-exercise, and post-treatment measurements were taken of blood lactate levels, creatine kinase (CK) activity, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. There were no significant differences in the work performed during the three Wingate tests (p > 0.05). All biochemical parameters increased from baseline values (p < 0.05) after the three exercise tests, but only active LEDT decreased blood lactate levels (p = 0.0065) and CK activity (p = 0.0044) significantly after treatment. There were no significant differences in CRP values after treatments. We concluded that treating the leg muscles with LEDT 5 min after the Wingate cycle test seemed to inhibit the expected post-exercise increase in blood lactate levels and CK activity. This suggests that LEDT has better potential than 5 min of CWIT for improving short-term post-exercise recovery.

The importance of body-mass exponent optimization for evaluation of performance capability in cross-country skiing

Introduction Performance in cross-country skiing is influenced by the skier’s ability to continuously produce propelling forces and force magnitude in relation to the net external forces. A surrogate indicator of the “power supply” in cross-country skiing would be a physiological variable that reflects an important performance-related capability, whereas the body mass itself is an indicator of the “power demand” experienced by the skier. To adequately evaluate an elite skier’s performance capability, it is essential to establish the optimal ratio between the physiological variable and body mass. The overall aim of this doctoral thesis was to investigate the importance of body-mass exponent optimization for the evaluation of performance capability in cross-country skiing. Methods In total, 83 elite cross-country skiers (56 men and 27 women) volunteered to participate in the four studies. The physiological variables of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and oxygen uptake corresponding to a blood-lactate concentration of 4 mmol∙l-1 (V̇O2obla) were determined while treadmill roller skiing using the diagonal-stride technique; mean oxygen uptake (V̇O2dp) and upper-body power output (Ẇ) were determined during double-poling tests using a ski-ergometer. Competitive performance data for elite male skiers were collected from two 15-km classical-technique skiing competitions and a 1.25-km sprint prologue; additionally, a 2-km double-poling roller-skiing time trial using the double-poling technique was used as an indicator of upper-body performance capability among elite male and female junior skiers. Power-function modelling was used to explain the race and time-trial speeds based on the physiological variables and body mass. Results The optimal V̇O2max-to-mass ratios to explain 15-km race speed were V̇O2max divided by body mass raised to the 0.48 and 0.53 power, and these models explained 68% and 69% of the variance in mean skiing speed, respectively; moreover, the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the body-mass exponents did not include either 0 or 1. For the modelling of race speed in the sprint prologue, body mass failed to contribute to the models based on V̇O2max, V̇O2obla, and V̇O2dp. The upper-body power output-to-body mass ratio that optimally explained time-trial speed was Ẇ ∙ m-0.57 and the model explained 63% of the variance in speed. Conclusions The results in this thesis suggest that V̇O2max divided by the square root of body mass should be used as an indicator of performance in 15-km classical-technique races among elite male skiers rather than the absolute or simple ratio-standard scaled expression. To optimally explain an elite male skier’s performance capability in sprint prologues, power-function models based on oxygen-uptake variables expressed absolutely are recommended. Moreover, to evaluate elite junior skiers’ performance capabilities in 2-km double-poling roller-skiing time trials, it is recommended that Ẇ divided by the square root of body mass should be used rather than absolute or simple ratio-standard scaled expression of power output.

Ressuscitação hipertônica com salina/dextran em pacientes sépticos graves estáveis : um estudo randomizado

Objetivo: estudar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da solução salina hipertônica/dextran, comparada com solução salina normal, em pacientes com sepse grave. Modelo: ensaio clínico randomizado, prospectivo, duplo-cego, controlado. Local: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário. Pacientes: 29 pacientes com sepse grave, admitidos na UTI com pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar (POAP) menor que 12 mmHg. Intervenções: os pacientes foram randomizados para receber 250 ml da solução salina normal [NaCl 0,9%] (Grupo SS, n=16) ou solução salina hipertônica [NaCl 7,5%]/dextran 70 8% ( Grupo SSH, n=13). Medidas e resultados: para cada grupo foram coletadas medidas hemodinâmicas, gasometrias (arterial e venosa), lactato e sódio séricos nos tempos 0, 30 minutos, 60 minutos, 120 minutos e 180 minutos. Durante o período do estudo não foi permitida qualquer alteração na infusão tanto de fluidos quanto das drogas vasopressoras. A POAP foi maior no grupo SSH, com a diferença sendo maior em 30 minutos (10,7±3,2 mmHg vs. 6,8±3,2 mmHg) e 60 minutos (10,3±3 mmHg vs. 7,4±2,9 mmHg); p<0,05. O índice cardíaco aumentou apenas no grupo SSH, sendo que as diferenças foram maiores em 30 minutos (6,5±4,7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,8±3,4 l min-1 m-2), em 60 minutos (4,9±4,5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,7±3,3 l min-1 m-2) e em 120 minutos (5,0±4,3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4,1±3,4 l min-1 m-2); p<0,05. O índice sistólico seguiu o mesmo padrão e foi maior em 30 minutos (53,6[39,2-62,8] ml m-2 vs. 35,6[31,2-49,2] ml m-2) e em 60 minutos (46,8[39,7-56,6] ml m-2 vs. 33,9[32,2-47,7] ml m-2); p<0,05. A resistência vascular sistêmica diminuiu no grupo SSH e foi menor nos tempos 30 minutos (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), em 60 minutos (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) e em 120 minutos (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0,05. O sódio sérico aumentou no grupo SSH e foi maior do que o grupo SS em 30 minutos (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), em 60 minutos (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), em 120 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) e em 180 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1); p<0,05. Conclusão: Solução salina hipertônica/dextran pode melhorar a performance cardiovascular na ressuscitação de pacientes com sepse grave. Os efeitos hemodinâmicos parecem estar relacionados tanto ao efeito no volume quanto a melhora da função cardíaca. A SSH/dextran podem ajudar a restaurar rapidamente a estabilidade hemodinâmica em pacientes sépticos, hipovolêmicos, sem apresentar efeitos indesejáveis significativos.

Concentrações sangüíneas de lactato em eqüinos durante a prova de fundo do concurso completo de equitação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of intravenous administration of caffeine on physiologic variables in exercising horses

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)