Changes in frost frequency and desert vegetation assemblages in Grand Canyon, Arizona

The effect of decreasing frost frequency on desert vegetation was documented in Grand Canyon by replication of historical photographs. Although views by numerous photographers of Grand Canyon have been examined, 400 Robert Brewster Stanton and Franklin A. Nims views taken in the winter of 1889-1890 provide the best information on recent plant distribution. In Grand Canyon, where grazing is limited by the rugged topography, vegetation dynamics are controlled by climate and by demographic processes such as seed productivity, recruitment, longevity and mortality. The replicated photographs show distribution and abundance of several species were limited by severe frost before 1889. Two of these, brittlebush (Encelia farinosa) and barrel cactus (Ferocactus cylindraceus), have clearly expanded their ranges up-canyon and have increased their densities at sites where they were present in 1890. In 1890, brittlebush was present in warm microhabitats that provided refugia from frost damage. Views showing desert vegetation in 1923 indicate that Encelia expanded rapidly to near its current distribution between 1890 and 1923, whereas the expansion of Ferocactus occurred more slowly. The higher frequency of frost was probably related to an anomalous increase in winter storms between 1878 (and possibly 1862) and 1891 in the southwestern United States.

Grand Challenges for Data Sensing and Analysis

A diverse group of experts proposed the 9 grand challenges outlined in this booklet. This expert task force was assembled by the ASCE TCCIT Data Sensing and Analysis (DSA) Committee and endorsed by the TRB AFH10(1) Construction IT joint subcommittee at the request of their membership. The task force did not rank the challenges selected, nor did it endorse particular approaches to meeting them. Rather than attempt to include every important goal for data sensing and analysis, the panel chose opportunities that were both achievable and sustainable to help people and the planet thrive. The panel’s conclusions were reviewed by several subject-matter experts. The DSA is offering an opportunity to comment on the challenges by contacting the task force chair via email at becerik@usc.edu.

Dynamics of quantum dissipation systems interacting with fermion and boson grand canonical bath ensembles: Hierarchical equations of motion approach

A hierarchical equations of motion formalism for a quantum dissipation system in a grand canonical bath ensemble surrounding is constructed on the basis of the calculus-on-path-integral algorithm, together with the parametrization of arbitrary non-Markovian bath that satisfies fluctuation-dissipation theorem. The influence functionals for both the fermion or boson bath interaction are found to be of the same path integral expression as the canonical bath, assuming they all satisfy the Gaussian statistics. However, the equation of motion formalism is different due to the fluctuation-dissipation theories that are distinct and used explicitly. The implications of the present work to quantum transport through molecular wires and electron transfer in complex molecular systems are discussed. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Design and Emergence in the Making of American Grand Strategy

The main research question of this thesis is how do grand strategies form. Grand strategy is defined as a state's coherent and consistent pattern of behavior over a long period of time in search of an overarching goal. The political science literature usually explains the formation of grand strategies by using a planning (or design) model. In this dissertation, I use primary sources, interviews with former government officials, and historical scholarship to show that the formation of grand strategy is better understood using a model of emergent learning imported from the business world. My two case studies examine the formation of American grand strategy during the Cold War and the post-Cold War eras. The dissertation concludes that in both these strategic eras the dominating grand strategies were formed primarily by emergent learning rather than flowing from advanced designs.

Bases nutricionales del cultivo de frutilla (Fragaria ananassa Duch.)

El sistema de producción invernal de frutilla, dominado por 'Camarosa'., tiende a ampliar su espectro varietal. Las recomendaciones actuales de fertilización no consideran particularidades genéticas ni eficiencia en el uso de los nutrientes (EUNu). Los objetivos de este trabajo de tesis son: estudiar la respuesta de cultivares de frutilla contrastantes en morfología y fisiología a incrementos en la fertilización NPKCaMg, determinar e interpretar índices de EUNu y cuantificar efectos ambientales, genotípicos y nutricionales sobre los atributos de calidad de frutos. Se evaluaron 'Camarosa'., 'Camino Real', 'Sabrosa' y 'Ventana' ante incrementos en la fertilización, a partir de un tratamiento testigo '1' (120N, 30P, 186K, 31Ca y 12Mg kg/ha) proporcionalmente a '1,5' en 2006, '1,33' y '1,66' en 2007, '1,5' y '2' en 2008. Esto determinó una respuesta genotípica diferencial cuadrática que definió dosis óptimas: 'Camarosa' 15 por ciento a dosis 1,53, 'Camino Real' 6 por ciento a dosis 1,36, 'Sabrosa' 4 por ciento a dosis 1,29 y 'Ventana' 19 por ciento a dosis 1,59. A mitad del ciclo, el número de hojas se correlacionó con el rendimiento total y los cultivares de mayor respuesta mostraron mayor K y menor Ca foliar, acentuado al aumentar la fertilización. La productividad del nutriente aportado (rendimiento/fertilización) resultó mayor en cultivares más productivos y de mayor respuesta. El balance de nutrientes (absorción/fertilización) dependió de la interacción genotipo por ambiente. La eficiencia de recuperación (absorción/fertilización) fue proporcional a la respuesta a la fertilización. Los coeficientes de eficiencia interna (biomasa/absorción y rendimiento/absorción) resultaron diferentes entre cultivares y consistentes entre tratamientos de fertilización. Peso de fruto y sólidos solubles totales variaron con la interacción genotipo por ambiente; firmeza, tono de color, y acidez con el genotipo y el ambiente; ninguno de ellos varió la nutrición. Los resultados sientan bases nutricionales para el cultivo de frutilla, en cuanto a la absorción genotípico-diferencial de nutrientes y sus efectos en el crecimiento, producción y EUNu.

Alternativas técnicas para el almacenamiento de calabacitas Butternut o coreanas (Cucurbita moschata Duch.)

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