197 resultados para Bauhinia purpurea
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Although rust (caused by Puccinia purpurea) is a common disease in Australian grain sorghum crops, particularly late in the growing season (April onwards), its potential to reduce yield has not been quantified. Field trials were conducted in Queensland between 2003 and 2005 to evaluate the effect of sorghum rust on grain yield of two susceptible sorghum hybrids (Tx610 and Pride). Rust was managed from 28-35 days after sowing until physiological maturity by applying oxycarboxin (1 kg active ingredient/100 L of water/ha) every 10 days. When data were combined for the hybrids, yield losses ranged from 13.1% in 2005 to 3.2% in 2003 but differences in yield the between sprayed and unsprayed treatments were statistically significant (P a parts per thousand currency signaEuro parts per thousand 0.05) only in 2005. Final area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values reflected the yield losses in each year. The higher yield loss in 2005 can be attributed primarily to the early development of the rust epidemic and the higher inoculum levels in spreader plots at the time of planting of the trials.
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Six new species of Diaporthe, D. beilharziae on Indigofera australis, D. fraxini-angustifoliae on Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, D. litchicola on Litchi chinensis, D. nothofagi on Nothofagus cunninghamii, D. pascoei on Persea americana and D. salicicola on Salix purpurea from Australia are described and illustrated based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses. Three of the new species no longer produced sporulating structures in culture and two of these were morphologically described from voucher specimens. Phylogenetic relationships of the new species with other Diaporthe species are revealed by DNA sequence analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and partial regions of the β-tubulin (BT) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF). © 2013 Mushroom Research Foundation.
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Aurizon, Australia's largest rail freight operator, is introducing the Static Frequency Converter (SFC) technology into its electric railway network as part of the Bauhinia Electrification Project. The introduction of SFCs has significant implications on the protection systems of the 50kV traction network. The traditional distance protection calculation method does not work in this configuration because of the effect that the SFC in combination with the remote grid has on the apparent impedance, and was substantially reviewed. The standard overcurrent (OC) protection scheme is not suitable due to the minimum fault level being below the maximum load level and was revised to incorporate directionality and under-voltage inhibit. Delta protection was reviewed to improve sensitivity. A new protection function was introduced to prevent back-feeding faults in the transmission network through the grid connection. Protection inter-tripping was included to ensure selectivity between the SFC protection and the system downstream.
Resumo:
El presente trabajo se realizó en el Arboretum de la Universidad Nacional Agraria. El objetivo del estudio es identificar las características morfológicas de cada cultivar clónal como: largo de la hoja, número y largo de folíolo, ancho de la base y ápice, sobrevivencia, número y tamaño de rebrotes. La metodología consta de tres etapas: recorrido entre los municipios de Masaya y Granada para la obtención de el material vegetativo con una dimensión de 1.30 m de altura y 10cm de diámetro por estaca. Establecimiento de plantación de 10 cultivares de Spondia sp. para un total de 40 estacas con una distancia de 3 x 3 m. para un área total de 243m2. Toma de datos cada seis meses para realizar el análisis estadístico empleando el programa INFOSTAT y mediante el encadenamiento simple (Distancia Euclidiana) se dividieron los 9 cultivares en 4 grupos y se procedió a realizar un ANOVA obteniendo que los cultivares clónales presentan diferencia significativa (p<000.1) en cuanto a sus variables. Como resultados se obtiene una sobrevivencia del 100% en los cultivares clónales de jocote perro, jocote agosteño, jocote rosa y jocote diente de perro, siendo el jocote de cocer sabanero el que no sobrevivió. Dentro de las características morfológicas sobresaliente se identifica como el raquis más largo al jocote rosa, con un promedio de 23.4 cm y el de menor longitud con 13.8 es el jocote agosteño, el mayor promedio de folíolos por hoja lo tiene el jocote bejuco con 20 y el de menor promedio el jocote agosteño con 14. Entre las variables número y largo de foliolo, largo del raquis, ancho de la base y ápice mediante un ANOVA se obtuvo diferencia significativa (p<000.1). De acuerdo a los estudios morfológicos aplicados a los nueve cultivares clónales sobrevivientes se ubican dentro de la especie Spondias purpurea.
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Inselbergs são afloramentos rochosos isolados que emergem abruptamente acima das planícies que os circundam, formados principalmente por afloramentos de rochas graníticas e gnáissicas. São lugares com alta diversidade e endemismo, e caracterizados por alto grau de insolação, temperaturas do ar e do solo, com ventos fortes e solos com baixa retenção de água. Sementes de três espécies típicas dos inselbergs (Alcantarea glaziouana, Barbacenia purpurea e Tibouchina corymbosa) foram estudadas para avaliar o efeito das temperaturas constantes (15 a 40C) e alternada (20-30C), o estresse hídrico (Ψw = 0,0 a -1,2 MPa) promovido por soluções de polietileno glicol 6000 (PEG) e a qualidade da luz sob diferente valores de razão vermelho: vermelho extremo (V:VE), na porcentagem final e velocidade de germinação. Os resultados mostraram que todas as espécies têm sementes muito leves, variando entre 0,005 - 0,04 g. As três espécies apresentaram alta germinação sob temperaturas entre 20C e 30C, e não germinaram a 40C, exceto A. glaziouana. A máxima germinação foi obtida em água destilada (0 MPa) e as diferentes condições de estresse hídrico reduziram a percentagem e a velocidade de germinação de todas as espécies estudadas. A. glaziouana foi a espécie menos sensível a redução do potencial hídrico. As sementes de todas as espécies necessitam de exposição a luz para a máxima germinação (fotoblásticas positivas) e a porcentagem final de germinação foi inibida sob baixos valores de V:VE. A razão V:VE que resultou em 50% da máxima germinação variou entre as espécies. Estes resultados demonstram que a germinação pode limitar a capacidade das espécies em colonizar tanto novas áreas como área perturbadas, além de contribuir para a distribuição das espécies nos inselbergs.
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基因型变异和表型变异的相互关系问题是尚未解决的生物学基本问题之一,而解决这个问题的一个有效方法是研究基因组中功能相关基因的分子进化和表型效应的相互关系。在本研究中我们利用圆叶牵牛花青素代谢途径(该途径合成了与花色形成有关的色素)来研究表型变异和基因型变异的进化关系,希望探讨两个问题:1、代谢途径上基因多态性在不同位点的表现程度如何? 2、在中国种群中传粉者对花色有无选择? 在对第一个问题的研究中调查了中国圆叶牵牛花青素代谢途径部分结构基因和调控基因的多态性。所研究的结构基因为途径的第一个关键酶基因CHS-D基因和较下游的ANS基因、UF3GT基因,以及调控基因W位点。其次是在温室中进行人工自交以获得所研究基因的纯合体。在对第二个问题的研究中,首先调查了野外圆叶牵牛不同花色的传粉者和传粉几率,其次是分析有色花个体与白花个体中的遗传变异程度。目前的研究结果表明CHS-D位点有3个等位基因,其中在中国的西南部地区发现了1个新的、在已报道的7个等位基因以外的等位基因;较下游的结构酶基因ANS位点存在有5个等位基因(在中国新发现3个等位基因);UF3GT位点目前只发现有2个已报道的等位基因。在中国的圆叶牵牛中,新发现调控基因W位点上一个有功能的等位基因Ipmyb2,它与已报道的等位基因Ipmyb1的差异主要存在于内含子部分,而与发生缺失(1个6bp的缺失和1个19bp的缺失)后无功能的等位基因ipmyb2(该基因造成白花)存在外显子部分的8个碱基的差异。野外传粉观察结果表明,白花个体与有色花个体受到传粉者介导的选择,传粉者偏爱有色花而歧视白花,而且与在美洲不同,在中国圆叶牵牛的主要授粉者为蛾类而不是蜂类,从野外观察统计的结果看蛾类的传粉效率要高于蜂类。以上结果表明:1)花青素代谢途径上酶基因的位点均有一定程度的多态,其中尤以ANS为最高;调控基因ipmyb2的核苷酸缺失造成该基因停止功能,使其纯合子的个体开白色花。2)授粉者所介导的花色表型选择确实在中国种群中发生,有可能进一步增加花色代谢途径上基因位点的遗传变异。
Resumo:
在生物个体中,很多基因位点都存在多个等位基因。这些等位基因存在的生物学意义是什么?是中性突变的结果还是进化选择的结果?本文以花青素代谢途径为平台,以圆叶牵牛为研究对象,试图探讨相关的生物学问题。具体问题是:(1)等位基因的多样性在调控基因和结构基因中是否有所不同?(2)两个等位基因的启动区会有什么不同? 我们首先在来自新圭亚那、美国和中国的17个圆叶牵牛个体中调查了花青素代谢途径上第一个关键酶基因CHS-D基因和下游的最后一个基因UF3GT,以及三类调控基因MYB1、bHLH1、WDR1的多态性。目前的研究结果表明,CHS-D位点有三个等位基因,其中在中国的西南部地区发现了一个新的等位基因CHS-D-SINO1。下游的结构酶基因UF3GT位点存在3个等位基因,其中的UF3GT-c是我们在新圭亚那的三个个体中所新发现的。调控基因中,MYB1位点存在两个等位基因,其中一个是新发现的。bHLH2位点存在3个等位基因,均为新发现的。WDR1位点也存在三个等位基因,其中两个都是在本实验中新得到的。调控基因和结构基因位点的等位基因数量没有明显差别。 为了进一步了解等位基因的差异,我通过inverse PCR的方法得到了花青素代谢途径上F3H基因的两个等位基因F3H1和F3H3的启动区序列。通过分析发现,F3H1和F3H3的编码区序列相似性达到99%,而启动区序列相似性为79.7%,总体相似性87.1%。可见,这两个等位基因的差异主要集中在启动区。 F3H1启动区包含了16个bHLH蛋白的识别位点;而F3H3启动区包含9个bHLH蛋白的识别位点。其中,两者完全一样的有7处。除bHLH蛋白以外,F3H1和F3H3都分别含有一个MYB蛋白的识别位点,但两者所处的位置不同。这些数据表明这两个等位基因在功能上应该差别不大,但在应答调控基因对其的调节作用上可能有所差别。
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被子植物菊亚纲原始类群的花为辐射对称花,伴随着适应性进化和传粉者的专性化,两侧对称花随之出现并快速进化和多样化。与花对称性相关的基因首先在模式植物金鱼草中被分离出来,它们包括TCP 基因家族的两个基因Cycloidea(CYC)和Dichotama(DICH),MYB 基因家族的两个基因Radialis(RAD)和Divaricata(DIV)。模式植物金鱼草的分子发育与遗传学研究初步揭示出在花对称性形成过程中相关调控基因的功能、表达模式及其相互作用机制。研究表明,金鱼草花中CYC 和DICH 基因只在背部表达,控制背部属性。DIV基因早期在所有部位表达,但只影响腹部属性。CYC 和DICH 通过激活与DIV具有颉抗作用的RAD 基因在背部的表达来抑制DIV 基因在背部的作用从而构建了金鱼草的两侧对称花。但是,被子植物繁杂多样的花对称性远非一种模式植物所能概括。此外,被子植物花对称性的演化也是一个悬而未决的问题。要全面了解被子植物花对称性的起源、多样化及其背后的决定机制,有必要进一步研究不同类群中花对称性相关基因的功能变化和进化式样。 苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)与金鱼草所属的车前科(Plantaginaceae)同属于菊亚纲的广义唇形目。研究表明广义唇形目的祖先已经具有了两侧对称花,苦苣苔科是广义唇形目的基部类群,具有与唇形目两侧对称花早期分化相关的各种两侧对称花类型。因此,在苦苣苔科选择两侧对称花代表类群开展花对称性的进化发育生物学研究十分有助于探讨苦苣苔科花对称性基因在两侧对称花类群的调控进化,从而揭示广义唇形目基部类群花对称性的进化发育模式。我们选择苦苣苔科两侧对称花类群烟叶唇柱苣苔(Chirita heterotricha)为主要研究材料。烟叶唇柱苣苔是苦苣苔科两侧对称性比较强烈的类群,主要体现在其只有腹部两枚雄蕊能育,背部和侧部雄蕊均败育,与金鱼草的近亲沙漠幽灵花(Mohaveae confertiflora)的形态类似。在沙漠幽灵花中CYC 类基因的表达从背部延伸到了侧部,但是在烟叶唇柱苣苔中是否遵循同一模式还是存在其他途径这是我们的主要研究目的。此外,我们发现在烟叶唇柱苣苔花序的顶花中偶尔会发生腹部化的辐射对称突变花。在金鱼草和柳穿鱼中,CYC 类基因的失活导致了辐射对称突变花的产生,而在豆科植物Cadia purpurea 中,CYC 类基因的活性从背部延伸到了侧部和腹部,导致了辐射对称花的形成。烟叶唇柱苣苔中的情形则值得我们关注。再者,革叶粗筒苣苔(Briggisia mihieri)是烟叶唇柱苣苔的近缘类群,但它具有四枚能育雄蕊(侧部和腹部各两枚)。苦苣苔科两能育雄蕊类群被认为起源于四能育雄蕊类群。我们在烟叶唇柱苣苔野生型两侧对称花和辐射对称突变花中开展花对称性基因的表达模式研究,结合在革叶粗筒苣苔中的研究,试图揭示烟叶唇柱苣苔两雄蕊类两侧对称花形成的分子机制和进化发育途径。 本研究从烟叶唇柱苣苔中分离到4 个CYC 类基因(ChCYC1C,ChCYC1D,ChCYC2A,ChCYC2B),2 个DIV 类基因(ChDIV1,ChDIV2)和2 个RAD 类基因(ChRAD1,ChRAD2)。从革叶粗筒苣苔中分离到4 个CYC 类基因(BmCYC1C,BmCYC1D,BmCYC2A,BmCYC2B),2 个DIV 类基因(BmDIV1,BmDIV2)和1 个RAD 类基因(BmRAD1)。序列和系统发育分析结果显示它们均为花对称性基因。进一步的表达分析显示结果表明:(1)不同拷贝CYC 类基因的表达存在着分化,与其氨基酸序列的分化一致;烟叶唇柱苣苔的CYC 类基因表达从背部延伸到了侧部而革叶粗筒苣苔的CYC 类基因仅在背部表达,与它们的形态分化密切相关。(2)DIV 类基因在种内两个拷贝以及种间的表达无明显的分化,在花的各个部位都有表达。(3)烟叶唇柱苣苔两个拷贝的RAD 类基因的表达存在分化;两个种的同类RAD 类基因的表达也存在分化。这些花对称性基因的表达模式分析揭示了它们在烟叶唇柱苣苔和革叶粗筒苣苔两侧对称花形态建成以及二者花形态的演化中具有重要作用。 同时,我们对烟叶唇柱苣苔的辐射对称突变花进行了自交和F1 代培育,但是F1 代没有出现稳定的辐射对称突变株。我们从辐射对称突变花中分离到的CYC 类、DIV 类和RAD 类基因的核苷酸序列与野生型的完全一致。说明突变体的产生与序列变异无关。RT-PCR 分析表明突变花中CYC 类基因全部失活,而DIV 类基因和在腹部表达的RAD 类基因的表达信号有所增强,这与其腹部化辐射对称的形态相一致。这进一步证实了花对称性基因在烟叶唇柱苣苔花形态建成中的作用。
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用生物和非生物因子来进行采后病害的防治,是一个非常有效的方法。诱导抗性作为控制果蔬采后病害的生物技术,已成为该领域的一个研究热点。然而诱导抗性的机制非常复杂,涉及到寄主、病原菌、激发子之间的相互作用关系。本研究主要利用酵母拮抗菌Pichia membranefaciens和SA处理果实,观察其抗性诱导表达和对采后青霉病菌(Penicillium expansum)的抑制作用,并从蛋白质组学水平上对诱导抗性的机理进行了分析。研究结果表明: 1、酵母拮抗菌P. membranefaciens (5 × 107 cells·ml-1)和SA(0.5 mM)处理采后甜樱桃果实,能够明显地降低病害的发病率和病斑直径。酵母菌和SA处理影响到了果实抗氧化酶的活性,同时还改变了POD同工酶谱和甜樱桃果实的总蛋白含量,并诱导了新的蛋白质条带产生。用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜技术观察发现,在in vitro条件下P. membranefaciens能够紧密地结合与病原菌的菌丝,而在in vivo条件下这种结合较为松散。 2、借鉴其它模式植物的方法,我们建立了一整套适用于多汁类植物材料的蛋白质组学研究方法。对于芒果,桃,甜樱桃、苹果以及冬枣等果实,都取得了重复性非常好的2-D图谱。我们应用该技术进一步研究了P. membranefaciens (1 × 108 cells·ml-1)以及SA (0.5 mM)处理对桃果实蛋白质组的诱导影响。结果显示,两种激发子处理都能够诱导桃果实产生抗性,从而减轻青霉病引起的腐烂。在诱导处理1 d以后,酵母拮抗菌和SA分别诱导22和16个蛋白的差异表达。质谱鉴定的蛋白属于6大类:代谢,防御反应,转录,能量途径以及细胞结构。有6个蛋白受到两种激发子的共同调控。其中,4种蛋白(包括glutathione peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase precursor, catalase和methionine sulfoxide reductase) 属于抗氧化蛋白,涉及到活性氧代谢。另2个蛋白(Major allergen Pru av 1和peroxidase)是病程相关蛋白,直接参与植物的防御反应。同时一些磷酸化酶和转录因子也受到两种激发子的调节从而参与果实的抗病反应。酶学测定和Northern杂交的结果表明,拮抗菌与SA处理均能影响过氧化氢酶活性及其基因的表达。 3、采前用较高浓度SA (2 mM) 短时间(10s)处理不同成熟期的甜樱桃果实,能够明显降低果实青霉病的病斑直径,并能减轻较低成熟度果实的发病率。在没有接菌的情况下,SA诱导了33个差异表达的蛋白,其中用质谱鉴定出了26个。而在接种病原菌的情况下,SA诱导了19个差异表达的蛋白,并鉴定出了其中的12个。这些蛋白分别涉及到代谢、防御反应、转录、能量途径、信号转导等过程。在没有接种病原菌的情况下,SA处理诱导了Putative DnaJ heat shock protein, PR1-like protein, Peroxidase, Major allergen Pru av 1 (Pru a 1)和Catalase等与抗病有关的蛋白。而在接种病原菌的情况下,诱导了PR1-like protein, Peroxidase和Catalase蛋白的差异表达。通过酶活性测定以及对细胞学定位的研究,我们发现在没有接种病原菌的情况下,POD的活性受到SA的诱导。但是在接种病原菌以后,诱导效果不明显。
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克隆植物,尤其是丛生禾草(如紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea Griseb)、丝颖针茅(S. capillacea Keng))和根茎苔草(如青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii Falc. ex Boott)、窄叶苔草(C. montis-everestii Kük.)),在环境条件非常特殊的青藏高原高寒草原生态系统中,作为建群种或优势种而存在。本文利用控制实验研究不同构型克隆植物对资源供应的表型反应。 源于典型草地和灌木地的窄叶苔草和丝颖针茅对养分添加和光照处理产生广泛的表型反应。植物生长型影响分株数、比叶面积和叶鞘长度对光照强度的可塑性,源生境改变分株数、植株生物量和根茎总长对光照强度的可塑性。各性状对养分水平的可塑性反应均不受生长型和源生境的影响。游击型克隆植物窄叶苔草对高度异质性的灌木生境有较强的适应能力,而密集型克隆植物丝颖针茅的生长受生境的影响较小。 青藏苔草和紫花针茅对养分供应表现出了高度的表型可塑性。种群类型对少数性状有显著影响;除生物量分配和光合特征外,其它许多性状在基因型间有显著分化;除根茎生物量分配外,没有检测出表型可塑性的遗传分化;表型性状间有着广泛的表型整合及可塑性整合,并且整合格局随养分添加范围而变化,在种间也存在整合格局的差异。青藏高原高寒草原上强烈、稳定而持续的选择压力,以及一些与适合度相关的性状间的表型整合和可塑性整合可能对表型可塑性的进化有一定的限制作用。反应规范分析显示,高寒生境的克隆植物可能具有既能利用高养分环境,又能在低养分环境下维持生长的能力,这是植物适应养分环境变化的重要对策。 青藏苔草和紫花针茅的表型反应主要受养分供应量的影响,对由等量养分不同供应频次组成的实验处理的反应并不显著。青藏苔草的分株均重、叶片长度、比根长、根茎生物量分配和紫花针茅的比根长等性状在基因型间存在遗传分化;青藏苔草的分株数和总干重,以及紫花针茅的总干重和总根长表现出表型可塑性的遗传分化。比根长、根茎生物量分配等性状的遗传变异,以及这些性状的表型可塑性和可塑性的遗传变异对于不同基因型适应不同养分供应格局可能具有适应意义。 总之,青藏高原克隆植物对资源供应表现出了高度的表型可塑性,多数表型性状在不同基因型间存在显著的遗传分化,但表型可塑性的遗传分化相对有限。克隆植物可能通过遗传变异和表型可塑性适应异质性资源分布环境。表型可塑性及其遗传变异仍需要更多的研究,以便深入理解其适应性进化。
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为了研究高原植物对青藏高原特殊环境的适应机制,本文选取青藏高原高寒草原优势物种紫花针茅和青藏苔草作为研究物种,运用数量分析的方法对它们的形态结构及生态适应性进行了研究。试图通过对环境因子和这些形态结构变化之间的关系进行分析以找出这两种植物是如何适应严酷的环境以及这两种具有不同克隆生长方式的植物是否具有不同的适应机制。 2004年8月,我们沿青藏公路设置一条从西大滩到羊八井的样带,并进行取样。样带的生态特征从南到北变化较大:海拔从4586m上升到4901m,生长季降水量从384.0cm下降到202.2cm,生长季月均温从5.1℃下降到1.4℃,生长季月均相对湿度从65%,下降到54%,生长季蒸发量从1242cm下降到798cm,生长季月均风速从2.4m/s增大到4.0m/s。将采集的植物叶片材料制成石蜡切片,采用番红固绿对染,在显微镜下观察测量。同时研究了青藏苔草的根茎特征。数据分析中运用了变异系数比较,多重比较,相关分析和回归分析被用来分析结构变化及其与生态因子的关系。 结果表明,两物种的叶片结构特征在不同环境中的种群间存在显著差异。总体上,青藏苔草的保护组织、光合组织以及综合指标变异系数明显大于紫花针茅的,仅输导组织相关指标的变异系数小于紫花针茅的。这些结果表明,在叶片结构水平上青藏苔草比紫花针茅具有较大的可塑性,也意味着青藏苔草对生态因子变化的潜在适应能力可能较紫花针茅强。 紫花针茅和青藏苔草的大部分叶片结构特征与其生存环境的生态因子间存在着线性回归关系:紫花针茅叶肉细胞大小随土壤有效K含量增高而减小;下表皮厚度和韧皮部面积随生长季云盖度增高而增大;单一导管半径和导管平均面积随生长季月均湿度的增加而增大;青藏苔草上表皮细胞厚度随生长季月均最低温的降低而增厚;泡状细胞厚度随大陆度的增强而增加;上表皮细胞大小随土壤pH的增大而增大;导管总数和韧皮部面积随土壤速效P含量的增高而增加;气腔总面积随土壤有效K含量增高而增大。 青藏苔草分枝方式为典型的合轴分枝。分株间由埋藏在地下的匍匐根状茎连接,其扩展方式不呈直线形。青藏苔草喜沙质土,其根茎一般分布在沙土中10cm以下,在部分通气性能良好的风成沙丘或沙地,深度可超过50cm,间隔子长度依生境的不同而变化很大,短的仅约3cm,而长的可达2m多。 青藏苔草的间隔子长度和节间长度随有效温度的增加而减小,根茎每间隔子节间数随降水的增加而减少,在较低有效温度下和较低水分供给的情况下单位面积分布的克隆分株数量较少,在较高有效温度下和较高水分供给的情况下单位面积的克隆分株数量分布较多。这种变化趋势有助于青藏苔草有效迅速地占领条件适合的生境,充分利用生境内的各种资源,扩大种群;在不利条件下,青藏苔草则减少单位面积内克隆分株的分布,以适应不良生境。
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青藏高原是世界上最高的高原,被称为“地球第三极”,环境条件相当严酷。本研究通过ISSR标记的方法研究青藏高原两种相对克隆构型的克隆植物紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea Griseb.)和青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii Falc. ex Boott)不同种群的遗传多样性及克隆格局,在分子水平上揭示两种植物对极端环境适应的机理。主要结果如下: 与其它针茅属植物相比,紫花针茅各种群平均遗传多样性相对较低,其遗传变异主要存在于种群之内;与其它苔草属植物相比,青藏苔草各种群平均遗传多样性也较低,而总的遗传多样性较高,其遗传变异主要存在于种群之间。紫花针茅各种群平均遗传多样性高于青藏苔草各种群平均遗传多样性,尽管差异不显著。紫花针茅和青藏苔草各种群间具有较高的遗传分化。 紫花针茅具有与其它分蘖型克隆植物相当的克隆多样性,说明有性生殖在其生活史中起着重要作用。青藏苔草具有与其它克隆植物相当的克隆多样性,而与北极地区苔草属植物相比,其克隆多样性则较低。 Pearson相关显示,紫花针茅遗传多样性与纬度、经度均成显著负相关,而与海拔高度相关关系不显著;青藏苔草克隆多样性及遗传多样性与纬度、经度、海拔高度均不相关,而克隆多样性与遗传多样性的比值则与纬度显著相关。唐古拉山对紫花针茅遗传格局未产生显著影响,山南北地区遗传多样性无显著差别;唐古拉山对青藏苔草遗传格局产生了重要影响,唐古拉山南北地区基因交流有显著隔离,唐古拉山以北地区种群遗传多样性显著高于以南地区,推测其种群自北向南迁移过程中的瓶颈效应起着重要作用。青藏苔草种群的克隆多样性与遗传多样性成显著正相关。Mantel test检验显示,紫花针茅和青藏苔草的地理距离与遗传距离间的关系均不显著。 紫花针茅以分蘖生长的方式由源株向外扩展,有明确、致密的边界,野外观察和室内检测的结果显示其环上其它基株也可进行生长成活,可形成一种克隆环镶嵌格局,克隆环或其边界可能是幼苗定居有利的生境;空间自相关也显示在较小的尺度内紫花针茅遗传相关性强,推测克隆繁殖在其中也起重要作用。青藏苔草种群不同尺度的取样其克隆多样性不同,小面积(1 × 1 m2)的克隆多样性均小于大面积的(10 × 10 m2),空间自相关也显示克隆生长在其中起重要作用;尽管青藏苔草有较强的克隆生长能力,在环境条件较好时其呈密集分布,表现出较强的可塑性。 总之,尽管青藏高原环境非常严酷,紫花针茅与青藏苔草仍有较高水平的克隆多样性和一定的遗传多样性;高原严酷的环境造成了两种植物较大的遗传隔离。紫花针茅环状结构对其有性更新有重要作用,青藏苔草克隆生长具有较大可塑性,这些都是植物对高原严酷环境的适应形式。
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The effect of displaying cytochromes from an amyloid fibre is modelled as perturbation of -strands in a bilayer of helical -sheets, thereby explaining the spiral morphology of decorated amyloid and the dynamic response of morphology to cytochrome conformation. The morphology of the modelled fibre, which consists of minimal energy assemblies of rigid building blocks containing two anisotropic interacting units, depends primarily on the rigid constraints between units rather than the soft interactions between them. The framework is a discrete version of the bilayered frustration principle that drives morphology in Bauhinia seedpods. We show that self-assembly of frustrated long range structures can occur if the building blocks themselves are internally frustrated, e.g. amyloid morphology is governed by the conformation of the misfolded protein nucleating the fibre. Our model supports the idea that any peptide sequence can form amyloid if bilayers can form first, albeit stabilised by additional material such as chaperones or cytochromes. Analysis of experimentally derived amyloid structures supports our conclusions and suggests a range of frustration effects, which natural amyloid fibres may exploit. From this viewpoint, amyloid appears as a molecular example of a more general universal bilayered frustration principle, which may have profound implications for materials design using fibrous systems. Our model provides quantitative guidance for such applications. The relevance to longer length scales was proved by designing the morphology of a series of macroscopic magnetic stacks. Finally, this work leads to the idea of mixing controlled morphologically defined species to generate higher-order assembly and complex functional behaviour. The systematic kinking of decorated fibres and the nested frustration of the Bauhinia seed pod are two outstanding examples.
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米亚罗地区是四川西部较为典型的亚高山针叶林区域之一。为建立该地区主要针叶树种岷江冷杉、云杉、紫果云杉和红杉的年轮宽度年表资料,了解不同海拔高度岷江冷杉原始林和不同恢复过程的人工针叶林及次生混交林树木径向生长规律,结合样地调查,用生长锥钻取了树木芯样做年轮生态学分析。芯样经过标准化程序固定和打磨抛光后,用WinDENDRO图像分析系统测量年轮宽度序列,用COFECHA程序交叉定年和控制测量数据质量,用ARSTAN程序建立了4个主要针叶树种的地区年表和不同海拔高度岷江冷杉林及人工针叶林和次生混交林针叶树的样地年表。 4个主要针叶树种年轮宽度年表的平均敏感度低于0.2,而其晚材宽度年表都具相对较高的平均敏感度。早材宽度与年轮总宽度标准化年表间的相关系数均在0.9以上;晚材宽度与年轮总宽度标准化年表间的相关系数则种间差异较大,红杉的最高,岷江冷杉的最低。岷江冷杉晚材宽度与年轮总宽度的相关性从1970年以后明显下降,而其他种的相关系数则随时间变化较小。树种之间标准化年表显著正相关,而云杉与紫果云杉和红杉与岷江冷杉之间相关系数明显较高。年表序列的第1主分量表达了4个树种树木共同径向生长变化格局;第2至第4主分量分别表达了云杉属和冷杉属、常绿针叶树种和落叶针叶树种以及云杉和紫果云杉树木径向生长变化差异。 不同海拔高度的8个岷江冷杉样地年轮宽度年表序列敏感度大体上随海拔高度升高而降低。各样地早材宽度与年轮总宽度年表之间的相关系数均在0.9以上,且随海拔高度变化不大;晚材宽度与年轮总宽度之间的相关系数随海拔高度的变化较大,并有随海拔升高而降低的趋势。样地年表序列之间相关系数差异很大,高海拔样地年表间多为显著正相关;低海拔样地年表间的相关系数变化不一;高海拔和低海拔样地年表之间相关性较差,且多不显著。样地年表的第1主分量能解释年表序列总方差的37.5%,反映了不同海拔高度岷江冷杉林木共同的径向生长变化格局;第2和第3主分量分别解释总方差的24.5%和18.2%,表现出明显的高海拔和低海拔样地树木间不同的径向生长变化,除一些样地例外,它们一般与低海拔样地年表有正相关,与高海拔样地年表有负相关。在那些另外的样地,海拔以外的其他因素可能也影响了树木径向生长变化。不同海拔高度样地林木的生长抑制和生长释放频率在不同时期表现出较大的差异,表明了不同的干扰历史和林木补充时间。 人工针叶林和次生混交林各样地林木早材宽度与其年轮总宽度年表之间相关系数均高达0.9以上;晚材宽度与年轮总宽度年表之间也都显著正相关,但人工针叶林样地的明显较高。样地年表序列之间的相关关系表现为,林分起源和经营管理相似的样地年表之间的相关系数明显较高,如人工针叶林与人工针叶林尽管树种不同,但样地年表之间显著正相关,而与次生混交林样地年表间关系不显著;反之亦然。综合比较各项生长参数及不同时期的树木径向生长速率,人工针叶林树木的胸径增长至少在40年以内是优于次生混交林的同种(或不同种)针叶树的。不同样地林木生长释放和生长抑制及人工针叶林树木胸高断面积增长分析表明,除严重的人为干扰外,林分郁闭后林木密度过大是造成高频率生长抑制的主要原因,在林分发育的适当时期通过抚育间伐等措施调控林分密度,是保证林木胸高断面积在一定时期内保持较高的连年增长的关键。日本落叶松作为引进的树种,在海拔3100 m左右种植表现良好,近30年来各项生长指标均高于林龄相近的云杉人工林,因此,适当用其作为川西亚高山针叶林采伐迹地快速恢复是合理的。 Miyaluo area is one of the typical regions covered by subalpine coniferous forests in western Sichuan province of southwestern China. To develop the regional tree-ring width chronology series for the dominant conifers such as Abies faxoniana, Picea asperata, P. purpurea and Larix potaninii, and to understand the radial growth patterns of conifers in Abies faxoniana natural forest stands at different altitudes, and in coniferous plantations and natural regenerated mixed stands in their different restoring processes as well, increment cores were sampled in the field together with conventional plots investigations for dendroecological analyses. After the increment cores being prepared according to standard procedures, the ring widths (total-ring and intra-ring widths) were measured with a WinDENDRO image-analysis system, and the measured tree-ring sequences were crossdated and quality-controlled with the software COFECHA. Using the software ARSTAN, we developed tree-ring width based chronology series of the four dominant conifers, eight site-specific Abies faxoniana chronologies, and seven site-specific chronologies of conifers in coniferous plantations and natural regenerated mixed stands. Mean sensitivities for total ring width chronologies of the four sampled dominant conifers were all below 0.2, while those for the latewood width chronologies of the same species were relatively much higher. Correlation coefficients between standard earlywood and total ring width chronologies of the four conifers were all above 0.9, but those between standard latewood and total ring width chronologies exhibited differences among species, with the coefficient of Larix potaninii the highest and that of Abies faxoniana the lowest. Correlation coefficients between latewood and total ring width of A. faxoniana obviously decreased from 1920-1970 for successive 50-year segments with 10-years lag analyses, though the same for the other three species changed unnoticeably with time. Tree-ring standard chronologies among species showed significant positive correlations, with the correlation coefficients between chronologies of Picea asperata and P. purpurea, and of Larix potaninii and Abies faxoniana relatively much higher. The first principal component of tree-ring chronologies represented the common radial growth patterns of the four conifers in Miyaluo area. The second, third and fourth PCs expressed the differences in radial growth responses for the genus Picea and Abies, for the evergreen and deciduous confers, and for the two species of the genus Picea, respectively. In general, mean sensitivities of the eight Abies faxoniana site-specific tree-ring width chronologies decreased with increasing altitude. The correlation coefficients between earlywood and total ring width chronologies for all sites reached 0.9, which did not change much with altitude; but those between latewood and total ring width chronologies diversified, with a decreasing tendency from lower altitudinal sites to higher altitudinal sites. Correlation coefficients among site chronologies varied considerably, with significant positive correlations among higher site chronologies, mixed results among lower site chronologies, and poor and insignificant correlations between chronologies of higher site and lower site. The first PC, which represents 37.5% of the total variance, reflected a common radial growth response at sites of different altitudes, and it showed a tendency of explaining more variance with increasing altitude. The second and the third PCs contributed to 24.5% and 18.2% of the total variance, respectively, exhibiting distinctive differences in radial growth responses between low- and high-altitudinal sites. With some exceptions, the radial growth represented by the second and third PCs had a positive correlation with that at the low-altitudinal sites and a negative correlation with that at the high-altitudinal sites. For those exceptional sites, factors other than altitude might also play a role in affecting tree-ring growth variations. Trees in stands of different altitudes showed great differences in frequencies of growth suppressions and releases through times, suggesting different disturbance histories and periods when trees recruiting to the canopy. Correlation coefficients between earlywood and total ring width chronologies for all sites of coniferous plantations and natural regenerated mixed stands were also above 0.9; and the same between latewood width and total ring width chronologies all positively correlated, too, with the coefficients of the coniferous plantations obviously much higher. Correlations among site chronologies showed that the coefficients among sites with similar stand origin and management regimes were much higher than those among sites with different stand origin and management regimes. For example, significant positive correlations were found for chronologies among different coniferous plantations, irrespective of species differences; while insignificant correlations between chronologies of the same conifer from a coniferous plantation and a natural regenerated mixed stand, and vise versa. Integrative comparisons of different tree growth parameters and radial growth rates at different stages indicated that the diameter at breast height (DBH) increments for trees in coniferous plantations were faster than those for trees of the same (or different) species in the natural regenerated mixed stands, at least within their first 40 years of stand development. Analyses of growth releases and suppressions, and basal area increments of trees in different stands demonstrated that over-dense individuals after canopy closure was the main factor resulting in high frequencies of radial growth suppressions, with some exceptions of severe man-made disturbances. Therefore, to ensure a continuous basal area current annual increment in certain periods, tree density controlling through thinning in due time during the stand development process are necessary. It should be mentioned that, as an introduced conifer to Miyaluo area, Larix kaempferi grew quite well at altitude of ca. 3100 m after planting in 1970s. In their near 30 years of stand development, Larix kaempferi trees exhibited faster growth in various parameters than Picea asperata trees of the similar stand age did. Thus we think it reasonable to use Larix kaempferi as a fast restoring species at appropriate sites of cutting blanks of subalpine coniferous forests in western Sichuan.