Dosimetria Física e Controle de Qualidade em Radioterapia

Radiotherapy is a multidisciplinary speciality which uses complex equipment and radiation sources for delivery of treatment, using high-energy ionizing radiation to treat cancer at several stages of complexity. Since radiation therapy is a technique which involves a precalculated radiation dose, it shall be established quality assurance programs that provide an efficient and safety treatment. The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) report No. 50 has recommended dose uniformity between 5% of the prescribed dose throughout the region of interest. This is one of the most primordial points that justify the importance of a suitable attendance of the equipments quality and performance. For quality control, the medical physicist will be involved with establishing and running a Quality Control Program (QCP). He must adapt or develop the procedures of equipment acceptance and commissioning, besides verifying the use of principles and accepted protocols of national and international reports to assure the correct quality, quantity, and placement of radiation during the performance of a radiological procedure, establishing adequate protocols to ensure accurate patient dosimetry. This present work consists of a description of the activities carried through the Sectors of Radiation Therapy of the Hospital of Clinics of the Campinas State University (Unicamp), particularly in the implementation of the Quality Control Program

Coleta de dados, modelagem e controle de qualidade do sistema de planejamento pinnacle3

Qualidade na coleta de dados do feixe de radiação, modelagem por meio do sistema de planejamento de tratamento (SPT) e controle da qualidade do processo envolvido são cruciais à fidedignidade do serviço de radioterapia de forma a contribuir à eficácia do tratamento e segurança do principal ente envolvido no final de toda essa sistemática, o paciente. Para isso foi proposto nesse presente trabalho a coleta de dados do feixe de raios-x de 6MV seguido da introdução desses dados ao SPT para processo de modelagem computacional que teve agregado, a todo esses processos, o controle da qualidade segundo critérios de aceitação

Comparação entre metodologias de controle de qualidade em mamografia digital

The best way to detect breast cancer is by screening mammography. The mammography equipments are dedicated and require a rigorous quality control in order to have a good quality image and to early detect this disease. The digital equipment is relatively new in the market and there isn’t a national rule for quality control for several types of digital detectors. This study has proposed to compare two different tests manuals for quality control provided by the manufacturers of digital mammography equipments, and also compare them to the “European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis “(2006). The studied equipments were: Senographe 2000D from General Electric (GE) and the Hologic Selenia Lorad. Both were digital mammography equipments, the GE unit presents an indirect digital system and the other presents a direct digital system. Physical parameters of the image have been studied, such as spatial resolution, contrast resolution, noise, signal-tonoise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio and modulation transfer function. After that, a study of the importance of quality control and the requirement to implement a Quality Assurance Program has been done. One data collection was done to compare those manual, it was done by checking which tests are indicated and the minimum frequency which they should be conducted in accordance with each manufacturer. The tests were performed by different methodologies and the results were compared. The examined tests were: the breast entrance skin dose, mean glandular dose, contrast-to-noise ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, automatic exposure control and automatic control of density, modulation transfer function, equipment resolution, homogeneity and ghost

Otimização de procedimentos de controle de qualidade em equipamentos radiográficos convencionais do Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia - USP

Radiography is currently an important method of diagnosis, both medical, dental and veterinary. The image in this type of survey is obtained using an X-ray beam, where the radiologist can possibly view structures of interest. It isn't always possible to get the desired images due to various factors, such as equipment limitations. The Administrative Law 453/98, the State Resolution SS 625/94, and other standards require testing and quality control acceptance limits that guarantee a good performance of the equipment for the security and quality of care, giving service users greater effectiveness in exams. This study were performed in the accompaniment of testing procedures for quality control established by Administrative Law 453/98 in several X-ray equipment to make a comparison and optimization in the descriptions of the procedures used by the Institute for Electrical Energy and the University of São Paulo (IEE / USP / SP).The optimization of the procedures were performed with the aid of a current literature, the Resolution 453/98, State Resolution SS 625/94 and other international standards. On this basis it was possible to observe the importance of regular monitoring of tests for an update, following the technological development of instruments used in the service

Controle de qualidade em estruturas na construção civil

This work is to control the quality of the structures, procedures for addressing the assembly of the formwork, scaffolding and the frame of pillars, beams and slabs. He had also intended to show that the vibration of launch and concrete items are also important, if poorly implemented can undermine the structure. This work also shows that the mapping becomes essential if there is some problem in the concrete, where concrete was launched, could be identified. And finally check the product where the structure will be evaluated for how much their quality

Testes de Controle de Qualidade em Sistema de Processamento Computadorizado FUJI

Computed Radiography (CR) is a term used to describe the system that electronically records a radiographic image. CR systems use receivers or IP (imaging plate) to capture the analog signals and then allow the readers to do the image processing and converted into digital information. With the increasing expansion of the CR for medical diagnostics it is necessary that these systems receive the same type of monitoring related to Quality Control and Acceptance to the conventional processing systems. The current legislation fails to specify the parameters and procedures to be tested, allowing that somehow, some equipment is not fully able to use in clinical routine. In this project we used the standard AAPM Report Number 93, which is already fully established outside the country and displays all test parameters in CR. From there were chosen three types of tests that were performed in a satisfactory sampling of IP´s. With this procedure it was possible to establish which of those IP's should be out of use, which reveals the important purpose of the study, demonstrating the need for Quality Control Testing and Acceptance in Computerized Radiography as soon as possible are included in the legislation regulator in the country

Desenvolvimento e controle de qualidade físico e microbiológico de emulsão O/A contendo óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia

Sabe-se que na atualidade, é grande a preocupação da comunidade científica mundial, em relação à resistência microbiana frente às substâncias convencionais, utilizadas indiscriminadamente, por isso, é crescente a motivação da pesquisa básica na bioprospecção de novas substâncias, que apresentem atividade antimicrobiana e antifúngica e que possam ser uma alternativa segura e eficaz contra esses microorganismos no tratamento das doenças causadas por eles. As dermatofitoses, por exemplo, são processos infecciosos de pele, pêlo e unhas que acometem muitas pessoas, de todas as faixas etárias, no mundo todo, provocando as chamadas tinhas ou tineas, denominadas corporis, pedis, cruris, capitis, unguium(onicomicose) e outras (dependendo o local do corpo onde estão), causadas pelo dermatófito filamentoso, Trichophyton rubrum. Estudos envolvendo este patógeno são cada vez mais importantes, devido ao aparecimento de linhagens resistentes aos medicamentos antifúngicos disponíveis no mercado, e ao comportamento invasivo deste agente em pacientes com o sistema imune comprometido. Porém, somente a descoberta de novas drogas não é suficiente, é preciso desenvolver produtos eficazes e seguros, que possam veicular essas substâncias sem causar prejuízo ao paciente. Sendo assim, a proposta desse trabalho é desenvolver uma emulsão A/O, contendo óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO), verificar sua estabilidade preliminar e caracterizá-la realizando o estudo reológico da formulação, determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) do TTO e averiguar a atividade antifúngica in vitro da emulsão frente ao T. rubrum, agente patogênico ao qual se destina o uso do produto

A prática de treinamento dos corpos dentro da empresa: um estudo sobre uma ferramenta de controle da qualidade

Befor the vast economical growth and wild scientific and technological development, the companies are demanding, more and more qualification and acting of the services rendered by their employees. Like this, tasks are restricted the they be done with excellence, because the companies are always controlling the worker's development. They are several the tools used by the companies, as acting indexes to control the course of the worker's activities or certain section, integrations for new employees with the objective to present the line of work of the company so that the new employee is framed in these patterns, trainings offered for the employees to carry out their services with quality and compromising, evaluations of year end in order to test the worker's knowledge and to demand better results, finally, the companies hope the employee integrates normativamente into the reality of the company, in way to contribute for the atingimento of the organizational strategies, always collecting for this to obtain the best results and contribute to the growth of the company. This way, that research will present a tool of control of the total quality applied in a company in Rio Clearing's city and that it is managed by an educador. They will be verified the objectives that the company has in relationship a this control, the worker's subjectivity as participant subject of the tool of control of the System of Administration of the Quality and the worker's different glances before these aspects throught an interview.

Controle de qualidade e qualificação de fornecedores de matérias primas utilizadas em uma farmácia de manipulação

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de qualificação de fornecedores de matérias primas para uma farmácia na cidade de Araraquara, estado de São Paulo. A qualificação de fornecedores é um processo de extrema importância no que diz respeito ao produto acabado e, para que tenha qualidade, essa qualidade deve vir desde as matérias primas que o compõem. A RDC nº 67 de 8 de outubro de 2007 diz que as farmácias devem adquirir matérias primas apenas de fornecedores qualificados. Para o processo de qualificação, a mesma RDC diz que devem ser feitas auditorias e levantamentos de dados dos fornecedores, bem como o controle de qualidade das matérias primas fornecidas. Foram escolhidas quatro matérias primas utilizadas pela farmácia de três fornecedores diferentes. O processo começou com o envio de questionários avaliativos, onde cada fornecedor deveria colocar as informações solicitadas. O passo seguinte é o controle de qualidade das matérias primas. A partir dos dados dos questionários e dos resultados do controle de qualidade, acrescidos de outros fatores como prazo de entrega, compõe-se o Índice de Qualificação do Fornecedor (IQF), que é como uma “nota” que o fornecedor recebe e, através desse índice, pode ser DESQUALIFICADO, QUALIFICADO ou ainda CERTIFICADO. A certificação ocorre após a auditoria do estabelecimento do fornecedor e também entra na composição do IQF. Após o processo de qualificação dos três fornecedores, foi elaborado um Procedimento Operacional Padrão (POP) com todas as etapas que devem ser feitas para a qualificação...

Controle de qualidade em raios-x convencional

The progress in radiology is related with the development of new systems of image formation with the lesser dose in the pacient. The improve of the dose in the pacient, without compromising the quality of the image, is one of the responsibilities of a medical physicist in a sector of diagnosis for image. This research has as objective to evaluate the conditions of use of an equipment of x-rays, from tests of quality control. The results gotten in this work have been part of data of an Effective Program of Quality Control (PECQ) of the sector of diagnosis for image of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP (HCFMB-UNESP)

Controle de qualidade e levantamento radiométrico em aparelho de Raios-X médico convencional

Along with the advance of technology, in terms of the expansion of medical exams that uses the ionizing radiation for diagnosis, there is also the concern about quality control for maintaining quality in radiographic imaging and for delivering low dose to the patient. Based on the Federal Order 453 of the Secretariat of Health Surveillance, which takes account of the practical and justification of individual medical exposures, the optimization of radiological protection, limitation of individual dose, and the prevention of accidents, were done through this paper radiodiagnostic tests on medical equipment in order to accept it or not, according to SVS-453. Along with the help and support of P&R Consulting and Medical Physics Marilia, SP, were made Quality Control and Radiometric Control in equipment from various cities across the state of São Paulo. The equipment discussed in this work is classified as conventional X-ray. According to the Federal Order SVS-453, the quality control in the program of quality assurance should include the following minimum set of constancy tests, with following minimum frequency: biennial tests for representative values of dose given to the patients of radiography and CT performed in the service; annual tests for accuracy of the indicator tube voltage (kVp), accuracy of exposure time, half-value layer, aligning the central axis of the beam of x-ray tube, performance (mGy / mA.min.m²), linearity of the rate of kerma on air with the mAs, reproducibility of the kerma on air rates, reproducibility of the automatic exposure, focal spot size, integrity of accessories and clothing for individual protection; semiannually for collimation system accuracy; weekly for temperature processing system and sensitometry processing system. For the room Radiometric Survey it was done a sketch...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Modelagem computacional das túnicas cardíacas para processamento e controle de qualidade

This paper considers a study of the anatomical features of the cardiac system and a three-dimensional model of the different tunics that comprise the heart wall, for processing and quality control of radiological images. The structures are built by the layer overlapping method, where a layer can be understood as a slice of the three-dimensional object. The pericardium, myocardium and endocardium were represented with three-dimensional cylinders and hexagons. The spatial arrangement of the cardiac system is determined by an background image of a real model, which values are defined according to the shape of the region and on the anatomical patients characteristics. The results are significant, considering the anatomical structures details, as well as the representation of the thicknesses of the regions of the heart wall. The validation of the anatomical model was accomplished through comparisons with dimensions obtained from a real model and allows verifying that the model is appropriate. The degree of representation will allow the verification of the influence of radiological parameters, morphometric peculiarities and stage of the diseases on the quality of the images, as well as on the performance of the Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD).

Efeito da utilização de diferentes critérios de controle de qualidade dos genótipos em estudos de associação e seleção genômica ampla

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação ambiental, caracterização da qualidade de água e transporte de sedimentos da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Monjolo Grande (SP)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)