"Se till mig som liten är..." En utredning av 2 § i lagen med särskilda bestämmelser om vård av barn och unga LVU

Enligt socialtjänstlagen har kommunen det yttersta ansvaret för att barn och unga får möjligheten att växa upp under trygga och för deras utveckling goda förhållanden. Syftet med studien var att göra en utredning av den 2 § i lag (1990:52) med särskilda bestämmelser om vård av barn och unga (LVU) samt under vilka förutsättningar denna lag kan stärka socialtjänstens möjligheter att utföra de skyldigheter de är ålagda. Avsikten har förutom att förmedla regleringen kring 2 § LVU varit att redogöra för hela processen från det att beslut om utredning fattas till vårdens upphörande. Vid ansökan om vård enligt LVU är socialnämnden underställd en rättslig överprövning varför studiens syfte även avsåg socialnämndens medverkan vid rättens bevisprövning. När beslut fattas om tvångsvård skall principen om barnets bästa vara likt en ledstjärna vid avgörande varför studien även omfattade att bringa klarhet i innebörden av denna princip. Uppsatsen är rättsdogmatisk och kvalitativ i sin karaktär och därför har främst traditionella rättskällor som författningstexter, förarbeten, doktrin och praxis används för besvara dess syfte.

Famijens upplevelse av palliativ vård av barn med cancer : - en litteraturstudie

Abstrakt Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien är att belysa familjens upplevelser av palliativ omvårdnad av barn med cancer. Bakgrund: Varje år får cirka 300 svenska barn och ungdomar en cancerdiagnos. En fjärdedel dör av sin sjukdom. Barnets sjukdom påverkar föräldrarnas roller, inbördes och mot barnen och även syskon blir åsidosatta. Vetskapen om att det inte går att bota barnet upplevs för föräldrarna som oerhört stressande, samtidigt som de vill leva ett så normalt liv som möjligt. Metod: Metoden som användes var en systematisk litteraturstudie. Arton vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades, vilka var publicerade mellan åren 1997-2007. Resultat: Resultatet visar att informationen kring barnets behandling och kommande död ansåg föräldrarna vara viktig för att vården skulle vara av god kvalitet. Psykosociala problemen som föräldrar upplevde var rädslan inför deras barns död samt stressen över att inte kunna hjälpa sitt sjuka barn. Många föräldrar ville vårda barnet själva hemma så att det vanliga livet kunde fortsätta. Diskussion: Det är viktigt att vårdpersonal visar att de bryr sig, ger information som kan förstås samt ge informationen med medkänsla. För att familjen lättare ska klara av situationen behöver de mycket stöd från familj, vänner och personal. Stödet är viktigt när föräldrarna valt att vårda sitt barn i hemmet, trots att det är stressande och skrämmande.

Suche nach einem leichten Higgs-Boson im Kanal WH ev e bb in pp-Kollisionen bei s=1.96 TeV am DO-Detektor des Tevatron

Eine wichtige Komponente des Standardmodells der Teilchenphysik bildet der Higgs-Mechanismus, der benötigt wird um den vom Standardmodell beschriebenen Teilchen Masse zu verleihen. Dieser Mechanismus beinhaltet jedoch ein weiteres schweres Elementarteilchen das bislang noch nich beobachtet werden konnte. Die Suche nach diesem Teilchen ist eines Hauptziele der derzeitigen Forschung an Teilchenbeschleunigern. Diese Arbeit untersucht die vom D0-Detektor am Tevatron des Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) aufgezeichneten Daten von ppbar-Kollisionen bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von sqrt{s}=1.96 TeV, um im Kanal WH -> enu bb nach einem leichten Higgs-Boson zu suchen. Darüber hinaus wird der Produktionswirkungsquerschnitt der Wbb-Produktion ermittelt. Für die Analyse stand eine integrierte Luminosität von L=255pb^{-1} zur Verfügung. Zur Selektion dieser Prozesse, werden Ereignisse ausgewählt, die Elektronen und fehlenden Transversalimpuls enthalten, sowie mindestens zwei Jets, die sich als b-Jets identifizieren lassen. Um eine effiziente Selektion zu erhalten, wurden Schnitte auf verschiedene Kenngrößen entwickelt, getestet und optimiert. Aus den selektierten Ereignissen wird der Wbb-Wirkungsquerschnitt ermittelt, der für Ereignisse angegeben wird, in denen die b-Quarks p_T>8 GeV und |eta|<3 erfüllen. Der unter Berücksichtigung des Verzweigungsverhältnisses BR(W->enu)=0.108 errechnete Wert ist sigma(Wbb)=21.8 pb (+15.5; -20.0 pb(sys+stat)). Wegen der geringen Signifikanz der Messung von etwa 1.2sigma wurden die Ereigniszahlen auch zur Berechnung einer oberen Grenze auf den Wirkungsquerschnitt verwendet, die sich bei einem Konfidenzniveau von 95% zu sigma^95(Wbb)=60.9pb ergibt. Ebenso wurden Grenzen auf den WH-Produktionswirkungsquerschnitt ermittelt. Dafür wurde die statistische Methode von Feldman und Cousins angewandt, nachdem sie nach den Vorschlägen von Conrad et al. erweitert worden war, um systematische Unsicherheiten zu berücksichtigen. Für ein Standardmodell Higgs-Boson der Masse 115 GeV kann eine obere Grenze auf den Produktionswirkungsquerschnitt von sigma^{95} (WH)=12.2pb angegeben werden. Für höhere Massen bis 135 GeV werden ähnliche Grenzen ermittelt.

Avoiding misclassification bias with the traditional Charnley classification: rationale for a fourth Charnley class BB

Long-term follow up of patients with total hip arthroplasty (THA) revealed a marked deterioration of walking capacities in Charnley class B after postoperative year 4. We hypothesized that a specific group of patients, namely those with unilateral hip arthroplasty and an untreated but affected contralateral hip was responsible for this observation. Therefore, we conducted a study taking into consideration the two subclasses that make up Charnley class B: patients with unilateral THA and contralateral hip disease and patients with bilateral THA. A sample of 15,160 patients with 35,773 follow ups that were prospectively collected over 10 years was evaluated. The sample was categorized into four classes according to a new modified Charnley classification. Annual analyses of the proportion of patients with ambulation longer than 60 min were conducted. The traditionally labeled Charnley class B consists of two very different patient groups with respect to their walking capacities. Those with unilateral THA and contralateral hip disease have underaverage walking capacities and a deterioration of ambulation beginning 3 to 4 years after surgery. Those with bilateral THA have stable overaverage walking capacities similar to Charnley class A. An extension of the traditional Charnley classification is proposed, taking into account the two different patient groups in Charnley class B. The new fourth Charnley class consists of patients with bilateral THA and was labeled BB in order to express the presence of two artificial hip joints and to preserve the traditional classification A through C.

Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists reduce proliferation but not protein synthesis of periodontal fibroblasts stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB

OBJECTIVE Catecholamines released from β-adrenergic neurons upon stress can interfere with periodontal regeneration. The cellular mechanisms, however, are unclear. Here, we assessed the effect of catecholamines on proliferation of periodontal fibroblasts. METHODS Fibroblasts from the gingiva and the periodontal ligament were exposed to agonists of the β-adrenergic receptors; isoproterenol (ISO, non-selective β-adrenergic agonist), salbutamol (SAL, selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist) and BRL 37344 (BRL selective β3-receptor agonist). Proliferation was stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). Pharmacological inhibitors and gene expression analysis further revealed β-adrenergic signalling. RESULTS Gingiva and periodontal ligament fibroblast express the β2-adrenergic receptor. ISO and SAL but not BRL decreased proliferation of fibroblasts in the presence of PDGF-BB. The inhibitory effect of β-adrenergic signalling on proliferation but not protein synthesis in response to PDGF-BB was reduced by propranolol, a non-selective β-adrenergic antagonist. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that β2-receptor agonists can reduce the mitogenic response of periodontal fibroblasts. These data add to the compelling concept that blocking of β2-receptor signalling can support tissue maintenance and regeneration.

Histomorphometric and Radiographical Changes After Lumbar Implantation of the PEEK Nonfusion Interspinous Device in the BB.4S Rat Model

Study Design. An experimental animal study. Objective. To investigate histomorphometric and radiographical changes in the BB.4S rat model after PEEK (polyetheretherketone) nonfusion interspinous device implantation. Summary of Background Data. Clinical effectiveness of the PEEK nonfusion spine implant Wallis (Abbott, Bordeaux, France; now Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) is well documented. However, there is a lack of evidence on the long-term effects of this implant on bone, in particular its influence on structural changes of bone elements of the lumbar spine. Methods. Twenty-four male BB.4S rats aged 11 weeks underwent surgery for implantation of a PEEK nonfusion interspinous device or for a sham procedure in 3 groups of 8 animals each: 1) implantation at level L4–L5; 2) implantation at level L5–L6; and 3) sham surgery. Eleven weeks postoperatively osteolyses at the implant-bone interface were measured via radiograph, bone mineral density of vertebral bodies was analyzed using osteodensitometry, and bone mineral content as well as resorption of the spinous processes were examined by histomorphometry. Results. Resorption of the spinous processes at the site of the interspinous implant was found in all treated segments. There was no significant difference in either bone density of vertebral bodies or histomorphometric structure of the spinous processes between adjacent vertebral bodies, between treated and untreated segments and between groups. Conclusion. These findings indicate that resorption of spinous processes because of a result of implant loosening, inhibit the targeted load redistribution through the PEEK nonfusion interspinous device in the lumbar spinal segment of the rat. This leads to reduced long-term stability of the implant in the animal model. These results suggest that PEEK nonfusion interspinous devices like the Wallis implants may have time-limited effects and should only be used for specified indications.

Split for the cure: VEGF, PDGF-BB and intussusception in therapeutic angiogenesis

Therapeutic angiogenesis is an attractive strategy to treat patients suffering from ischaemic conditions and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is the master regulator of blood vessel growth. However, VEGF can induce either normal or aberrant angiogenesis depending on its dose localized in the microenvironment around each producing cell in vivo and on the balanced stimulation of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) signalling, responsible for pericyte recruitment. At the doses required to induce therapeutic benefit, VEGF causes new vascular growth essentially without sprouting, but rather through the alternative process of intussusception, or vascular splitting. In the present article, we briefly review the therapeutic implications of controlling VEGF dose on one hand and pericyte recruitment on the other, as well as the key features of intussusceptive angiogenesis and its regulation.

Sēfer Yehûdît we-sēfer Yûdā Makkābbî : ... nissîm we-niflā'ôt ... weil do zain fil gmeini laiṭ di niṭ wiśn wos Ḥanuke bṭaiṭ wen ein orl zi ṭuṭ fregn ...

Digitalisat der Ausg. Amśṭrdm, [1760/61]

Identification of two Th1 cell epitopes on the Babesia bovis-encoded 77-kilodalton merozoite protein (Bb-1) by use of truncated recombinant fusion proteins

Previous studies have demonstrated the serologic and T-cell immunogenicity for cattle of a recombinant form of the apical complex-associated 77-kDa merozite protein of Babesia bovis, designated Bb-1. The present study characterizes the immunogenic epitopes of the Bb-1 protein. A series of recombinant truncated fusion proteins spanning the majority of the Bb-1 protein were expressed in Escherichia coli, and their reactivities with bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T-cell clones derived from B. bovis-immune cattle and with rabbit antibodies were determined. Lymphocytes from two immune cattle were preferentially stimulated by the N-terminal half of the Bb-1 protein (amino acids 23 to 266, termed Bb-1A), localizing the T-cell epitopes to the Bb-1A portion of the molecule. CD4+ T-cell clones derived by stimulation with the intact Bb-1 fusion protein were used to identify two T-cell epitopes in the Bb-1A protein, consisting of amino acids SVVLLSAFSGN VWANEAEVSQVVK and FSDVDKTKSTEKT (residues 23 to 46 and 82 to 94). In contrast, rabbit antiserum raised against the intact fusion protein reacted only with the C-terminal half of the protein (amino acids 267 to 499, termed Bb-1B), which contained 28 tandem repeats of the tetrapeptide PAEK or PAET. Biological assays and Northern (RNA) blot analyses for cytokines revealed that following activation with concanavalin A, T-cell clones reactive against the two Bb-1A epitopes produced interleukin-2, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factors beta and alpha, but not interleukin-4, suggesting that the Bb-1 antigen preferentially stimulates the Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells in cattle. The studies described here report for the first time the characterization, by cytokine production, of the Th1 subset of bovine T cells and show that, as in mice, protozoal antigens can induce Th1 cells in ruminants. This first demonstration of B. bovis-encoded Th1 cell epitopes provides a rationale for incorporation of all or part of the Bb-1 protein into a recombinant vaccine.