Resistance to phosphine in Sitophilus oryzae in Australia: A national analysis of trends and frequencies over time and geographical spread

In Australia, along with many other parts of the world, fumigation with phosphine is a vital component in controlling stored grain insect pests. However, resistance is a factor that may limit the continued efficacy of this fumigant. While strong resistance to phosphine has been identified and characterised, very little information is available on the causes of its development and spread. Data obtained from a unique national resistance monitoring and management program were analysed, using Bayesian hurdle modelling, to determine which factors may be responsible. Fumigation in unsealed storages, combined with a high frequency of weak resistance, were found to be the main criteria that led to the development of strong resistance in Sitophilus oryzae. Independent development, rather than gene flow via migration, appears to be primarily responsible for the geographic incidence of strong resistance to phosphine in S. oryzae. This information can now be utilised to direct resources and education into those areas at high risk and to refine phosphine resistance management strategies.

Effect of diet on phosphine toxicity, rate of development and reproduction of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus)

One of the loci responsible for strong phosphine resistance encodes dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD). The strong co-incidence of enzyme complexes that contain DLD, and enzymes that require thiamine as a cofactor, motivated us to test whether the thiamine deficiency of polished white rice could influence the efficacy of phosphine fumigation against insect pests of stored grain. Three strains of Sitophilus oryzae (susceptible, weak and strong resistance) were cultured on white rice (thiamine deficient), brown rice or whole wheat. As thiamine is an essential nutrient, we firstly evaluated the effect of white rice on developmental rate and fecundity and found that both were detrimentally affected by this diet. The mean time to reach adult stage for the three strains ranged from 40 to 43 days on brown rice and 50–52 days on white rice. The mean number of offspring for the three strains ranged from 7.7 to 10.3 per female over a three day period on brown rice and 2.1 to 2.6 on white rice. Growth and reproduction on wheat was similar to that on brown rice except that the strongly resistant strain showed a tendency toward reduced fecundity on wheat. The susceptible strain exhibited a modest increase in tolerance to phosphine on white rice as expected if thiamine deficiency could mimic the effect of the dld resistance mutation at the rph2 locus. The strongly resistant strain did not respond to thiamine deficiency, but this was expected as these insects are already strongly resistant. We failed, however, to observe the expected synergistic increase in resistance due to combining thiamine deficiency with the weakly resistant strain. The lack of interaction between thiamine content of the diet and the resistance genotype in determining the phosphine resistance phenotype suggests that the mode of inhibition of the complexes is a critical determinant of resistance.

Prospection for genes expressed during wheat - Magnaporthe oryzae interaction.

2013

Fine phenotyping unlocks wheat mechanisms of reaction to Magnaporthe oryzae.

2016

Analise da tendência do uso de fungicida para o controle da brusone (Pyricularia oryzae Cav.) do arroz no Brasil.

Foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a tendência do uso de fungicida para o controle da brusone (Pyricularia oyrzae Cav.) do arroz, no período de 1967 a 1975, no Brasil.

Seleção de microrganismos antagônicos a Pyricularia oryzae Cav. para o controle da brusone do arroz (Oryza sativa L.).

1988

Identification of a putative gene responsive to the fungus bipolaris maydis in guinea grass

2015

Níveis de infestação de Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima, 1936) (Coleóptera curculionidae) durante o período de desenvolvimento da cultura do arroz.

A finalidade do trabalho foi estudar níveis de infestação da praga durante o período anual de cultivo do arroz.

Saprotrophic survival of Magnaporthe oryzae in infested wheat residues.

2016

In vivo sensitivity of wheat Magnaporthe oryzae to fungicides.

2016

Genetic structure and mating type analysis of the Pyricularia oryzae population causing widespread epidemics in southern Brazil.

Blast is a major disease of rice in Brazil, the largest rice-producing country outside Asia. This study aimed to assess the genetic structure and mating-type frequency in a contemporary Pyricularia oryzae population, which caused widespread epidemics during the 2012/13 season in the Brazilian lowland subtropical region. Symptomatic leaves and panicles were sampled at flooded rice fields in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (RS, 34 fields) and Santa Catarina (SC, 21 fields). The polymorphism at ten simple sequence repeats (SSR or microsatellite) loci and the presence of MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 idiomorphs were assessed in a population comprised of 187 isolates. Only the MAT1-2 idiomorph was found and 162 genotypes were identified by the SSR analysis. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) of SSR data resolved four genetic groups, which were strongly associated with the cultivar of origin of the isolates. There was high level of genotypic diversity and moderate level of gene diversity regardless whether isolates were grouped in subpopulations based on geographic region, cultivar host or cultivar within region. While regional subpopulations were weakly differentiated, high genetic differentiation was found among subpopulations comprised of isolates from different cultivars. The data suggest that the rice blast pathogen population in southern Brazil is comprised of clonal lineages that are adapting to specific cultivar hosts. Farmers should avoid the use of susceptible cultivars over large areas and breeders should focus at enlarging the genetic basis of new cultivars.

Antagonismo in vitro de rizobactérias contra Bipolaris sp., agente etiológico de manchas foliares na cultura do milho.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antagônico in vitro de rizobactérias contra Bipolaris sp., importante patógeno causador de manchas foliares na cultura do milho. O método adotado foi o de pareamento de colônias. No centro de placas de Petri contendo BDA e circundadas próximo à borda com as rizobactérias, foi depositado um disco de micélio do patógeno. Estas foram incubadas a 28 ± 2ºC, com fotoperíodo de 12h claro/escuro. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições. As avaliações do crescimento diamétrico (mm) foram diárias, sendo, posteriormente, calculado o Índice de Velocidade de Crescimento Micelial (IVCM), que foi comparado entre os tratamentos pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p-valor ≤ 0.05), utilizando-se o programa SISVAR, versão 5.6. As rizobactérias testadas apresentam mecanismos que inibiram o crescimento micelial in vitro de Bipolaris sp. O isolado P23 apresentou maior potencial de inibição contra o patógeno, diferindo estatisticamente de todos os tratamentos, apresentando potencial de utilização em futuros programas de controle biológico da mancha de Bipolaris do milho.

Incidência de Helmintosporiose (Bipolaris maydis) em capim Piatã cultivado em um sistema silvipastoril com eucalipto.

2016

Presença da translocação 2NS/2AS em cultivares de trigo e sua relação com a resistência à Magnaporthe oryzae.

2016

Fenotipagem fina da resistência de trigo a Magnaporthe oryzae.

2016