Innovación organizacional en la producción de cacao orgánico en Perú : estudio de caso de la cooperativa agraria Oro Verde

Frente a un escenario global turbulento en cuanto a los sistemas agroalimentarios, con fuertes cambios respecto a una demanda creciente y exigente de productos diferenciados, existen oportunidades comerciales para pequeños productores organizados en cooperativas o asociaciones, los cuales desarrollan subsistemas estrictamente coordinados. Perú se ha consolidado como un importante productor de cacao orgánico en el mundo, abasteciendo el 33 por ciento de la producción mundial. Sus exportaciones vienen creciendo con una tasa de 19 por ciento anual y en él coexisten muchas cooperativas y asociaciones dedicadas a este negocio. Oro Verde es una cooperativa desarrollada en la región San Martín y a pesar de su poca participación en el mercado viene creciendo a una tasa de 48 por ciento anual en sus exportaciones. Teniendo en cuenta que todas las organizaciones operan bajo el mismo ambiente institucional formal, surge la necesidad de estudiar en qué medida la innovación organizacional facilita mejoras tecnológicas y de aspectos comerciales a partir de la cooperativa agraria Oro Verde. Para atender a la pregunta de investigación se utilizó como metodología un estudio de caso simple incrustado y como tipo de investigación la epistemología fenomenológica, combinando herramientas cualitativas y cuantitativas (entrevistas a funcionarios y encuestas a productores). Se encuestaron 102 socios (25 por ciento) de la cooperativa. Los resultados se procesaron a partir del software InfoStat mediante el análisis multivariado: Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) combinado con clúster. Del análisis de las variables del ambiente organizacional surge que la transacción entre el productor socio y Oro Verde está alineada, existe dependencia bilateral y bajos costos de transacción. Los productores presentaron satisfacción en el desempeño organizacional y conformidad en el precio y plazo de pago. En el ambiente tecnológico los productores reconocieron mejoras en la tecnología implementada por la cooperativa, que les permitió posicionarse por encima de la media tecnológica del subsistema de cacao orgánico de Perú. En aspectos comerciales, se caracterizó por dos estrategias: la diferenciación y la segmentación. Se encontró alta conformidad en torno a las decisiones comerciales adoptadas por la cooperativa. Del ACP se obtuvo dos autovalores (CP1: Innovación Tecnológica y CP2: Servicio de transporte y logística) que explican el 68 por ciento de la variabilidad total. La característica más diferenciada de los grupos formados fue la lejanía a su centro de acopio. Los indicadores de conformidad de precio y plazo de pago guardan correlación positiva con el desempeño general de la cooperativa. Se concluye que la innovación organizacional de la cooperativa agraria Oro Verde, facilitó la evolución tecnológica y mejora de aspectos comerciales de los pequeños productores de cacao orgánico, teniendo bajos costos de transacción derivados del nivel de coordinación alcanzado y reflejado en la satisfacción de sus socios.

Comunidades zooplanctônicas como bioindicadoras da qualidade da água de quatro reservatórios da região semi-árida do Rio Grande do Norte

The response of zooplankton assemblages to variations in the water quality of four man-made lakes, caused by eutrophication and siltation, was investigated by means of canonical correspondence analysis. Monte Carlo simulations using the CCA eingenvalues as test statistics revealed that changes in zooplankton species composition along the environmental gradients of trophic state and abiogenic turbidity were highly significant. The species Brachionus calyciflorus, Thermocyclops sp. and Argyrodiaptomus sp. were good indicators of eutrophic conditions while the species Brachionus dolabratus, Keratella tropica and Hexarthra sp. were good indicators of high turbidity due to suspended sediments. The rotifer genus Brachionus was the most species-rich taxon, comprising five species which were associated with different environmental conditions. Therefore, we tested whether this genus alone could potentially be a better biological indicator of these environmental gradients than the entire zooplankton assemblages or any other random set of five species. The ordination results show that the five Brachionus species alone did not explain better the observed pattern of environmental variation than most random sets of five species. Therefore, this genus could not be selected as a target taxon for more intensive environmental monitoring as has been previously suggested by Attayde and Bozelli (1998). Overall, our results show that changes in the water quality of man-made lakes in a tropical semi-arid region have significant effects on the structure of zooplankton assemblages that can potentially affect the functioning of these ecosystems

Pseudospectral methods and numerical continuation for the analysis os structured population models.

191 p.

Filtro kl/dvs para atenuação do ruído "ground roll"

In geophysics there are several steps in the study of the Earth, one of them is the processing of seismic records. These records are obtained through observations made on the earth surface and are useful for information about the structure and composition of the inaccessible parts in great depths. Most of the tools and techniques developed for such studies has been applied in academic projects. The big problem is that the seismic processing power unwanted, recorded by receivers that do not bring any kind of information related to the reflectors can mask the information and/or generate erroneous information from the subsurface. This energy is known as unwanted seismic noise. To reduce the noise and improve a signal indicating a reflection, without losing desirable signals is sometimes a problem of difficult solution. The project aims to get rid of the ground roll noise, which shows a pattern characterized by low frequency, low rate of decay, low velocity and high amplituds. The Karhunen-Loève Transform is a great tool for identification of patterns based on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Together with the Karhunen-Loève Transform we will be using the Singular Value Decomposition, since it is a great mathematical technique for manipulating data

Comunidades zooplanctônicas como bioindicadoras da qualidade da água de quatro reservatórios da região semi-árida do Rio Grande do Norte

The response of zooplankton assemblages to variations in the water quality of four man-made lakes, caused by eutrophication and siltation, was investigated by means of canonical correspondence analysis. Monte Carlo simulations using the CCA eingenvalues as test statistics revealed that changes in zooplankton species composition along the environmental gradients of trophic state and abiogenic turbidity were highly significant. The species Brachionus calyciflorus, Thermocyclops sp. and Argyrodiaptomus sp. were good indicators of eutrophic conditions while the species Brachionus dolabratus, Keratella tropica and Hexarthra sp. were good indicators of high turbidity due to suspended sediments. The rotifer genus Brachionus was the most species-rich taxon, comprising five species which were associated with different environmental conditions. Therefore, we tested whether this genus alone could potentially be a better biological indicator of these environmental gradients than the entire zooplankton assemblages or any other random set of five species. The ordination results show that the five Brachionus species alone did not explain better the observed pattern of environmental variation than most random sets of five species. Therefore, this genus could not be selected as a target taxon for more intensive environmental monitoring as has been previously suggested by Attayde and Bozelli (1998). Overall, our results show that changes in the water quality of man-made lakes in a tropical semi-arid region have significant effects on the structure of zooplankton assemblages that can potentially affect the functioning of these ecosystems