SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN CHIRODERMA (CHIROPTERA, PHYLLOSTOMIDAE) BASED ON CYTOCHROME-B SEQUENCE VARIATION

The Neotropical bat genus Chiroderma consists of five recognized species. This study uses DNA-sequence variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to infer the phylogenetic relationships within Chiroderma. Phylogenetic relationships deduced from these data by parsimony analyses resulted in the discovery of a single most-parsimonious tree with C. salvini diverging basal to the other four species of Chiroderma and sister-group relationships of C. villosum with C. improvisum and C. trinitatum with C. doriae. This is a relatively young group of species with approximate times of divergence ranging from 1.6 million years before present (mya) for the divergence of C. doriae from C. trinitatum to 4.6 mya for the divergence of C. salvini from the other four species of Chiroderma.

Colorimetric assay of ethanol using alcohol dehydrogenase from dry baker's yeast

Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are oxidoreductases present in animal tissues, plants, and microorganisms. These enzymes attract major scientific interest for the evolutionary perspectives, afforded by their wide occurrence in nature, and for their use in synthesis, thanks to their broad substrate specificity and stereoselectivity. In the present study, the standardization of the activity of the alcohol dehydrogenase from baker's yeast was accomplished, and the pH and temperature stability showed, that the enzyme presented a high stability to pH 6.0-7.0 and the thermal stability were completely maintained up to 50 degrees C during 1 h. The assays of ethanol (detection range 1-5 mM or 4.6 x 10(-2) to 23.0 x 10(-2) g/L) in different samples in alcoholic beverages, presented a maximum deviation of only 7.2%. The standard curve and the analytic curve of this method meet the conditions of precision, sensitivity, simplicity, and low cost, required for a useable analytical method. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

On-line preconcentration and speciation analysis of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using baker's yeast cells immobilised on controlled pore glass

A study was undertaken to evaluate Saccharonzyces cerevisiae as a substrate for the biosorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) aiming to the selective determination of these species in aqueous solutions. The yeast cells were covalently immobilised on controlled pore glass (CPG), packed in a minicolumn and incorporated in an on-line flow injection system. The effect of chemical and physical variables affecting the biosorption process was tested in order to select the optimal analytical conditions for the Cr retention by S. cerevisiae. Cr(III) was retained by the immobilised cells and Cr(VI) were retained by CPG. The speciation was possible by selective and sequential elution of Cr(III) with 0.05 mol L-1 HCl and 2.0 mol L-1 HNO3 for Cr(VI). The influence of some concomitant ions up to 20 mg L-1 was also tested. Quantitative determinations of Cr were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Preconcentration factors of 12 were achieved for Cr(III) and 5 for Cr(VI) when 1.7 mL of sample were processed reaching detection limits of 0.45 for Cr(III) and 1.5 mu g L-1 for Cr(VI). The speciation of inorganic Cr in different kinds of natural waters was performed following the proposed method. Spiked water samples were also analysed and the recoveries were in all cases between 81 and 103%. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Morphological and quantitative aspects of nodule formation in hemolymph of the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794)

Insects manifest effective immune responses that include both cellular and humoral components. Morphological and quantitative aspects of cellular and Immoral cooperation during nodule formation in Chrysomya megacephala hemolymph against Saccharomyces cerevisae yeast cells were demonstrated for the first time. The analyses were performed in non-injected larvae (NIL), saline-injected larvae (SIL) and yeast-injected larvae (YIL). The hemolymph of injected groups was collected 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 36, or 48-h post-injection. Morphological aspects of YIL nodulation were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Quantitative analyses consisted of total (THC) and differential hemocyte counts (DHC) in all the groups and total yeast count (TYC) in YIL, which were performed in an improved Neubauer chamber. Nodule formation was initiated at approximately 2-h post-injection. Twelve hours after the injection, TEM revealed the presence of an amorphous membrane, at the same time that circulating hemocyte number decreased significantly contrasting the increase of yeast number. Our results showed the ability of C megacephala hemolymph to perform humoral encapsulation when hemocyte population is insufficient to eliminate the microorganisms, warranting consideration in future investigations on the relative roles played by cellular and humoral elements of innate immunity of this calliphorid. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterization of glycerol kinase from baker's yeast: Response surface modeling of the enzymatic reaction

The present study describes a methodology of dosage of glycerol kinase (GK) from baker's yeast. The standardization of the activity of the glycerol kinase from baker's yeast was accomplished using the diluted enzymatic preparation containing glycerol phosphate oxidase (GPO) and glycerol kinase. The mixture was incubated at 60 degrees C by 15 min and the reaction was stopped by the SDS solution addition. A first set of experiments was carried out in order to investigate the individual effect of temperature (7), pH and substrate concentration (S), on GK activity and stability. The pH and temperature stability tests showed that the enzyme presented a high stability to pH 6.0-8.0 and the thermal stability were completely maintained up to 50 degrees C during 1 h. The K(m) of the enzyme for glycerol was calculated to be 2 mM and V(max) to be 1.15 U/mL. In addition, modeling and optimization of reaction conditions was attempted by response surface methodology (RSM). Higher activity values will be attained at temperatures between 52 and 56 degrees C, pH around 10.2-10.5 and substrate concentrations from 150 to 170 mM.This low cost method for glycerol kinase dosage in a sequence of reactions is of great importance for many industries, like food, sugar and alcohol. RSM showed to be an adequate approach for modeling the reaction and optimization of reaction conditions to maximize glycerol kinase activity. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kinetic properties of glycerophosphate oxidase isolated from dry baker's yeast

The glycerophosphate oxidase is a flavoprotein responsible for the catalysis of the oxidation of the glycerophosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, through the reduction of the oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. The glycerophosphate oxidase from baker's yeast was specific for L-alpha-glycerol phosphate. It was estimated by monitoring the consumption of oxygen with an oxygraph. An increase of 32% in consumption of oxygen was obtained when the enzyme was concentrated 16-fold. The assay of enzyme was determined by the peroxidase chromogen method followed at 500 nm. The procedure for the standardization of the activity of the glycerophosphate oxidase from baker's yeast was accomplished, and the pH and temperature stability showed that the enzyme presented a high stability at pH 8.0, and the thermal stability was maintained up to 60 degrees C during I h. Such method allowed quantifying in the range 92-230 mM of glycerol phosphate, an important intermediate metabolite from lipid biosynthesis and glycolytic routes. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biologia e ecologia trófica de Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) (Characiformes: Hemiodontidae) no Rio Araguari, na área de influência da Usina Hidrelétrica Coaracy Nunes, Amapá, Brasil

A presente pesquisa tem a finalidade de contribuir para o conhecimento da biologia e ecologia trófica da espécie H. unimaculatus no rio Araguari, na área de influência da UHE Coaracy Nunes, Amapá, Brasil. A região de estudo corresponde a uma porção da bacia do rio Araguari. As coletas foram realizadas bimestralmente entre Maio de 2009 à Julho de 2010. Foram utilizadas baterias de redes de malhas (2; 2,5; 3; 4; 5; 6; cm entre nós opostos com 10 m de comprimento x 1,5 m de altura) e tarrafa (15 e 20 mm). As malhadeiras ficaram expostas por 17 h, com revistas a cada 3h. Os exemplares capturados foram conservados no gelo e fixados em formalina 10%. Os mesmos foram pesados (PT) e medidos (CT). O sexo foi identificado a partir da análise macroscópica das gônadas, onde foram pesadas e fixadas em formol 10%. Os estômagos foram pesados e conservados em álcool 70%. O ambiente foi caracterizado através de análises multivariadas. A estrutura em comprimento da população, relação peso-comprimento, proporção sexual, abundância e biomassa relativa foram avaliados. O local e período de reprodução, tamanho de primeira maturação e tipo de desova, tamb��m foram estudados. A ecologia trófica foi avaliada pela atividade alimentar, e conteúdo com matéria orgânica. Os itens alimentares foram analisados pelos métodos de frequência de ocorrência (Fi), grau de preferência alimentar (GPA) e índice alimentar (IAi). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que na área a jusante da represa e na área lacustre houve maior transparência da água, no reservatório predominou a profundidade e na montante houve valores maiores de pH. O comprimento médio foi 193.74 mm (80-258 mm ± 22.71 mm) e o peso médio foi de 70.90 g (10-160 g ± 23.99 g). Houve diferença significativa do comprimento em relação aos períodos do ano. O crescimento relativo da espécie foi alométrico negativo (b = 2.34). A proporção sexual foi de 2:1 a favor das fêmeas. A abundância e biomassa relativa foram maiores no reservatório e na área lacustre. A desova ocorreu entre os meses de novembro 2009 e janeiro 2010; preferencialmente os indivíduos desovam no reservatório e no lago. O tipo de desova é total e o tamanho de primeira maturação é a partir de 157.5 mm. A espécie tem hábito alimentar iliófaga-detritívora com tendência a onivoria. A estratégia alimentar é generalista, mas dominante para os itens fitoplâncton e detrito. A espécie H. unimaculatus, adaptou-se com sucesso ao represamento e sua dieta pode ter sofrido alteração frente às mudanças causadas pelo ambiente.

Calacarus heveae Feres (Eriophyidae) e Tenuipalpus heveae Baker (Tenuipalpidae) em seringueira: planos de amostragem, efeito da adubação silicatada no desenvolvimento populacional e validação de escala de notas para avaliação do desfolhamento

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Reinstatement of the genus Colopalpus Pritchard and Baker (1958) and re-description of Colopalpus matthyssei Pritchard and Baker (1958), the type species of the genus (Acari, Tenuipalpidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

In situ selective determination of methylmercury in river water by diffusive gradient in thin films technique (DGT) using baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) immobilized in agarose gel as binding phase

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Technique to measure heats of reaction of Ti-B, Al-Ti-B, and Al-Ti-B4C powder blends

In this research, a modification to initiation aid ignition in bomb calorimetry that involves systemically blending levels of boron and potassium nitrate initiation aids with a bulk structural energetic elemental power blend is developed. A regression is used to estimate the nominal heat of reaction for the primary reaction. The technique is first applied to the synthesis of TiB2 as a validation study to see if close proximity to literature values can be achieved. The technique is then applied to two systems of interest, Al-Ti-B, and Al-Ti-B4C. In all three investigations, x-ray diffraction is used to characterize the product phases of the reactions to determine the extent and identity of the product phases and any by-products that may have formed as a result of adding the initiation aid. The experimental data indicates the technique approximates the heat of reaction value for the synthesis of TiB2 from Ti-B powder blends and the formation of TiB2 is supported by volume fraction analysis by x-ray diffraction. Application to the Al-Ti-B and Al-Ti-B4C blends show some correlation with variation of the initiation aid, with x-ray diffraction showing the formation of equilibrium products. However, these blends require further investigation to resolve more complex interactions and rule out extraneous variables.

Ḥamiššā ḥūmšê Tôrā, megillōt we-hafṭārōt bi-lšôn aškenaz : ṣe'ênā û-re'ênā benôt Ṣiyyôn b��-ʿaṭārā

še-ʿiṭṭēr lākem ... Yaʿaqôv Ben- ... Yiṣḥāq ... mim-mišpaḥat rabbēnû ... be-q"q Yānôw

Rachel : eine biographische Novelle

von [R. Meyer]