Membrane elettrofilate di cheratina e poli(butilene succinato): effetti della composizione della miscela sulle proprietà chimico-fisiche delle membrane e sulla cinetica di rilascio di farmaci

In ambito biomedicale una delle applicazioni che ad oggi sta riscuotendo un interesse crescente è lo studio di dispositivi performanti per il rilascio controllato di farmaci. La realizzazione di materiali nanofibrosi a base di polimeri di origine naturale e sintetica costituisce una strada molto interessate. In particolare, la cheratina, che può essere ricavata da un’ampia quantità di sottoprodotti delle industrie zootecniche e tessili, presenta ottima biocompatibilità e caratteristiche che le consentono di svolgere il ruolo di carrier per molteplici tipologie di sostanze. La fragilità e la difficile processabilità della cheratina possono essere migliorate mediante miscelazione con polimeri di origine sintetica, come il poli(butilene succinato) (PBS), un poliestere alifatico biodegradabile e biocompatibile, caratterizzato da un buona stabilità termica e da ampia lavorabilità. Nel presente lavoro di Tesi sono state realizzate miscele e membrane elettrofilate a base di PBS e cheratina a diversa composizione, ed è stato valutato l'effetto della composizione sulle proprietà chimico-fisiche delle membrane elettrofilate e sulla cinetica di rilascio di farmaci. Per prima cosa è stata analizzata la stabilità della cheratina nel solvente; sono state quindi svolte analisi sul comportamento reologico delle miscele in tre rapporti di peso ed i tappetini elettrofilati sono stati caratterizzati da un punto di vista morfologico (SEM), termico (TGA e DSC) e meccanico (prove di trazione e di adesione). Le prove di rilascio sono state effettuate impiegando rodamina, una molecola modello, e le membrane sono state analizzate prima e dopo il rilascio tramite FTIR, per valutare eventuali variazioni compositive. Dai risultati ottenuti, emerge che è stato possibile modulare sia le proprietà delle membrane sia i profili di rilascio, agendo semplicemente sulla composizione delle miscele, ad indicare un’ampia versatilità per applicazioni in ambito di rilascio controllato di farmaco.

Rinforzi grafenici in nanofibre per la modifica di materiali compositi

I CFRP laminati offrono vari vantaggi rispetto ai materiali metallici: su tutti un peso ridotto e migliori proprietà meccaniche. Tuttavia, hanno un basso damping (smorzamento delle vibrazioni) e una bassa resistenza alla delaminazione, che possono portare a forti limitazioni durante la vita d’uso del materiale. Lo scopo del seguente elaborato riguarda la produzione di vari tessuti nanofibrosi in polimeri termoplastici, tra cui Nylon 66, eventualmente additivati con grafene, da includere in laminati compositi al fine di migliorare i problemi sopracitati. I tessuti nanofibrosi sono stati ottenuti mediante la tecnica dell'elettrofilatura, dopo ottimizzazione delle soluzioni e del processo stesso. Prima di essere integrate, le membrane sono state caratterizzate morfologicamente tramite analisi SEM e termicamente mediante analisi DSC. I laminati nano-modificati, prodotti tramite laminazione manuale, sono quindi stati caratterizzati meccanicamente. In particolare, è stata valutata la tenacità a frattura interlaminare in Modo I e II tramite test DCB e ENF. Inoltre, sono stati eseguiti anche test Three-Point Bending al fine di avere un quadro più completo sulle proprietà meccaniche dei compositi nano-modificati.

Al di là della traduzione pubblicitaria: teoria e applicazione della transcreation

Il tema centrale del presente elaborato è la transcreation, una particolare tipologia di traduzione che prende in esame non solo le parole, ma anche altri elementi testuali, quali il tono, lo stile, l’effetto suscitato nel lettore e, soprattutto, lo scopo. Tali elementi devono essere adattati, modificati o addirittura rimossi al fine di rendere il testo comprensibile al pubblico meta. L’obiettivo di questa pratica traduttiva è, quindi, quello di riprodurre in un’altra lingua un messaggio che non è formato da semplici parole, ma da concetti. L'elaborato prevede tre capitoli: nel primo verrà introdotto e definito il concetto di transcreation, verranno descritti gli ambiti d’uso e le competenze necessarie per poter realizzare tale pratica, nonché il processo per la sua realizzazione; nel secondo verranno analizzati due esempi concreti di spot pubblicitari "transcreati", uno nelle versioni inglese, italiana e spagnola e l’altro nelle versioni inglese e spagnola; infine, nel terzo, verranno proposte e analizzate le transcreation di due slogan pubblicitari in spagnolo, mai adattati in italiano.

Caratterizzazione reologica e fisica di differenti campioni di Parmigiano Reggiano

Il Parmigiano Reggiano è un formaggio a Denominazione d’Origine Protetta (DOP), a pasta dura, cotta, granulosa, a lunga stagionatura, prodotto con latte crudo, parzialmente scremato, proveniente da vacche alimentate prevalentemente con foraggi della zona d’origine. La trasformazione del latte in questo formaggio DOP è ancora basata su una tecnologia artigianale legata all’esperienza empirica dei casari e tutelata dal Consorzio del Parmigiano Reggiano. L’obiettivo della tesi è stato quello di analizzare l’attività dell’acqua e la texture di 14 punte di formaggio “Parmigiano Reggiano”, provenienti da diverse realtà casearie nelle provincie di Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Bologna alla sinistra del fiume Reno e Mantova, alla destra del fiume Po aderenti al consorzio di tutela; al fine di trarre conclusioni sulla struttura di tali campioni. In dettaglio, per valutare in modo sistematico e comprensivo la texture dei campioni è stata valutata mediante i test di Taglio, Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) e Three Point Bending. Al fine di valutare l’effetto della temperatura, le medesime analisi di texture sono state anche effettuate su alcuni campioni di formaggio condizionati alle temperature di 8, 20, 25 e 30°C. I campioni di Parmigiano Reggiano provenienti da diversi caseifici hanno presentato alcune differenze significative in termini di attività dell’acqua, durezza di taglio, elasticità, coesività, gommosità, forza massima, distanza lineare e fratturabilità. Queste variabilità potrebbero essere attribuite a diversità e peculiarità nel processo produttivo e nell’esperienza dei singoli caseari. Inoltre, è stato evidenziato un ruolo significativo delle temperature dei campioni alla quale si effettuano le analisi di texture. In particolare, i campioni condizionati a 8°C rispetto alle altre temperature hanno presentato differenze significative in tutti i parametri di texture analizzati eccetto che per quelli di elasticità e gommosità determinati con il test TPA.

Crystal Structure Of (3e)-3-(2,4-di-nitro-phen-oxy-meth-yl)-4-phenyl-but-3-en-2-one.

In the title compound, C17H14N2O6, the conformation about the C=C double bond [1.345 (2) Å] is E, with the ketone moiety almost coplanar [C-C-C-C torsion angle = 9.5 (2)°] along with the phenyl ring [C-C-C-C = 5.9 (2)°]. The aromatic rings are almost perpendicular to each other [dihedral angle = 86.66 (7)°]. The 4-nitro moiety is approximately coplanar with the benzene ring to which it is attached [O-N-C-C = 4.2 (2)°], whereas the one in the ortho position is twisted [O-N-C-C = 138.28 (13)°]. The mol-ecules associate via C-H⋯O inter-actions, involving both O atoms from the 2-nitro group, to form a helical supra-molecular chain along [010]. Nitro-nitro N⋯O inter-actions [2.8461 (19) Å] connect the chains into layers that stack along [001].

Histopathological Alterations In The Prostates Of Mongolian Gerbils Exposed To A High-fat Diet And Di-n-butyl Phthalate Individually Or In Combination.

Both high-fat diet and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been implicated in susceptibility to pathological prostate lesions, but the consequences of combining the two have not yet been examined. We evaluated the effects of gestational and postnatal exposure to a high-fat diet (20% fat) and low doses of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 5mg/kg/day), individually or in combination, on the tissue response and incidence of pathological lesions in the ventral prostate of adult gerbils. Continuous intake of a high-fat diet caused dyslipidemia, hypertrophy, and promoted the development of inflammatory, premalignant and malignant prostate lesions, even in the absence of obesity. Life-time DBP exposure was obesogenic and dyslipidemic and increased the incidence of premalignant prostate lesions. Combined exposure to DBP and a high-fat diet also caused prostate hypertrophy, but the effects were less severe than those of individual treatments; combined exposure neither induced an inflammatory response nor altered serum lipid content.

Experimental studies of di-jet survival and surface emission bias in Au plus Au collisions via angular correlations with respect to back-to-back leading hadrons

We report first results from an analysis based on a new multi-hadron correlation technique, exploring jet-medium interactions and di-jet surface emission bias at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Pairs of back-to-back high-transverse-momentum hadrons are used for triggers to study associated hadron distributions. In contrast with two-and three-particle correlations with a single trigger with similar kinematic selections, the associated hadron distribution of both trigger sides reveals no modification in either relative pseudorapidity Delta eta or relative azimuthal angle Delta phi from d + Au to central Au + Au collisions. We determine associated hadron yields and spectra as well as production rates for such correlated back-to-back triggers to gain additional insights on medium properties.

Azimuthal di-hadron correlations in d plus Au and Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV measured at the STAR detector

Yields, correlation shapes, and mean transverse momenta p(T) of charged particles associated with intermediate-to high-p(T) trigger particles (2.5 < p(T) < 10 GeV/c) in d + Au and Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV are presented. For associated particles at higher p(T) greater than or similar to 2.5 GeV/c, narrow correlation peaks are seen in d + Au and Au + Au, indicating that the main production mechanism is jet fragmentation. At lower associated particle pT < 2 GeV/c, a large enhancement of the near- (Delta phi similar to 0) and away-side (Delta phi similar to pi) associated yields is found, together with a strong broadening of the away-side azimuthal distributions in Au + Au collisions compared to d + Au measurements, suggesting that other particle production mechanisms play a role. This is further supported by the observed significant softening of the away-side associated particle yield distribution at Delta phi similar to pi in central Au + Au collisions.

Neuropharmacological effects in mice of Lychnophora species (Vernonieae, Asteraceae) and anticonvulsant activity of 4,5-di-O-[E]-caffeoylquinic acid isolated from the stem of L-rupestris and L-staavioides

Aiming at contributing with the search for neuroactive substances from natural sources, we report for the first time antinociceptive and anticonvulsant effects of some Lychnophora species. We verify the protective effects of polar extracts (600 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), and methanolic fractions of L. staavioides and L. rupestris (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures on mice. Previously, a screening was accomplished, evaluating the antinociceptive central activity (hot plate test), with different extracts of L. rupestris, L. staavioides and L. diamantinana. It was possible to select the possible extracts of Lychnophora with central nervous system activity. Some of the active extracts were submitted to fractionation and purification process and the methanolic fractions of L. rupestris (stem) and L. staavioides (stem), with anticonvulsant properties (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), yielded 4,5-di-O-[E]-caffeoylquinic acid. This substance was injected intraperitoneally in mice and showed anticonvulsant effect against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. It has often been shown that seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole are involved in inhibition and/or attenuation of GABAergic neurotransmission. However, other systems of the central nervous system such as adenosinergic and glutamatergic could be involved in the caffeoylquinic acid effects. Further studies should be conducted to verify that the target receptor could be participating in this anticonvulsant property. Although other investigations have reported a series of biological activities from Lychnophora species, this is the first report of central analgesic and anticonvulsant activity in species of this genus.

Copper(II) complexes of mono- and di-nucleating hexaamines

The potentially hexadentate polyamines N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (L-1) and the octamethylated analogue N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ethane 1,2-diamine (L-2) have been complexed with copper(II) and the crystal structures of their complexes determined. A trigonal-bipyramidal co-ordination geometry for [Cu(HL1)][ClO4](3) was found where one aminoethyl arm is not co-ordinated. By contrast, a dinuclear structure of formula [(H2O)Cu(L-2)Cu(OH)](3+) was determined for the N-methylated analogue, where the hexaamine acts as a bridging ligand between the two square-pyramidal metal centres. Electronic and EPR spectroscopy are both consistent with these structures being maintained in solution.

Stage-specific proteophosphoglycan from Leishmania mexicana amastigotes - Structural characterization of novel mono-, di-, and triphosphorylated phosphodiester-linked oligosaccharides

Intracellular amastigotes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania mexicana secrete a macromolecular proteophosphoglycan (aPPG) into the phagolysosome of their host cell, the mammalian macrophage. The structures of aPPG glycans were analyzed by a combination of high pH anion exchange high pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, enzymatic digestions, electrospray-mass spectrometry as well as H-1 and P-31 NMR spectroscopy. Some glycans are identical to oligosaccharides known from Leishmania mexicana promastigote lipophosphoglycan and secreted acid phosphatase, However, the majority of the aPPG glycans represent amastigote stage-specific and novel structures. These include neutral glycans ([Glc beta(1-3)](1-2)Gal beta 1-4Man, Gal beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Man, Gal beta 1-3Glc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Man), several monophosphorylated glycans containing the conserved phosphodisaccharide backbone (R-3-[PO4-6-Gal]beta 1-4Man) but carrying stage-specific modifications (R = Gal beta 1-, [Glc beta 1-3](1-2)Glc beta 1-), and monophosphorylated aPPG tri- and tetrasaccharides that are uniquely phosphorylated on the terminal hexose (PO4-6-Glc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Man, PO4-6-Glc beta 1-3Glc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Man, PO4-6-Gal beta 1-3Glc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Man), In addition aPPG contains highly unusual di- and triphosphorylated glycans whose major species are PO4-6-Glc beta 1-3Glc beta 1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta 1-4Man, PO4-6-Gal beta 1-3Glc beta 1-3 [PO4-6-Gal]beta 1-4Man, PO4-6-GaL beta 1-3Glc beta 1-3Glc beta 1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta 1-4Man, PO4-6-Glc beta 1-3[PO4-6-Glc]beta 1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta 1-4Man, PO4-6Gal beta 1-3[PO4-6-Glc]beta 1-3Glc beta 1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta 1-4Man, and PO4-6-Glc beta 1-3[PO4-6-Glc]beta 1-3Glc beta 1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta 1-4Man. These glycans are linked together by the conserved phosphodiester R-Man alpha 1-PO4-6-Gal-R or the novel phosphodiester R-Man alpha 1-PO4-6-Glc-R and are connected to Ser(P) of the protein backbone most likely via the linkage R-Man alpha 1-PO4-Ser. The variety of stage-specific glycan structures in Leishmania mexicana aPPG suggests the presence of developmentally regulated amastigote glycosyltransferases which may be potential anti-parasite drug targets.

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of vanadyl phosphate di-hydrate/polyaniline derivatives hybrid films

Vanadyl phosphate and its hybrid compounds have proven to undergo electrochemical intercalation and de-intercalation of lithium ions, which enables its use as cathode material for Li ion rechargeable batteries. In this context, vanadyl phosphate di-hydrate/polyaniline derivatives hybrid films were synthesized via the exfoliation and reconstruction approach in order to evaluate their potential use as cathode in ion lithium batteries. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the lamellar structure of the inorganic matrix is maintained, consistent with the topotactic process. In the scanning electron micrographs, hybrid films exhibit rough surface consisting of warped and cracked crystallites, quite different from vanadyl phosphate di-hydrate square platelets crystallites. Electrochemical evaluation using cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge galvanostatic techniques shows small differences between the charge and the discharge curves, indicating an irreversibility of the hybrid systems. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reproductive development and function of female rats exposed to di-eta-butyl-phthalate (DBP) in utero and during lactation

Phthalates are environmental contaminants used in the production of plastics, cosmetics and medical devices. Studies on the effects of phthalates on female reproductive health are particularly sparse and mostly restricted to high-dose exposure in rats. In the present study, pregnant rats were treated with 100 mg/kg-d of di-eta-butyl-phthalate (DBP) or only the vehicle (control group), from GD 12 to GD 20 for evaluation of reproductive outcomes and fetal gonads analysis (F0), and from GD 12 to PND 21 to evaluate reproductive development and function on F1 female offspring. Results showed that all parameters were comparable between groups, although there was a significant increase in the fetal weight after DBP exposure. However, the body weight at birth was normal. Based on these data we can conclude that, in these experimental conditions, DBP did not disturb the reproductive development or function of female rats. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Long-term effects of developmental exposure to di-n-butyl-phthalate (DBP) on rat prostate: Proliferative and inflammatory disorders and a possible role of androgens

In the present study we evaluated the toxic effects on the male adult rat prostate of DBP exposure during fetal and lactational periods, because although many studies have addressed the influence of phthalates on the male reproductive system, only a few have discussed their possible effects on prostate development. Pregnant females were distributed into two experimental groups: Control (C) and Treated (T). The females of the T group received DBP (100 mg/kg, by gavage) from gestation day 12 to postnatal day 21, while C rats received the vehicle (corn oil). In adulthood (90 days old), the animals were euthanized. The serum and testicular testosterone levels were measured. Ventral prostate was removed and weighed. Distal segment fragments of the ventral prostate were fixed and processed for histochemistry and immunohistochemistry to detect androgen receptor (AR) and Ki67 antigens. Protein extraction from ventral prostate fragments was performed for AR immunoblotting and Gelatin zymography for MMP-2 and MMP-9 (MMP, metalloproteinase). Stereological and histopathological analyses were also performed. Serum and testicular testosterone levels and prostate weight were comparable between groups. In the T group the relative proportions (%) of epithelial (C=32.86; T=42.04*) and stromal (C=21.61; T=27.88*) compartments were increased, while the luminal compartment was decreased (C=45.54; T=30.08*), *p < 0.05. In T, disseminated inflammatory infiltrate in the stroma, associated or not with epithelial dysplasia and PIN (Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia), was observed. Increases in AR expression, proliferation index and metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity were noted in T animals. In some T animals, collagen fibrils accumulated adjacent to the epithelium. As far as we are aware, this is the first report in the literature showing that phthalates could play a role in proliferative and inflammatory disorders of the rat prostate. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.