Uncertainty Estimation for Performance Evaluation of a Confocal Microscope as Metrology Equipment

Both in industry and research, the quality control of micrometric manufactured parts is based on the measurement of parameters whose traceability is sometimes difficult to guarantee. In some of these parts, the confocal microscopy shows great aptitudes to characterize a measurand qualitatively and quantitatively. The confocal microscopy allows the acquisition of 2D and 3D images that are easily manipulated. Nowadays, this equipment is manufactured by many different brands, each of them claiming a resolution probably not in accord to their real performance. The Laser Center (Technical University of Madrid) has a confocal microscope to verify the dimensions of the micro mechanizing in their own research projects. The present study pretends to confirm that the magnitudes obtained are true and reliable. To achieve this, a methodology for confocal microscope calibration is proposed, as well as an experimental phase for dimensionally valuing the equipment by 4 different standard positions, with its seven magnifications and the six objective lenses that the equipment currently has, in the x–y and z axis. From the results the uncertainty will be estimated along with an effect analysis of the different magnifications in each of the objective lenses.

Study of a-Si crystallization dependence on power and irradiation time using a CW green laser

An advantage of laser crystallization over conventional heating methods is its ability to limit rapid heating and cooling to thin surface layers. Laser energy is used to heat the a-Si thin film to change the microstructure to poly-Si. Thin film samples of a-Si were irradiated with a CW-green laser source. Laser irradiated spots were produced by using different laser powers and irradiation times. These parameters are identified as key variables in the crystallization process. The power threshold for crystallization is reduced as the irradiation time is increased. When this threshold is reached the crystalline fraction increases lineally with power for each irradiation time. The experimental results are analysed with the aid of a numerical thermal model and the presence of two crystallization mechanisms are observed: one due to melting and the other due to solid phase transformation.

New strategies in laser processing of TCOs for light management improvement in thin-film silicon solar cells

Light confinement strategies play a crucial role in the performance of thin-film (TF) silicon solar cells. One way to reduce the optical losses is the texturing of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) that acts as the front contact. Other losses arise from the mismatch between the incident light spectrum and the spectral properties of the absorbent material that imply that low energy photons (below the bandgap value) are not absorbed, and therefore can not generate photocurrent. Up-conversion techniques, in which two sub-bandgap photons are combined to give one photon with a better matching with the bandgap, were proposed to overcome this problem. In particular, this work studies two strategies to improve light management in thin film silicon solar cells using laser technology. The first one addresses the problem of TCO surface texturing using fully commercial fast and ultrafast solid state laser sources. Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) samples were laser processed and the results were optically evaluated by measuring the haze factor of the treated samples. As a second strategy, laser annealing experiments of TCOs doped with rare earth ions are presented as a potential process to produce layers with up-conversion properties, opening the possibility of its potential use in high efficiency solar cells.

Silicon PV module customization using laser technology for new BIPV applications

It is well known that lasers have helped to increase efficiency and to reduce production costs in the photovoltaic (PV) sector in the last two decades, appearing in most cases as the ideal tool to solve some of the critical bottlenecks of production both in thin film (TF) and crystalline silicon (c-Si) technologies. The accumulated experience in these fields has brought as a consequence the possibility of using laser technology to produce new Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) products with a high degree of customization. However, to produce efficiently these personalized products it is necessary the development of optimized laser processes able to transform standard products in customized items oriented to the BIPV market. In particular, the production of semitransparencies and/or freeform geometries in TF a-Si modules and standard c-Si modules is an application of great interest in this market. In this work we present results of customization of both TF a-Si modules and standard monocrystalline (m-Si) and policrystalline silicon (pc-Si) modules using laser ablation and laser cutting processes. A discussion about the laser processes parameterization to guarantee the functionality of the device is included. Finally some examples of final devices are presented with a full discussion of the process approach used in their fabrication.

Laser induced forward transfer of silver pastes for printing of fingers in c-si cells.

The main objective of this work is to adapt the Laser Induced Forward Techniques (LIFT), a well- known laser direct writing technique for material transfer, to define metallic contacts (fingers and busbars) onto c-Si cells. The silver paste (with viscosity around 30-50 kcPs) is applied over a glass substrate using a coater. The thickness of the paste can be control changing the deposit parameters. The glass with the silver paste is set at a controlled gap over the c-Si cell. A solid state pulsed laser (532 nm) is focused at the glass/silver interface producing a droplet of silver that it is transferred to the c-Si cell. A scanner is used to print lines. The process parameters (silver paste thickness, gap and laser parameters -spot size, pulse energy and overlapping of pulses) are modified and the morphology of the lines is studied using confocal microscopy. Long lines are printed and the uniformity (in thickness and height) is studied. Some examples of metallization of larger areas (up to 10 cm x 10 cm) are presented.

Funcionalización de superficies metálicas mediante procesos láser

El presente trabajo tiene dos objetivos diferenciados. El primero de ellos tiene un punto de vista más ingenieril que es el de obtener una gama cromática extensa y parametrizar los colores para su reproducción en aplicaciones industriales. El segundo, desarrollar y proponer un modelo numérico óptico de interferencia en láminas delgadas que describa y relacione el espesor de la capa de óxido obtenida por marcado láser con el color obtenido en la superficie procesada. Para desarrollar ambos estudios ha sido necesaria una extensa búsqueda bibliográfica para comprender el proceso de formación de la capa de óxido y los compuestos que se generaban en la misma. Como objetivo para la gama cromática se buscaba obtener un total de doce colores. No se han obtenido dos de los colores primarios considerados pero sí una extensa gama de colores intermedios, muy superior en número objetivo, que evidencian el potencial que tiene el procesado láser para la obtención de colores en la superficie de acero inoxidable. Para conseguir obtener la gama cromática ha sido necesaria la realización de ensayos para parametrizar el haz láser. Se ha estudiado la estabilidad de la potencia media de pulso, se ha calculado indirectamente la cintura del haz y se ha medido el tamaño del spot láser a distintas cotas respecto del plano focal. El modelo óptico de interferencia en capa delgada ha sido comparado con un ensayo en el que se midieron las reflectancias en muestras de acero procesadas con láser. Este ensayo ha permitido dilucidar que la composición de la capa de óxido introducida en el modelo que más se aproxima a los resultados, entre las tres composiciones consideradas, se compone de un 50% de cromita y 50% de magnetita, considerando una relación lineal y directamente proporcional entre la proporción de los mismos y sus propiedades ópticas. A nivel cualitativo, se pueden relacionar los colores encontrados en los aceros con el modelo óptico en función de las reflectancias predominantes para cada espesor de capa de óxido de forma que exista una relación directa entre tamaño de la capa de óxido y densidad de energía depositada en la muestra. Aunque ajustar y validar un modelo óptico está fuera del alcance del proyecto, el resultado anterior permite justificar y afirmar que el fenómeno de interferencia óptica está presente entre los fenómenos que generan el color en la superficie del acero tras procesado láser. También se comprueba en el trabajo, a través de un ensayo que mide la rugosidad superficial de las muestras obtenidas, que la rugosidad es un parámetro que afecta en gran medida al resultado que se obtiene tras el procesado láser. El presente trabajo tiene un gran interés industrial. El marcado láser presenta una gran versatilidad por las distintas aplicaciones en las que puede emplearse. Es muy utilizado para crear métodos de identificación por su flexibilidad y rapidez y su carácter indeleble, económico y prácticamente ausente de mantenimiento. La alta inversión inicial es rentable para grandes niveles de producción por su velocidad de producción, repetitividad y facilidad de automatización. Puede ejercer una influencia importante en el control del stocks y en el seguimiento del ciclo de vida del producto. La amplia gama cromática obtenida en este trabajo amplía las posibilidades de este proceso en la práctica industrial y, por tanto, su valor como proceso.

Analysis by finite element calculations of light scattering in laser-textured AZO films for PV thin-film solar cells

In the thin-film photovoltaic industry, to achieve a high light scattering in one or more of the cell interfaces is one of the strategies that allow an enhancement of light absorption inside the cell and, therefore, a better device behavior and efficiency. Although chemical etching is the standard method to texture surfaces for that scattering improvement, laser light has shown as a new way for texturizing different materials, maintaining a good control of the final topography with a unique, clean, and quite precise process. In this work AZO films with different texture parameters are fabricated. The typical parameters used to characterize them, as the root mean square roughness or the haze factor, are discussed and, for deeper understanding of the scattering mechanisms, the light behavior in the films is simulated using a finite element method code. This method gives information about the light intensity in each point of the system, allowing the precise characterization of the scattering behavior near the film surface, and it can be used as well to calculate a simulated haze factor that can be compared with experimental measurements. A discussion of the validation of the numerical code, based in a comprehensive comparison with experimental data is included.

Páginas de sombra.

Poems.

Docking and simulation study of the enantiospecificity of chiral epoxidation reactions catalyzed by chloroperoxidase

Chloroperoxidase (CPO), a 298-residue glycosylated protein from the fungus Caldariomyces fumago, is probably the most versatile heme enzyme yet discovered. Interest in CPO as a catalyst is based on its power to produce enantiomerically enriched products. Recent research has focused its attention on the ability of CPO to epoxidize alkenes in high regioselectivity and enantioselectivity as an efficient and environmentally benign alternative to traditional synthetic routes. There has been little work on the nature of ligand binding, which probably controls the regio- and enantiospecifity of CPO. Consequently it is here that we focus our work. We report docking calculations and computer simulations aimed at predicting the enantiospecificity of CPO-catalyzed epoxidation of three model substrates. On the basis of this work candidate mutations to improve the efficiency of CPO are predicted. In order to accomplish these aims, a simulated annealing and molecular dynamics protocol is developed to sample potentially reactive substrate/CPO complexes.

Sistema de administración por objetivos para empresas constructoras del área metropolitana de Monterrey enfoque a la eficiencia [por] Carlos Xavier Alvarez Guerra.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Administración de la Construcción) U.A.N.L.

Succesion real de España : vidas y hechos de sus esclarecidos reyes de Leon y de Castilla desde Don Pelayo... hasta... Don Carlos III ... /

Mode of access: Internet.